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ANNAI MATHAMMAL SHEELA ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
ERUMAPATTY, NAMAKKAL-637013


WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
(RIET &SCR)


PRESENTED BY:

S.SIVA KUMAR
A.AJITH KUMAR
Pre final year, B.E(ECE)
MAI L I D:
sivashsiva003@gmail.com


CONTACT:9677634724



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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
(RIET &SCR)

Abstract The robot development is actively done as a
very hopeful tool in many disciplines, however,right now;
the robot is not used actually for practical use. It becomes
very important to know how to keep supplying energy
continuously. In most cases, it is considered that the
rechargeable battery is most easy tosolve it, however, for
example, in nuclear power plant accident or chemical
weapon disasterdue to terrorism, once the robot enters
into the contaminated area, it is almost impossible
toreturn for the battery recharging. The wireless energy
transmission is mandatory.This paper describes transfer
of energy from a power source to power destination via
electromagnetic field coupling. In this paper we propose
a wireless energy transfer technique where maximum
efficiency can be achieved by transmitting power at
resonant frequency. Embodimentdescribes that up to 80%
efficiency can be achieved when compared to other
methods.

Keywords:Wireless Energy Transfer (WET), Resonant
Induction Energy Transfer (RIET),Strongly Coupled
Resonances(SCR),
I. Introduction

The robot development is actively done as a very hopeful
tool in many disciplines. Their usage is increasing day by
day because they can reduce the time consumption by
working around the clock and also increase the efficiency
of a job. Nowadays, the robots are working in the area
where it is impossible or very difficult for a manto
accessand perform actions. The most important thing for a
robot to work continuously is the power.The robot which
is performing a task cannot return for the refueling, or
whenever the robot malfunctions it cannot return.
Moreover, some important activities urgently needed may
not allow the robot to return forthe refueling. A long
timeoperation is required for the refueling which will lead
to decrease the efficiency and increase the cost
effectiveness. Most robots operate on batteries. The cost


of batteries is high but their life is quite low. When
battery is used separate power circuits has to be used
tostep down the current and to recharge the battery. The
battery also determines the size of the robot.

To overcome all those problems energy has to be
transmitted without wires or batteries. Thus the wireless
transfer of energy becomes mandatory. The efficiency of
power transfer is very low if the radiation is
omnidirectional, and unidirectional radiation requires an
uninterrupted line of sight and sophisticated tracking
mechanisms. Intuitively, two resonant objects of the same
resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently,
while dissipating relatively little energy in extraneous off-
resonant objects.

In systems of coupled resonances (e.g., acoustic,
electromagnetic, magnetic, nuclear), there is often a
general "strongly coupled" regime of operation. If one can
operate in that regime in a given system, the energy
transfer is expected to be very efficient. Midrange power
transfer implemented in this way can be nearly
omnidirectional and efficient, irrespective of the geometry
of the surrounding space, with low interference and losses
into environmental objects.

WET Technology

The wireless energy transfer technology comprises of a
transmitting and receiving antennas. The antennas are
made up of inductor coil coupled to a capacitor. The
transmitter antennas coil has less no. of turns of inductor
windings and it is directly attached to the power source.
The receiver antenna is made up of windings which are
more in no. when compared to transmitter.

Whenever the power source is switched on, the
transmitter antenna converts the power into
electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic waves will
be transmitted through the air medium.



Air Medium
Power
Source
Load
Transmitter Coil Receiver Coil
3



Fig., 1 General View of Wireless Energy Transfer

The receiver antenna receives the electromagnetic signals
in the air medium which is operating in inductively
coupling medium. Mutual inductance takes place between
two coils which will lead to the generation of emf in the
receiver coil. This emf generates the current and
transmitted to the destination. In between there is no
usage of coils or the energy is not stored in any batteries.

II. Background

Purpose of SCR Technology

Household devices produce relatively small magnetic
fields. For this reason, chargers hold devices at the
distance necessary to induce a current, which can only
happen if the coils are close together. A larger, stronger
field could induce current from farther away, but the
process would be extremely inefficient. Since a magnetic
field spreads in all directions, making a larger one would
waste a lot of energy.


Fig., 2 Induction based Energy Transfer

Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend
to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly
with extraneous off-resonant objects. A child on a swing
is a good example of this. A swing is a type of mechanical
resonance, so only when the child pumps her legs at the
natural frequency of the swing is she able to impart
substantial energy. In any system of coupled resonators
there often exists a so-called "strongly coupled" regime of
operation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in a
given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient.

III. Proposed Architecture and system design

System Design






























Proposed Architecture

The proposed architectureof thisdesign has the
following steps.

