Final Exam Study Guide, Spring 2014

for Cooper and Terrill, The American South

and for Stephen Tuck, Beyond Atlanta
There is no study guide for lecture material; just know everything. We watched the prising of
!"#$ documentary, which should give you plenty of information to answer any %uestion on the
&eneral Te'tile Strike of ()"#. *ut, just as a refresher, chapter +, of The American South has a
section on the strike -pp. ./01.(+2.
The American South, chapters ++, +", +,1+.
Chapter 22: Progressivism
ate !arnard: first commissioner of charities and corrections in ()/. until ()(, -3ad health2.
She em3raced the souther progressivism movement as one of its first advocates. 4er father was
an 0)er$ and she went on a tour across the nation to see how many of the 3ig cities handled the
pro3lem of poverty. She concluded that poverty was a social pro3lem, not a pro3lem of personal
failings or other personal pro3lems.
Page"s #Forgotten $an%: huge advocate of pu3lic education in the south. The forgotten man$
was the man who had not received an ade%uate education. 4e said that the failure to support
education had cost 5C dearly, lots of lost talent from the state. The south had an education
pro3lem with lots of adults 3eing illiterate.
Southern &sso'iation o( College and Se'ondary S'hools: the South did not have ade%uate
funding and structure of universities and colleges for people to attend, many of them didn6t
receive state funding. 7ounded 3y chancelor of 8ander3ilt, it was designed to distin%uish
colleges and secondary schools and set entrance re%uirements for the colleges. The endowments
of these colleges also shot up. 9any of the 3ig colleges now 3ecame far more secular and less
religious. :t was designed to improve integrity and %uality of southern colleges, new journals
started 3eing made 3ut some colleges were still colleges 3y name only.$ -faking2
)oo*+orm Campaign: ;r Charles Wardell Stiles -5< 3orn, &erman trained =oologist2
discovered the hookworm disease, which was called the germ of la=iness. :t affected many
southerners who did not work and were la=y. :t is a parasite that causes malnutrition and anemia
and affected people with poor diets. The effort against hookworm was funded 3y >ockefeller
and as a result the south 3ecame defensive a3out it and didn6t 3elieve it was actually a pro3lem
and thought they were just 3eing fooled.
,ational Child -a.or Committee: it was aimed at reducing the num3er of children that were
employed in industrial work. Several industries gra33ed their attention, such as glass making,
coal mining and te'tiles -cotton mills2. The 5C?C ultimately focused on the southern te'tile
industry 3ecause of the si=e of the industry and the num3er of children employed. Some
southerners felt they were 3eing unfairly targeted, they were to some e'tent right. The 5C?C
had achieved it mission in reducing the num3er of children employed.
Chapter 2/: 0estoration and Exile, 111221121
3ulsa 0a'e 0iot: a massive riot left "/@ dead and at least A(million worth of damage from
destroyed property. Some whites even used airplanes to drop dynamite on 3lack neigh3orhoods.
The whites 3urned down 3lack neigh3orhoods and looted them. The 3lacks fought 3ack and one
descri3ed it as not dying like hogs penned up. Bfter this interacial commissions$ were formed
to ease tensions and work out pro3lems thus to avoid violence -Cim Crow still in place2.
4il and Gas 5ndustry: the war helped to increase demand for oil -which was previously in
e'cess 3ecause all the new field in TD, EF and CB2. The increase in automo3iles also helped
increase demand for petroleum, that num3er soared, 3y WW: the S produced G/H of the
world6s petroleum and e'ported nearly I of what it produced. There were new oil towns
popping up wherever oil was found and new refineries were 3eing 3uilt, often near 3ig cities and
shipping center -4ouston, *aton >ouge, Tulsa2. The growth of some of the 3ig southern cities
were fueled 3y this as well. Blso, 3ig power companies -;uke, &B Jower2 also popped up to
fuel the growing energy needs.
