Astrophys Space Sci (2009) 323: 8790

DOI 10.1007/s10509-009-0042-6
ORI GI NAL ARTI CLE
Zero mass scalar eld with bulk viscous cosmological solutions
in Lyra geometry
K.S. Adhav S.D. Katore R.S. Rane K.S. Wankhade
Received: 2 October 2008 / Accepted: 16 May 2009 / Published online: 9 June 2009
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
Abstract In this paper, we have investigated spatially ho-
mogeneous isotropic Friedmann cosmological model with
bulk viscosity and zero-mass scalar eld in Lyra manifold.
The cosmological models are obtained with the help of the
special law of variation for Hubbles parameter proposed by
Bermann (Nuovo Cimento 74B:182, 1983) and power law
relation. Some physical properties of the models are dis-
cussed.
Keywords Friedmann cosmological model Zero-mass
scalar eld Bulk viscosity Hubbles parameter Lyra
geometry
1 Introduction
Lyra (1951) proposed a modication of Riemannian geom-
etry by introducing gauge function into the structure-less
manifold, as a result of which the cosmological constant
arises naturally from the geometry. This bears a remarkable
resemblance to Weyls (1918) geometry. In subsequent in-
vestigations Sen (1957), Sen and Dunn (1971) formulated
K.S. Adhav S.D. Katore R.S. Rane K.S. Wankhade ()
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati 444602, India
e-mail: wankhade.kishor@rediffmail.com
K.S. Adhav
e-mail: ati_ksadhav@yahoo.co.in
S.D. Katore
e-mail: katoresd@rediffmail.com
R.S. Rane
e-mail: rsrane53@rediffmail.com
R.S. Rane K.S. Wankhade
Y.C. Science and Arts College, Mangrulpir, India
a new scalar-tensor theory of gravitation and constructed
an analog of the Einsteins eld equations based on Lyras
geometry. Halford (1972) has shown that the scalar-tensor
treatment based on Lyras geometry predicts the same ef-
fects as in general relativity.
The eld equations in the normal gauge in Lyra manifold
as obtained by Sen (1957) are
R
ij

1
2
g
ij
R +
3
2

j

3
4
g
ij

= 8GT
ij
(1)
where
i
is the displacement eld and other symbols have
their usual meaning as in Riemannian geometry. The dis-
placement eld
i
can be written as

i
=(0, 0, 0, ),
where is a constant (we use the gravitational units 8G=
c = 1).
Several authors have studied cosmological models within
the frame work of Lyra geometry with constant gauge vector
in the time direction. The study of interacting elds, one of
them being zero-mass scalar eld, is basically an attempt to
look into the yet unsolved problem of the unication of the
gravitational and quantum theories. Interacting scalar elds
in Lyra geometry have been studied by Casana et al. (2004,
2005, 2006, 2007). Pradhan and Pandey (2003) have dis-
cussed bulk viscous cosmological models in Lyra geometry.
In this paper, we have investigated bulk viscous cosmolog-
ical models in the presence of interacting zero mass scalar
eld in Lyra geometry with the aid of FRW line element. We
have obtained power law solutions and also solutions using
Hubbles law. We have also discussed the physical proper-
ties of the models.
88 Astrophys Space Sci (2009) 323: 8790
2 Metric and eld equations
We consider the spatially homogeneous and isotropic FRW
line element in the form
ds
2
=dt
2
R
2
(t )

dr
2
1 Kr
2
+r
2
(d
2
+sin
2
d
2
)

, (2)
where K is the curvature index which can take the values
(1, 0, +1), R(t ) represents the radius of the universe and
the signature of the metric is (+, , , ).
The energy-momentum tensor due to the bulk-viscous
uid and zero-mass scalar elds is written in the form
T
ij
=(p +)U
i
U
j
pg
ij
+

,i

,j

1
2
g
ij

,m

,m

,
(3)
together with
U
i
U
i
= 1 (4)
and
p =p U
i
;i
, (5)
where U
i
is the four velocity vector of the distribution,
is the energy density, p is the pressure, is the coefcient
of bulk-viscosity, is the zero mass scalar eld and semi-
colon (;) denotes covariant differentiation.
The scalar eld satises the equation

i
;i
= 0. (6)
Using co-moving co-ordinates, the eld equations (1) with
the help of (2) and (3) can be written as
2
R
44
R
+

R
4
R

2
+
K
R
2
+
3
4

2
= X

p +
1
2

2
4

, (7)
3

R
4
R

2
+3
K
R
2

3
4

2
=X

+
1
2

2
4

, (8)

44
3
4
R
4
R
= 0, (9)
p =p 3H, (10)
where
H =
R
4
R
, (11)
is the Hubbles parameter and sufx (4) indicates the differ-
entiation with respect to t .
3 Solution of the eld equations
We solve the eld equations (7)(9) by using the special law
of variation for Hubbles parameter, proposed by Bermann
(1983) as
H =DR
m
(12)
where D and m (= 0) are constants.
From (11) and (12), we obtained
R(t ) =

m(Dt +C)
1
m
, (13)
where C is the constant of integration.
Using (13), (9) yields
(t ) =
a
0
4

m(Dt +C)
4
m
+a
1
, (14)
where a
0
and a
1
are constants of integration.
Using (13) and (14) in the eld equations (7)(9), we get
=
3D
2
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+3A(t ) B(t )
3
4

2
, (15)
p =

D
2
(3 2m)
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+A(t ) +B(t ) +
3
4

, (16)
where
A(t ) =
K
{m(Dt +C)}
2
m
and B(t ) =
a
2
0
2
{m(Dt +C)}
6
m
.
Now using the borotropic equation of state
p =( 1), 0 2. (17)
In (12), we obtain the physical quantities p and as
p =( 1)

