The Most Important Derivatives and Antiderivatives:

The Sum Rule, the Constant Multiple Rule and the

Power Rule for Integration:
Sum Rule for Integration integrate long expressions
term by term. Expressed formally:

Constant Multiple Rule for Integration move a
constant outside of an integral before you integrate.
Expressed in symbols:

Power Rule for Integration integrate any real power
of x (except -1). Expressed formally:

where n 1,


Solve Integrals with Variable Substitution:
1. Declare a variable u, set it equal to an algebraic
expression that appears in the integral, and then
substitute u for this expression in the integral.
2. Differentiate u to find

, then isolate all x

variables on one side of the equal sign.
3. Make another substitution to change dx and all
other occurrences of x in the integral to an
expression that includes du.
4. Integrate by using u as your new variable of
integration.
5. Express this answer in terms of x.
Integration by Parts:
Gives you the option to break down product of two
functions to its factors and integrate in altered form.
Follow these steps:
1. Decompose the entire integral (including dx) into
two factors.
2. Let the factor without dx equal u and the factor
with dx equal dv.
3. Differentiate u to find du; integrate dv to find v.
4. Use the formula:
5. Evaluate the right side of this equation to solve the
integral.

Compound Functions Where Inner Function is ax + b:
Integrate the outer function f, and the inner function
g(x) is of the form ax + b it differentiates to a
constant. Here are some examples:

Compound Functions Where Inner Function is ax:
Integrate the outer function f, and the inner function
g(x) is of the form ax it differentiates to a constant.
Here are some examples:


Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions
Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives:
One-to-One functions f(x) is one-to-one on a
domain D if f(x1) f(x2) whenever x1 x2 in D.
Function y = f(x) one-to-one if graph intersects
each horizontal line at most once.

Inverse functions suppose f is one-to-one
function on domain D with range R, inverse
function f
-1
defined by f
-1
(b) = a if f(a) = b. Domain
of f
-1
is R and range is D.
Finding inverse passing from f to f
-1
summarized
as two-step procedure:
1. Solve equation y = f(x) for x, giving x = f
-1
(y)
where x is function of y.
2. Interchange x and y, giving formula y = f
-1
(x).

Derivatives of inverses of differentiable functions
derivatives are reciprocals of one another slopes
are reciprocal: (f
-1
)(b) =

()
or (f
-1
)(b) =

(
-

.
Derivative rule for inverses if f has interval I as
domain and () exists and is never zero on I, then
f
-1
is differentiable at every point in its domain
(range of f). Value (f
-1
) at point b in domain of f
-1

is reciprocal of value of at point a = f
-1
(b):
(f
-1
)(b) =

(
-

or

.
Section 7.2 Natural Logarithms:
Definition of natural logarithm function natural
logarithm of any positive number x, written as ln x,
is defined as integral. Natural logarithm is function
given by ln x =

-
, x > 0.
Number e is number in the domain of natural
logarithm satisfying ln(e) = 1

= 1.
Derivative of y = ln x:

for every positive value x,

, chain rule
extends formula for positive functions u(x):

so

, u > 0

|
Properties of logarithms
1. Product rule: ln bx = ln b + ln x
2. Quotient rule: ln
b

= ln b ln x
3. Reciprocal rule: ln

= -ln x
4. Power rule: ln x
r
= r ln x
The integral

du = ln + C if u = f(x), then

()
()
dx = ln () + C whenever f(x) differentiable
function that is never zero.
dx = -cos x + C dx = -ln + C
dx = sin x + C dx = ln + C
dx = ln + C
dx = -ln + C
Section 7.3 Exponential Functions:
Inverse of ln x and the number e for every real
number x, we define natural exponential function
to be e
x
= exp x.
Inverse equations for e
x
and ln x:
e
ln x
= x (all x > 0) and ln (e
x
) = x (all x)
Derivative and integral of e
x
: if u is any
differentiable function of x, then

e
u
= e
u

.
General antiderivative of the exponential function:

du = e
u
+ C
For all numbers x, x1 and x2, the natural exponential
e
x
obeys the following laws:
1.

3.

2.
-
=

4. (

)
r
=

, if r is rational
The general exponential function a
x
for any
numbers a > 0 and x, the exponential function with
base a is: a
x
= e
x ln a
when a = e, the definition
gives a
x
= e
x ln a
= e
x ln e
=

= e
x
in particular,
a
n
a
-1
= a
n-1

Proof of the power rule (general version) for any
x > 0 and for any real number n, x
n
= e
n ln x

General power rule for derivatives for x > 0 and
any real number n,

x
n
= nx
n-1
; if x 0, then the
formula holds whenever the derivative, x
n
, and x
n-1

all exist so

x
n
=

e
n ln x
= nx
n-1

Differentiate f(x) = x
x
, x > 0:
() =

(e
x ln x
) = e
x ln x

(x ln x) = e
x ln x
(ln x + x

)
= x
x
(ln x + 1)
The derivative of a
u
:

a
x
=

e
x ln a
=

(x ln a) = a
x
ln a
if a = e, then ln a = 1 so
derivative of a
x
simplifies to

e
x
= e
x
ln e = e
x

If a > 0 and u is differentiable function of x, then a
u

is differentiable function of x and

a
u
= a
u
ln a

du =

+ C
Logarithms with base a for any positive number
a 1, log a x is the inverse function of a
x

When a = e, log

e x = inverse of e
x
= ln x.
Rules for base a logarithms for any numbers x > 0
and y > 0
1. Product rule: log a xy = log a x + log a y
2. Quotient rule: log a

= log a x log a y
3. Reciprocal rule: log a

= -log a y
4. Power rule: log a x
y
= y log a x
Inverse equations for a
x
and log

a x:

= x (x > 0) and log a x (a
x
) = x (all x)
log a x =

log a u =

(


) =

(ln u)
Derivatives and integrals involving log a x:

(log a u) =

(


) =

(ln u) =

(log a u) =