)arlan County, 6: coal mining town, started in the early ()//s, population soared around the
time of the world wars. 9ining coal was very profita3le and thus was very attractive for the
people of F<. They didn6t care much for mine safety, pro3a3ly "//1,// coal miners died every
year in southern Bppalachia. There was a decline in coal consumption in the late ()+/s as other
energy sources 3ecame more popular. There were la3or disputes and the people sold their land
for coal production and they didn6t receive legal protection. ?ost land through fraud.
)uey -ong: from ?ouisiana, the Fingfish.$ 4e was a 3rilliant energetic lawyer from 5.
?ouisiana where populism was strong. ?ong attacked corporations and was eventually elected
government in ()+0 -",yo2. 4e used radio to attack targets including lum3er, sulfur and oilKgas
companies who formed alliance with agricultural interests. The politicians formed alliances wK
the companies and kept ta'es low and kept pu3lic service minimal. ?ong would increase oil
ta'es and the legislature spent lots of AA on pu3lic service projects.
$ississippi Flood o( 1127: 9ississippi river flooded fre%uently, Coseph ;avis erected a levee
system a3out ;avis *end -Ceff ;avis 3uilt large plantations there2. The (0.) 9iss >iver
Commission was created to 3uild levees to protect the city. The ()+. flood washed away the
efforts of the commission. The flood killed 3etween +,/1,// and then the Bmerican >ed Cross
had to help with the relief effort and put people up in emergency camps. :t changed the land and
music culture of the area. :t also prompted changes of congress, Coolidge made the flooding of
the mississippi a national ordeal and apportioned money to put towards the relief and re3uilding.
Chapter 24: 0eligion and Culture
There is some useful material in this chapter, to 3e sure, 3ut too much seems vague or out of
place to me. Bnd in the section on literature, there is too much listing$ for my tastes. This
chapter will not 3e covered on the 7inal L'am.
Chapter 28: Emergen'e o( the $odern South, 11/021148
3ennessee 9alley &uthority: created as a part of the 5ew ;eal ?egislation, constructed (G dams
and related facilities in Tenn. >iver 3asin, produced fertili=er for farmers, worked regional
planning and reduced malaria in the area. The 3ureaucratic nature of the T8B angered some
residents near where it was and endangered its e'istence and reduced popularity. The dams
covered land and sometimes ruined farms.
Fair -a.or Standards &'t: passed in ()"0, set ma'imum hours and minimum wages, and
for3ade child la3or. ;omestic workers and farm la3orers were e'cluded from these protections.
The 7air ?a3or Standards Bct was one of the most influential in the southern democrats
3elieving that their party was 3eing northerni=ed, ur3ani=ed and non1protestant. The 3egan to
think the 5ew ;eal and 7;> were too li3eral and some started not supporting it.
3he #Conservative $ani(esto%: signed in ()"0 3y conservative mem3ers of the Senate. The
manifesto called for ta' reductions to encourage investment, 3alanced 3udget, and end to sit
down stries and right of workers to work and defense of states rights and home rule and local
self1government. 7;> campaigned against these senators, 3ut many of them won handidly.
3he Gaines 'ase: first case to hint that the separate 3ut e%ual clause might not 3e legal, and the
court could decide whether spearate 3ut e%ual was o3taina3le.
Cotton Produ'tion in :orld :ar 55: cotton demand soared during the war, all of the cotton
that was 3eing produced was 3eing used in the te'tile industry, prices of cotton more than
dou3led. 7arm income soared, however, still lagged 3ehind the income of other Bmerican
households. Some thought south would return to glory days, others reali=ed the demand increase
would 3e short lived.
Chapter 2;: End o( <im Cro+
<o &nn 0o.inson: she was the head of the Women6s Jolitical Council -WJC2. When she heard
a3out >osa Jark6s case she had the idea of a one1day 3us 3oycott. 4er and one other person had
printed ,+,,// pamphlets e'plaining the 3oycotts to 3lacks. The 3us 3oycott continued for ("
long, suspenseful months, 9?F 3ecame their leader.