The antenna should have an inductor and
capacitor.
The inductor should be curved shape coil with a
parallel plate capacitor connected at its end.
Since they are reactive circuits, source and load
impedance must be complex conjugate of each
other.
The inductor and capacitor at transmitter and
receiver end should operate at parallel frequency.
Transmit Power
Receiver
Antenna
Receiver
and
Amplifier
Load
Power
Source
Transmitter

Transmitter
Antenna
Resonant
Frequency
If not, dont
transmit

4
At resonance, the series impedance of the two
elements is at a minimum and the parallel
impedance is at maximum.
Two or more devices can be connected since it
produce stationary field around it and not
transmitting energy in all directions.

Resonant Frequency

Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a
particular resonance frequency when the impedance
between the input and output of the circuit is at a
minimum. Often this happens when the impedance
between the input and output of the circuit is zero and
when the transfer function equals one. At this frequency
the frequency of oscillation doesnot changes with
changing amplitude. Therefore at this frequency, even
small particle driving force can produce large amplitude
vibration because the system stores vibrationalenergy.



Fig., 3 Proposed Antenna (Coil) Design

Parallel Resonant Frequency

The minimum line current from parallel resonance is
useful because it corresponds to maximum impedance in
the line across the generator. Therefore, impedance that
has a high value for just one frequency but low
frequencies, either below or above resonance can be
obtained by using a parallel LC circuit resonant at the
desired frequency. Higher the value of L and C result in
lower value of f
r.
This makes it possible to transfer
electrical energy as electromagnetic waves since power
transmission is feasible and efficient at lower frequencies
which have larger bandwidth. In parallel resonant circuit
where r
s
is very small compared with X
L
, the Q also
equals X
L
/ r
s
. The Q of the coil determines the Q of the
parallel circuit because it is less than the Q of the
capacitive branch. Then the Q of the parallel resonant
circuit is same as the Q of the coil.



Fig., 4 RIET coupled to multi device and charging at a
time.

Coupling work

An appropriate analytical framework for modeling the
exchange of energy between resonant object is weak-
coupling approach called coupled-mode theory.
Efficient mid-range power transfer occurs in particular
regions of the parameter space describing resonant objects
strongly coupled to oneanother. Using coupled-mode
theory to describe this physical system we obtain the
following set of linear equations:
m(t)=(i
m
m)am(t)+i
mn
am(t)+F
m
(t)---- (1)
am

where the indices denote the different resonant objects.
The variables a
m
(t) are defined so that the energy
contained in object m is |a
m
(t)|2,
m
is the resonant
angular frequency of that isolated object, and m is its
intrinsic decay rate (e.g., due to absorption and radiated
losses). In this framework, an uncoupled and undriven
oscillator with parameters
0
and
0
would evolve in time
as exp(i
0
t
0
t). The
mn
=
nm
are coupling coefficients
between the resonant objects indicated by the subscripts,
and F
m
(t) are driving terms.

It has source and device, such thatthe source is driven
externally at a constant frequency, andthe two objects
have a coupling coefficient. Work is extracted from the
5
deviceby means of a load that acts as a circuit resistance
connectedto the device, and has the effect of contributing
an additional term
w
to the unloadeddevice object's
decay rate
D
. The overall decay rate at the device is
therefore

=
D
+
W
. The work extracted is
determined by the power dissipated in the load, that is,
2
W
|a
D
(t)|
2
. Maximizing the efficiency of the transfer
with respect to the loading W, givenEq. 1, is equivalent to
solving an impedance-matching problem. This scheme
works best when the source and the device are resonant,
in which theefficiency is,

=
w
|a
D
|
2
---- (2)
s|a
s
|
2
+ (
D
+
w
)|a
D
|
2

=
w

2


D

S

E
---- (3)
[(1+
W
)
2
]+[(1+
W
)
2
]

D

S

D

D


The efficiency is maximized when
w
/
D
=[1+ (
2
/
D

S
)]
1/2
. It is easy to show that thekeyto efficient energy
transfer is to have
2
/
D

S
>1. This is commonly referred
to as thestrong coupling regime. Resonance plays an
essential role in this power transfermechanism, as the
efficiency is improved by approximately
2
/
D
2
(106 for
typicalparameters) relative to the case of inductively
coupled nonresonant objects.

As the coil is resonant, the current and charge density
profiles are /2 out of phase fromeach other, meaning that
the real part of one is maximum when the real part of the
other iszero. Equivalently, the energy contained in the coil
is at certain points in time completelydue to the current,
and at other points it is completely due to the charge.
Usingelectromagnetic theory, we can define an effective
inductance L and an effectivecapacitance C for each coil
as follows:

L=
0
dr d J(r) J() ----(4)
4|I
0
|
2
|r - |


1 = 1 dr d (r) ()---- (5)
C 4|q
0
|
2
|r - |

where the spatial current J(r) and charge density (r) are
obtained respectively from thecurrent and charge densities
along the isolated coil, in conjunction with the geometry
ofthe object. As defined, L and C have the property that
the energy U contained in the coil
is given by
U = 1 L |I
o
|
2
----(6)
2
U = 1 |q
o
|
2
---- (7)
2C
Given this relation and the equation of continuity, the
resulting resonant frequency is f
0
=1/ [2 (LC)
1/2
]. We
can now treat this coil as a standard oscillator in coupled-
mode theoryby defining a (t) = [(L/2)
1/2
] I
0
(t).

