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Indpendence of Mexico
2011 was the year of the Bicentennial Celebrations in Mexico. This wonderful country
commemorated 200 years of Independence from Spanish rule and 100 years of its
Revolution that began in 1910 and toppled dictator Porfirio Diaz.
El Grito every 16th of September is the Mexican Fiesta par excellence! On this day
Mexicans all over the world celebrate Mexicos independence from Spanish rule.
As you know, indigenous peoples were the first to inhabit what is now known as Mexico.
They created great civilizations such as the Olmec, the Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and of
course the most powerful of all, the Aztec Empire.
After Christopher Columbus discovered America, the Spaniards carried out expeditions
to find gold and riches from these faraway lands. In 1521, about 500 Spanish soldiers
arrived in Mexico, headed by an ambitious man: Hernn Corts. At this time, the Aztecs
had built a great empire that ruled over all Mesoamrica. So the Spaniards decided to
direct their attacks towards them.
The indigenous nations that were under the Aztec rule were tired of the physical and
economic hardships imposed upon them by this empire. This circumstance made them
think that by helping the Conquerors defeat the Aztecs, they would be better off. So they
decided to aid the Spaniards.
This is how the Conquest of what is now Mexico began.
On the 13th of August 1521, Cuauhtmoc, the last Aztec emperor was captured. The
indigenous allies of the Spaniards raided Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec empire.
They didnt know it at the time, but they had been liberated from one oppressor and fallen
in the hands of a much more powerful authoritarian.
This was the beginning of three centuries of Spanish rule. The new colony was named
Nueva Espaa, New Spain.
In 1523 was devastating. The conquerors brought with them diseases unknown to the
natives. The epidemics that broke out as well as the merciless workload imposed upon the
natives dramatically diminished the Indian population. There were approximately 20
million Indians inhabiting this territory before the Conquest, and after just one century of
Spanish rule there were only 1 million left!
Colonial society was highly stratified. Spaniards born in Spain, occupied the higher
echelons, followed by Criollos, those born in Mexico from Spanish parents; Mestizos, the
mix- blood offspring of Spaniards and Natives; Indios, Native Indians; Negros, African
slaves.
Each socio-ethnic group had different rights and duties. The privileged were the
peninsular Spaniards. Discontent steadily grew, especially amongst the Criollos, who
were always treated as second-class subjects of the Spanish Crown. It is no surprise
then, that Criollos were the spark that ignited the Independence movement.
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In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain, and decided to impose his brother Jos Bonaparte,
as king of Spain (1808-1810). The Criollos found in this circumstance the opportunity to
seek their independence form Spain.
Influenced by the concepts of liberty, equality and democracy proposed by the French
philosophers Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and by the war of Independence of the
United States, they decided to start a revolt.
It was 1810, and their plan was to start the war on the 2nd of October. Unfortunately, their
plans were discovered in early September. The movement was in trouble. They had two
alternatives; either abandon their plans, or move faster and start the revolt immediately.
Fortunately for our country they decided upon the second alternative.
In the early hours of September 16, 1810, father Hidalgo, accompanied by several
conspirators Iganacio Allende, Doa Josefa Ortiz de Domnguez- rang the bell of his
little church, calling everyone to fight for liberty. This was the beginning of the
Independence War, which lasted 10 years.
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Online Shopping Around the World
The Internet has transformed many aspects of life, but perhaps none more so than how we
shop for goods and services. While its still nice to stop by a store to touch and see
products, the convenience of online shopping cant be beat. And for some services, such
as booking travel or buying concert tickets, the ability to do so online has made the
process much easier and more efficient.
Vacations are High Priority for Planned Online Purchases
Global online consumers say that books and clothing will continue to top the list for
planned online purchases in the next six months, which follows the trend reported in a
2009 Nielsen survey where 46 percent of global consumers said they purchased books in
the past three months and 41 percent bought clothing online.
However, intent to purchase airline tickets and to book tours and hotel reservations show
signs the economy is improving.
In fact, compared to 2009 where 24 percent of connected consumers said they purchased
airline tickets online and 17 percent made hotel/tour reservations via the Internet, intent
to make travel arrangements online in 2010 has increased seven percentage points and
nine percentage points respectively.
Other engaging products and services tagged for future online purchases include
electronic equipment, cosmetics/nutrition supplies, event tickets, computer hardware,
videos/DVDs/ games and groceries.
One of the great benefits of online shopping is the ability read others reviews of a product,
be they experts or simply fellow shoppers. These opinions are most important when
it comes to purchasing consumer electronics: 57 percent of online respondents consider
reviews prior to buying. Reviews on cars (45%) and software (37%) rounded out the top
three most important online influences when making a purchase.
Online reviews and peer recommendations also played a key role for shoppers
researching future purchases of consumer electronics, cars and travel, and 40 percent of
online shoppers indicate they would not even buy electronics without consulting online
reviews first.