To Secure These Rights: created 3y the Civil >ights Committee in ()#., which was created 3y
the Truman Bdministration. The (, mem3ers included corporate, la3or and academic leaders.
This was the final report from the committee which called for elimination of segregation 3ased
no race, color, creed or national origin. rged passing of elimination of lynching, toll ta', and
end of segregation in army, interstate transportation and in pu3lic services like voting and
education. The report initially didn6t have much affect 3Kc the southern dems didn6t like it and
Truman was scared of this. Truman eventually used his e'ecutive power to end discrimination in
the government programs and stuff.
3he Sweatt de'ision: Sweatt -3lack war veteran2 applied to the niversity of Te'as ?aw School
and was rejected 3Kc he was 3lack. The state tried creating 3lack law schools so they could say
separate 3ut e%ual. The 5BBCJ argued that they were o3viously not e%ual and they should say
separate 3ut e%ual was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court ended up ruling that they had to
admit Sweatt, 3ut the separate 3ut e%ual clause was not commented on.
Selma 'ampaign: 9arch . ()G, was the 3loody sunday march. The state troopers and whites
attacked 3lacks that tried to march to 9ontgomery. They 3eat them severely and even followed
3ack to houses. This attracted national attention and ultimately encouraged the passing of the
voting rights act of G,.
!la'* Po+er movement: many of the younger 3lacks felt that 3lacks should 3e in control of the
civil rights movement and they openly challenged intentions of old 3lack leaders. They
supported radical change and said whites shouldn6t 3e trusted. :t was a radical movement and
called for a revolution within the S. Said they had to fight 3ack and use violence if necessary.
This movement ultimately did not affect the image of 3lack. :t was a short movement 3ut
important 3ecause it showed the need for change in the S and the pro3lem present.
Chapter 27: 3he $odern South
George :alla'e: served + nonconsecutive terms and + consecutive terms as Bla3ama governor
also ran for president # times. Bt first he was endorsed 3y 5BBCJ and lost the race for governor
in (),0, lost in the primary, said he was outniggered.$ Bfter this he turned into a hard
segregationist. 4e tried to stop kids from going to segregated schools and said C7F wanted them
to surrender state to 9?F and communists.
#,e+ Guard% 0epu.li'ans: they formed around the time &oldwater ran in ()G# and were
mostly idealogical conservatives, opposed rapid desegregation and some were segregationists.
They grew rapidly in the south 3ecause all of the events that were happening, such as
desegregation of schools.
!using: 5i'on campaigned against 3using as a means of desegregation in ()G0. *using was
often needed if they wanted segregated schools 3ecause the neigh3orhoods were often
segregated. 9any 3lacks and whites opposed 3using 3ecause it defeated the idea of
neigh3orhood schools and a community, they felt 3ureaucrats were moving kids and didn6t see
what they were doing.
Christian Coalition: a religious right also emerged, the Christian Coalition was founded 3y
televangelist Jat >o3ertson of 8irginia. The movement was well financed and was aimed at
restoring the moral values of Bmerica and opposed a3ortion and homose'uality. They also
wanted to display Christian scenes in pu3lic places and encourage prayer sessions or 3reaks in
pu3lic schools, offer school choice -private schools2 and ended programs tainted with li3eralism.
3he tourist industry: as mo3ility and transportation improved the tourism in the south also
improved 3ecause tourists could now get to places in the south, like mountains and 3eaches.
They started to em3race this in many places in the Carolinas and 7lorida. The tourism industry
is huge and provides lots of income in states like South Carolina.
3u'*, Beyond Atlanta
The e'am may contain :dentification items from TuckMs 3ook.
Jossi3le :; itemsN
Llla *aker
4erman Talmadge
3here :5-- .e a mandatory essay =uestion .ased on 3u'*"s .oo*>
7or the essay %uestion, focus on chapters # and ,. *e a3le to compareKcontrast the civil rights
campaigns in the cities and rural areas. &ather concrete evidence on organi=ations, goals,
opposition, and results.
&ood ?uck to Ene and Bll.