3D
2
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+3A(t ) B(t )
3
4

(18)
and
=
1
3H

D
2
(3 2m)
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+(3 2)A(t )
+(2 )B(t ) +(2 )
3
4

. (19)
Thus using (13), the FRW model for interacting bulk-
viscous uid and zero-mass scalar-elds in Lyra geometry
can be written as
ds
2
=dT
2
(mT )
2
m

dr
2
1 Kr
2
+r
2
d
2
+r
2
sin
2
d
2

.
(20)
This model has no initial singularity and represents expand-
ing universe.
Astrophys Space Sci (2009) 323: 8790 89
Physical models
Here we discuss three physical models corresponding to =
0, 2,
4
3
of the equation of state given by (17).
Case (I) False vacuum model (i.e. = 0)
For = 0 , we have p + = 0 which represents false vac-
uum or degenerate vacuum or vacuum (Cho 1992). The
physical signicance of this uid in non-viscous case has
been studied by Mohanty et al. (1989).
In this case the physical quantities take the explicit form:
= p =
3D
2
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+3A(t ) B(t )
3
4

2
(21)
and
=
1
3H

D
2
(6 2m)
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+4A(t )

. (22)
Case (II) Zeldovich-uid model (i.e. = 2)
For = 2, we have =p which represents Zeldovich uid
distribution and we get
=p =
3D
2
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+3A(t ) B(t )
3
4

2
, (23)
=
1
3H

D
2
(6 2m)
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+4A(t )

. (24)
Case (III) Radiating model (i.e. =
4
3
)
For =
4
3
, we have = 3p, which represents disordered ra-
diation and the physical quantities in this case take the form:
=
3D
2
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+3A(t ) B(t )
3
4

2
, (25)
p =
1
3

3D
2
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+3A(t ) B(t )
3
4

(26)
and
=
1
3H

D
2
(4 2m)
{m(Dt +C)}
2
+2A(t ) +
2
3
B(t ) +
1
2

. (27)
4 Models with power law relation
If we assume that the scale factor R(t ) is taken to be simple
power law function of time as
R(t ) =n
0
t
n
, (28)
where n
0
and n are constants.
Equation (28) gives
R
4
R
=
n
t
and
R
44
R
=
n(n 1)
t
2
. (29)
With the help of (28), the eld equation (12) gives
(t ) =
b
0
t
3n+1
3n +1
+b, (30)
where b is a constant of integration.
With the help of (29), we obtain the equation for the ef-
fective pressure p and energy density from the eld equa-
tions (10) and (11) as
p =

3n
2
t
2

2n
t
2
+L(t ) +
3
4

2
+M(t )

(31)
and
=
3n
2
t
2

3
4

2
+3L(t ) M(t ), (32)
where
L(t ) =
K
n
2
0
t
2n
and M(t ) =
b
2
0
2
t
6n
.
Using the borotropic equation of state (17), (5) and (32)
yields the expression for the pressure p and bulk-viscosity
coefcient as
p = 3( 1)

n
2
t
2

3
4

2
+3L(t ) M(t )

(33)
and
=
1
3n

n
t
(3n 2) +
3
4

2
(2 ) +t L(t )(3 2)
+t M(t )(2 )

. (34)
Thus FRW model for bulk-viscous uid with zero-mass
scalar eld in Lyra geometry can be written as
ds
2
=dt
2
t
2n

dr
2
1 Kr
2
+r
2
d
2
+r
2
sin
2
d
2

. (35)
It is interesting to note that the model is free from singu-
larity.
Physical models
Here we discuss physical quantities for the model =
0, 2,
4
3
.
90 Astrophys Space Sci (2009) 323: 8790
Case (I) False vacuum model (i.e. = 0)
For = 0, we have the false vacuum or the degenerate vac-
uum. In this case the physical quantities take the explicit
form:
= p =
3n
2
t
2

3
4

2
+3L(t ) M(t ) (36)
and
=
1
3n

3
2
t
2

2n
t
+2t M(t ) 2t L(t )

. (37)
Case (II) Zeldovich uid (i.e. = 2)
For = 2, we have = p which represents stiff-uid. In
this case the physical quantities take the form:
=p =
3n
2
t
2

3
4

2
+3L(t ) M(t ), (38)
=
1
3n

n
t
(3n 1) +2t L(t )

. (39)
Case (III) Radiating model (i.e. =
4
3
)
For =
4
3
, the distribution reduces to the special case with
equation of state = 3p and the physical quantities in this
case take the forms
=
3n
2
t
2

3
4

2
+3L(t ) M(t ), (40)
p =
n
2
t
2

1
4

2
+L(t )
1
3
M(t ), (41)
=
1
3n

n
t
(4n 2)
t
2

2
+2t L(t )
2
3
t M(t )

. (42)
5 Conclusions
Interacting bulk-viscous uid and zero-mass scalar elds
play a vital role in understanding the early stages of evolu-
tion of universe. Here we have found spatially homogeneous
isotropic FRW models corresponding to bulk-viscous uid
and zero-mass scalar elds. To obtain determinate solutions
of the eld equations Hubbles law and power law for metric
potentials have been used. We have discussed the physical
models corresponding to Zeldovich uid, false vacuum and
radiation respectively. It is observed that the models are free
from singularities and are expanding.
Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to Dr. T.M. Karade and
Dr. D.R.K. Reddy for fruitful discussions. The constructive comments
of the referee are gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank
IUCCA, Pune, IIT and TIFR, Mumbai for sending preprints.
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