Pity the product or retailer that consumers dont like: while most online consumers (59%)
said that they are not more likely to share a negative product experience online via Twitter
or writing a review, 41 percent would.
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Recycle
Recycling Basics
Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be
thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your
community and the environment.
Benefits of Recycling
Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators;
Conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals;
Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials;
Saves energy;
Reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change;
Helps sustain the environment for future generations;
Helps create new well-paying jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries in the
United States.
There are always so many questions about recycling. How does the recycling system
work? What is the lifecycle of a product? Where does it go? How does it get recycled in to
a new product? Well, as complicated as it may seem, the process is actually very simple.
Here are the 5 main steps to recycling.

First, the product is manufactured from several types of materials including natural
resources. Then it is shipped to the retailer to be sold to the end user. The end user
purchases the product from the retailer, and will use the product until he/she disposes of it.
If the user recycles it, we can move to the next step in the system.
Second, the product goes to a recycling company. Vintage Tech Recyclers picks up the
used product. We dismantle the product, sort all its parts, and then we send the parts and
pieces out to be smelted and recycled.
Third, the products pieces go to a smelting plant The smelting plant receives the product
pieces from Vintage Tech Recyclers. They melt the parts back to their original raw state.
They then send the melted parts back to a factory to be reused to make other products.
Fourth, the product pieces go to a factory. The factory builds a new product from the
recycled parts that they received from the Smelting Plant and eventually sells their new
product to a supplier/store.
Fifth, the supplier provides new product. The supplier/store then sells the new product to a
consumer and the cycle begins again.
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Branches of law
Each of these deals with a different aspect of law, and has its own set of specialists and
advisors. For a layman, it is important to understand that there are many lawyers who deal
with these various branches, and this is something one should know before approaching a
prospective lawyer for help to solve a problem or legal issue.
There are different branches of law such as:
Civil law: Any dispute that is related to contractual agreements and such can be classified
under civil law. In other words, any dispute that does not involve criminal charges falls
under this category.
Criminal law: Any dispute that concerns a crime committed against public authority or other
citizens falls under it. Along with civil law, this is one of the broad classifications under
which an offense can be placed. Murder, theft, driving under the influence and other such
violations fall under it, and are handled by a criminal defense lawyer.
Property law: Ownership and disputes regarding property ownership will be dealt with
under the property law statutes. It is important to understand the difference between
movable and immovable property here. Movable property is one's personal possessions,
while immovable refers to real estate and land. This branch deals with the issues
regarding immovable property.
Income tax law: This branch deals with the income tax and other tax-related disputes
between individuals or companies and the Federal Government. These require a great
deal of expertise to be adhered to, and there are many specialists who provide this
expertise.
Labor law: This one deals with the terms and conditions and disputes regarding
employment of labor. This is a set of rulings and regulations that govern the relationship
and terms between an employer and employee. Though this falls under civil category, it is
highly vast and extensive in nature.
Minor law: A minor is a person who is below 18 years of age, and there are several rules
and regulations set in place for the protection of minors. Exploiting a minor is a grave
offense, and there are many platforms from which disputes can occur. Most cases that
minors are involved in are with regard to property issues.
Environment law: This is a set of treaties, agreements, rules and statutes that aim to
protect the environment. Anyone who offends these laws is subject to judgment through
the system that is set in place. Due to its general nature, this one does not fall under the
criminal category. This is one of the types that are more generic in nature, and require
highly specialized lawyers.
Administration law: This is a body that deals with the activities and governing capacities of
the administrative bodies of the Government. These bodies should not be exempt from
standard laws of functioning, and administration is the branch that deals with disputes
regarding the same.
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Constitutional law: This deals with the study and the practice of the principles set forth by
the US Constitution. Any violation that disregards Constitutional policies is scrutinized by
specialists in this branch and governance.
Press law: The press and media enjoys the benefits of freedom of speech, but there are
certain rules and regulations to be adhered to here as well. This deals with the liberties
and powers enjoyed by the media, and it also governs the copyrighting issue of intellectual
property rights.
CONTENTS:
PAGES:
Independence of Mexico................................................. 1, 2,3
Online Shopping Around the World................................... 4,5
Recycle.......................................................................................6,7
Branches of law..................................................................8,9,10
STUDENT: LEYVA MONTES ALEJANDRA PAOLA
GROUP: 618-A
ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL 6
PRE DELIVERY PROJECT
DATE: 16 JANUARY 2014
TEACHER: RAMIREZ BAUTISTA JABEL
BIBLIOGRAPHIES:
http://www.inside-mexico.com/featureindep.htm
http://hk.nielsen.com/documents/Q12010OnlineShoppingTrendsReport.pdf
http://www.vintagetechrecyclers.com/why-recycle/the-recycling-system/
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-branches-of-law.html