Computer Programming 1

Turbo C
What is computer Programming?
Computer programming is creating a
sequence of instructions to enable
the computer to do something.
What is a programming language?
A programming language is an
artificial language that can be used
to control the behavior of a
machine, particularly a computer.
Programming Language Translation
Source Program -- program written in
a high-level programming language.
Object Program -- the source
program after it has been translated
into machine language.
Translator Program -- the program
that translates the source program
into the object program. Can be
either a compiler or an interpreter.
Compilers vs. Interpreters
Compiler -- spends some time evaluating the
entire program and then translates all the
programming statements of a program into a
machine language program, which is then
executed at once.
Interpreter -- translates interactively each
programming statement into an immediately
usable machine language instruction. Although an
interpreter slows down the execution speed of a
program somewhat, it does not require extra steps
to compile and link like a compiler.
In a production environment where throughput is
more critical, a compiled language is preferred.
Any high-level language can either be interpreted
or compiled.



Categories of Programming
Systems programming involves writing
programs that enable a computer to carry out
its basic internal functions as well as some
other specialized functions. Examples of
systems programs include operating systems,
device drivers, and utility programs.
Applications programming refers to the
process of developing programs to be used for
specific applications, such as a business
application (e.g., computing benefits to be
paid to different employee classifications) or
an academic application (e.g., determining
who qualifies for which scholarship, based on
specified eligibility criteria).
Stages in the Applications
Programming Process
1. Problem statement: The programming
process begins with a clear, written
statement of the problem to be solved by the
computer.
2. Algorithm development: Once the problem
has been clearly stated and all the
requirements have been understood, the
next step is to develop the program logic
necessary for accomplishing the task.
*An algorithm is defined as a logical sequence
of steps that must be performed in order to
accomplish a given task.
Sample Tool:Flowchart
Stages in the Applications
Programming Process
1. Program coding: When the programmer is
satisfied with the efficacy of the logic
developed in the preceding step, it is time
to convert that logic (in either flowchart or
pseudocode form) to the specific syntax of
the programming language that will be
used.
2. Program testing: The coded program is next
checked for errors.
3. Program documentation: The programming
process is complete when the program has
been fully documented.
Computer Programming 1
Five steps to define a programming problem:
1. Restate the problem.
2. Analyze the problem.
3. Identify the input.
4. Identify the process.
5. Identify the output.
Common Programming Errors
1. Syntax Errors
- occur when your code violates one or more
grammar rules of C and is detected by the
compiler as it attempts to translate your
program.
Note: If a statement has a syntax error, it cannot
be translated and your program will not be
executed.
Common Programming Errors
2. Run-time Errors
- are detected errors and displayed by the
compiler during the execution of the program.
- occurs when the program directs the
computer to perform illegal operation, such as
dividing a number by zero.
- an attempt to perform an invalid operation,
detected during program execution.
Note: When a run-time error occurs, the
computer will stop executing your program
and will display a diagnostic message that
indicates the line where the error was
detected.
Common Programming Errors
3. Logic Errors
- occur when a program follows a
faulty algorithm.
- do not cause a run-time error and
do not display error messages, so are
very difficult to detect.

Note: The only sign of a logic error may
be incorrect program output.
Introduction to Flowcharting
Flowcharting
Flowchart - a graphical representation
of the solution in computing a
problem in a logical and step by
step process.
- consists of geometrical symbol
that are interconnected to provide a
pictorial representation of data
processing.
Algorithms and Flowcharting
Flowchart Symbols:

1. Terminal Symbol
- used to designate the beginning
and end of a program.
1. Input Symbol
- represents an instruction to an
input device
Algorithms and Flowcharting
Flowchart Symbols:

3. Processing Symbol
- used to represent a group of program
instructions that perform a processing
function or activity such as
mathematical operations or logical
comparisons.
4. Output Symbol
- represents an instruction to an output
device
Algorithms and Flowcharting
Flowchart Symbols:

5. Decision Symbol
- denotes a point in the program where
more than one path can be taken or used
to designate a decision making process.
6. Flow lines and Arrowheads
- used to show reading order or sequence
in which flowchart symbols are to be
lead.
- show the direction of processing of data
flows.
Algorithms and Flowcharting
Flowchart Symbols:

7. On-page Connector
- non processing symbol
- used to connect one part of the
flowchart to another without
drawing flow lines.
A
A
Denotes an
entry
Denotes an
exit
Algorithms and Flowcharting
Flowchart Symbols:

8. Off-page connector
- designate an exit or entry to page
when a flowchart requires more
than one page.
9. Preparation Symbol
- commonly used for initialization of
counters or defining constants.
Algorithms and Flowcharting
Flowchart Symbols:

10. Predetermined Symbol
- used as a subroutine symbol
- inner procedure needs to be
repeated several times.

Introduction to the C language
Turbo C History
Dennis Ritchie developed Turbo C at
AT&T Bell Laboratories.