We can estimate the power dissipated by noting that the
sinusoidal profile of the currentdistribution implies that
the spatial average of the peak current squared is |I
0
|
2
/2.
For a coilwith n turns and made of a material with
conductivity, we modify the standard formulasfor ohmic
(R
o
) and radiation (R
r
) resistance accordingly:


R
o
=
o
l ---- (8)
2 4


R
r
=
o

2
( r)
4
+ 2 (h)
2
---- (9)

o
12e
4
3
3
e
2



The first term in Eq. 9 is a magnetic dipole radiation term
(assuming r << 2c/ , where cis the speed of light); the
second term is due to the electric dipole of the coil and
issmaller than the first term for our experimental
parameters. The coupled-mode theorydecay constant for
the coil is therefore =(Ro + Rr)/2L, and its quality factor
is Q = /2 .We find the coupling coefficient DS by
looking at the power transferred from the sourceto the
device coil, assuming a steady-state solution in which
currents and charge densitiesvary in time as exp(it):


P
DS
= dr E
S
(r) J
D
(r) ---- (10)


P
DS
=-1 dr d
o
J
S
() +
s
() r J
D
()
4 | - r|
o
| -


P
DS
= - iMI
S
I
D
---- (11)

Where M is the effective mutual inductance, is the
scalar potential, A is the vectorpotential, and the subscript
S indicates that the electric field is due to the source. We
thenconclude from standard coupled-mode theory
arguments that
DS
=
SD
==M/[2(L
S
L
D
1/2
)]. When the
distance D between the centers of the coils is much larger
thantheir characteristic size, scales with the D
3
dependence characteristic of dipole-dipolecoupling. Both
and are functions of the frequency, and / and the
efficiency aremaximized for a particular value of f, which
is in the range 1 to 50 MHz for typicalparameters of
6
interest. Thus, picking an appropriate frequency for a
given coil size.

IV. Performance Analysis

The figure illustrates the efficiency achieved when energy
transfer takes place at resonant frequency. The graph
shows that the efficiency analysis in transferring energy at
resonant frequency and other frequency on theoretical
basics.


Fig., 5 Graph predicting the efficiency


V. Conclusion

The wireless energy transfer will gain more effectiveness
since the robot can work continuously without returning
for refueling. Moreover, the energy transfer at resonant
frequency will pay the way for enhancement of the
efficiency. Since transfer will take place only at
particular frequency they are more protective than other
method. By this method efficiency can be increased up to
80%.This method can be used almost to all devices
operating with wires and batteries. Implementation is not
so difficult when compared to battery manufacturing and
cables for transmission.

VI. Applications

This techniques also be applied to almost all devices or
operating environment wo

1. Wireless power transmission will minimize the use of
batteries for many applications since the power can be
transmitted at any time without the use of batteries.

2. The greater advantage is in power transmission areas
where WPT could put to an end of laying giant electric
cables for transmission. They dont need to go for laying
cables where large amount of money has to be spent.
3.WPT has an important application in military areas
where rescue and other security needs can be fulfilled
uninteruptively. Since transmission is wireless
unauthorized breakage of cables and other things will not
take place

4. Home appliances can operate without wireless much
amount of money is saved in laying cables. The
transmission can be even made as Direct to Home, since it
is like as a signal transmission.

5. Charging of Cell phones, Laptops, I-Pods and other
devices can be done at any place without the use of plugs.

6. A large amount of money can be saved in power
transmission from generator house to individual home.
This can lay the benefit of money saving as well as high
efficient power transmission.


References

[1] John D.Joannopoulos Wireless Non-Radiative
Energy Transfer U.S patent application publications,
Pub. no. US 2009/01/0195333A1,Aug.6,2009.

[2]Grotz, Toby, "Project Tesla: Wireless Transmission of
Power; Resonating Planet Earth". Theoretical
Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.

[3]Karalis, Aristeidis, J. D. Joannopoulos and Marin
Soljai- " Wireless Non-Radiative Energy Transfer",
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 2006.

[4]Brown, W. C., "The History of Power Transmission by
Radio Waves". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, 1984.

[5]IEEE Std C95.12005 IEEE Standard for Safety
Levels with Respect toHuman Exposure to Radio
Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz
(IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2006).

[6]Haus, H.A.; Huang, W Coupled-mode
theoryProceedings of the IEEEVolume 79, Issue 10, Oct
1991.

[7] Grotz, Toby, "Project Tesla: Wireless Transmission of
Power; Resonating Planet Earth". Theoretical
Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.