Turbo C was first developed for
system programming.
C Language Elements
The C Preprocessor - a program that
is executed before the source code is
compiled.
DIRECTIVES how C preprocessor
commands are called, and begin with a
pound / hash symbol (#). No white
space should appear before the #, and
a semi colon is NOT required at the
end.
C Language Elements
Two Common Directives:
1. #include gives program access to a
library.
- causes the preprocessor to insert
definitions from a standard header file
into the program before compilation.
- tells the preprocessor that some
names used in the program are found in
the standard header file.

C Language Elements
Two Common Directives:
2. #define allows you to make text
substitutions before compiling the
program.
- by convention, all identifiers that
are to be changed by the
preprocessor are written in capital
letters.

C Language Elements
#include <stdio.h>
#define MIN 0 /* #defines */
#define MAX 10
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int main() { /* beginning of program */
int a;
int okay=FALSE;/*the compiler sees this as int okay=0;*/
while(!okay) {
printf("Input an integer between %d and %d: ", MIN,
MAX); scanf("%d", &a);
if(a>MAX) {
printf("\nToo large.\n"); }
else if(a<MIN) {
printf("\nToo small.\n"); }
else { printf("\nThanks.\n");
okay = TRUE; }
} return 0; }

C Language Elements
Libraries C implementations that
contain collections of useful
functions and symbols that may be
accessed by a program.

Note: A C system may expand the number of
operation available by supplying additional
libraries. Each library has a standard
header file whose name ends with the
symbol .h.

C Language Elements
Commenting Your Code
You can add comments to your code by enclosing
your remarks within /* and */. However, nested
comments aren't allowed.
A few properties of comments:
They can be used to inform the person viewing the
code what the code does. This is helpful when you
revisit the code at a later date.
The compiler ignores all the comments. Hence,
commenting does not affect the efficiency of the
program.
You can use /* and */ to comment out sections of
code when it comes to finding errors, instead of
deletion.

C Language Elements
Here are examples of commented code:

/* Comments spanning several */
/* lines can be commented*/
/* out like this!*/
/* But this is a simpler way of doing it! */
// These are C++
// style comments
// and should NOT
// be used with C!!
/* /* NESTED COMMENTS ARE ILLEGAL!! */ */
C Language Elements
Function Main
Every C program has a main function. This is
where program execution begins.
Body- the remaining line of the program in
the body.
Braces {} enclose the body of the function.
- indicates the beginning and end of the
function main.
C Language Elements
Two parts of the function body:
1. Declarations the part of the program
that tells the compiler the names of
memory cells in a program needed in the
function, commonly data requirements
identified during problem analysis.
2. Executable statements derived
statements from the algorithm into
machine language and later executed.
C Language Elements
Your First Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
clrscr();
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
getch();
}
C Language Elements
Reserved Words
In C, a reserved word is defined as
the word that has special meaning in
C and cannot be used for other
purposes.
Examples: int, void, double, return

C Language Elements
Punctuation Marks
/* */ -(slash asterisk) used to enclose a single line
remarks.
-(double quotation) used to display series of
characters, and initializing string constant.
; -(semicolon) statement separator
, -(comma) used to separate one variable to
another
= -(equal sign) used as assignment operator
-(single quotation) used for initializing character
expression
& -(ampersand) used as address operator
{} -(open/close braces) denotes the beginning and
end of the program.
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Naming Conventions (Identifiers)

1. Names are made up of letters and digits.
2. The first character must be a letter.
3. C is case-sensitive, example s is not
the same with S.
4. The underscore symbol (_) is considered
as a letter in C. It is not recommended
to be used, however, as the first
character in a name.
5. At least the first 3 characters of a name
are significant.
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Names... Example

CANNOT start with a number 2i
CAN contain a number elsewhere h2o
CANNOT contain any arithmetic operators... r*s+t
CANNOT contain any other punctuation marks... #@x%!!a
CAN contain or begin with an underscore _height_
CANNOT be a C keyword struct
CANNOT contain a space im stupid
CAN be of mixed cases XSquared

Variables, Data Types and Constants
Variables - are like containers in your
computer's memory - you can store values
in them and retrieve or modify them when
necessary.
- associated with a memory cell whose
value can change as the program executes.

Variable declaration statements that
communicate to the C compiler the names
of all variables used in the program and the
kind of information stored in each variable.
- also tells how that information will be
represented in memory.
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Syntax for Declarations:

data type variable_list;

Ex. int x,age;
float sum,a,b;
char middle_intial;
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Data Type a set of values and a set
of operations that can be performed
on those values.

Standard Predefined Data Type in C:
char
double
int
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Seven Basic C Data Types:
1. Text (data type char) made up of single characters
(example x,#,9,E) and strings (Hello), usually 8 bits, or
1 byte with the range of 0 to 255.
2. Integer values those numbers you learned to count
with.
3. Floating-point values numbers that have fractional
portions such as 12.345, and exponents 1.2e+22.
4. Double-floating point values have extended range of
1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308.
5. Enumerated data types allow for user-defined data
types.
6. void signifies values that occupy 0 bit and have no
value. You can also use this type to create generic
pointers.
7. Pointer does not hold information as do the other data
types. Instead, each pointer contains the address of the
memory location.

Variables, Data Types and Constants
int - data type
int is used to define integer numbers.
Ex.
{ int Count;
Count = 5; }

float - data type
float is used to define floating point numbers.
Ex.
{ float Miles;
Miles = 5.6; }
Variables, Data Types and Constants
double - data type
double is used to define BIG floating point
numbers. It reserves twice the storage for
the number. On PCs this is likely to be 8
bytes.
Ex.
{ double Atoms;
Atoms = 2500000; }

char - data type
char defines characters.
Ex.
{ char Letter;
Letter = 'x'; }

Variables, Data Types and Constants
Modifiers

The three data types above have the following
modifiers.
short
long
signed
unsigned
The modifiers define the amount of storage allocated
to the variable. The amount of storage allocated
is not cast in stone. ANSI has the following rules:
short int <= int <= long int
float <= double <= long double

Variables, Data Types and Constants
Type Bytes Bits Range
short int 2 16 -32,768 -> +32,767 (32kb)
unsigned short int 2 16 0 -> +65,535 (64Kb)
unsigned int 4 32 0 -> +4,294,967,295 ( 4Gb)
int 4 32 -2,147,483,648 -> +2,147,483,647
(2Gb)
long int 4 32 -2,147,483,648 -> +2,147,483,647
(2Gb)
signed char 1 8 -128 -> +127
unsigned char 1 8 0 -> +255
float 4 32
double 8 64
long double 12 96

Variables, Data Types and Constants
Constants identifiers that are having a
constant value all throughout the program
execution.
- also fixed values that may not be altered
by the program.

Examples:
1. Character constants enclosed between
single quotes. Ex. A, +
2. Integer constants specified as numbers
without fractional components.
Ex. 5 and -160
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Floating constants require the use of
decimal point followed by the numbers
fractional components. Ex. 16.234
String constants set of characters
enclosed by double quotes. Ex. bag
and this is good
Backslash character constants
enclosing all character constants in
single quotes that works for most
printing characters. Ex. g = \t

Variables, Data Types and Constants
SEQUENCE NAME MEANING
\a Alert Sound a beep
\b Backspace Backs up one character
\f Form feed Starts a new screen of page
\n New line Moves to the beginning of the next
line
\r Carriage
Return
Moves to the beginning of the
current line
\t Horizontal tab Moves to the next Tab position
\v Vertical tab Moves down a fixed amount
\\ Backslash Displays an actual backslash
\ Single quote Displays an actual single quote
\? Question mark Displays an actual question mark
\ Double quote Displays an actual double quote
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Defining Constants

#define preprocessor
- allows us to define symbolic names and
constants.
A quick example:
#define PI 3.14159
This statement will translate every occurrence of
PI in the program to 3.14159.
Here is a more complete example:
#define PI 3.14159 main() { int r=10; float cir;
cir = PI * (r*r); }
Variables, Data Types and Constants
Defining Constants

The const keyword.
- used to create a read only variable. Once
initialized, the value of the variable cannot be
changed but can be used just like any other
variable.
const syntax:
main()
{ const float pi = 3.14; }
The const keyword is used as a qualifier to the
following data types - int float char double struct.
const int degrees = 360;
const float pi = 3.14;
const char quit = 'q';
Operators
Assignment Operator Equal sign (=)
- the most basic operator where the
value on the right of the equal sign
is assigned to the variable on the
left.
Example:
c = c + 1;
radius = 2 * diameter;
stat = getch();
Operators
Binary Operators
- take two operands and return a result.

Operator Use Result
+ op1 + op2 adds op1 to op2
- op1 - op2 subtracts op2 from op1
* op1 * op2 multiplies op1 by op2
/ op1 / op2 divides op1 by op2
% op1 % op2 computes the remainder
from dividing op1
by op2

Operators
Unary Operators
- changes the sign of a value or
variable.
- Unary minus (-) and unary plus
(+)
Examples:
2 +-3
((-x) + (+y))
Operators
Increment (++) and Decrement (--)
Operators

++ increment adds one to a value of the
variable
-- decrement subtracts one from a value
of the variable

Note: The value of the expression in which
++ or -- operator is used depends on the
position of the operator.
Operators
Prefix increment/decrement when the ++
or is placed immediately in front of its
operand. Meaning the value of the
expression is the variables value after
incrementing or decrementing.

Postfix increment/decrement when the
++ or comes immediately after the
operand. The value of the expression is
the value of the variable before it is
incremented or decremented.
Predefined Mathematical Functions
Function Purpose
abs(x) returns the absolute value of integer x.
x=abs(-5); x=5
fabs(x) returns the absolute valued of type
double.
x=fabs(-5.2); x=5.2
ceil(x) rounds up or returns the smallest whole
number that is not less than x.
x=ceil(5.2); x=6
floor(x) rounds down or returns the largest
whole number that is not greater
than x.
x=floor(5.2); x=5
Predefined Mathematical Functions
Function Purpose
sqrt(x) returns the non-negative square of x.
x=sqrt(25); x=5
pow(x,y) returns x to the power of y.
x=pow(4,2); x=16
sin(x) returns the sine of angle x.
cos(x) returns the cosine of angle x.
tan(x) returns the tangent of angle x.
log(x) returns the natural logarithm of x.
log10(x) returns the base 10 logarithm of x.

Conversion Specifications
Date Types printf conversion
specification
scanf conversion
specifications
long double %Lf %Lf
double %f %lf
float %f %f
unsigned long int %lu %lu
long int %ld %ld
unsigned int %u %u
int %d %d
short %hd %hd
char %c %c
String - %s
I/O Functions
Numeric Input Command

scanf() one of the Turbo C object stream
object that is used to accept data from the
standard input, usually the keyboard.
syntax:
scanf(format, &var_name);
Example:
printf(Input side of the square:);
scanf(%d, &s);
I/O Functions
Character/String Input Command

getch() allows the user to input a
character and wait for the enter key.
Inputted char will not be echoed but could
be stored if location is specified.
Syntax:
getch();
var_name = getch();

Example: ans = getch();
I/O Functions
Character/String Input Command

getche() allows the user to input a
character and there is no need for the enter
key. Inputted char will be echoed but could
be stored if location is specified.
Syntax:
getche();
var_name = getche();

Example: ans = getche();
I/O Functions
Character/String Input Command

gets() allows the user to input a sequence
of characters (string).
syntax:
gets(variable_name_of_char_type);

Example:
gets(name);
I/O Functions
Output Command

printf writes formatted output to the standard
output device such as the monitor.
syntax:
printf(format code,var_name);
Example:
printf(%d,x);

puts writes the string to the standard output
device such as the monitor and positions the
cursor to the next line.
syntax:
puts(string expression);
Example: puts(CIT);

I/O Functions
Output Command

putchar writes the single character to
the screen.
syntax:
putchar(var_name);

Example:
putchar(a);
Control Flow
Control Structures - specify the sequence of
execution of a group of statements.
3 Types:
1. Sequential
2. Conditional
3. Iterative

Sequential - organized such that statements
are executed in sequence, i.e., one after
the other in the order of their appearance
in the source code.
Control Flow
Conditional Control Structure - organized
in such a way that there is always a
condition that has to be evaluated first.
The condition will either evaluate to a
true or false.
2 Types:
1. if statement (including if-else and
nested if)
2. switch case statement
Operators
Conditional Operators
- expressions that evaluates to true or false.

Operator Use Result
> op1 > op2 true if op1 is greater than op2
>= op1 >= op2 true if op1 is greater or equal
to op2
< op1 < op2 true if op1 is less than op2
<= op1 <= op2 true if op1 is less or equal to
than op2
== op1 == op2 true if op1 is equal to op2
!= op1 != op2 true if op1 is not equal to
op2

Operators
Logical Operators
- used in boolean expressions and consists of
logical and", or" and not".
0-> false and 1-> true or nonzero digit

Operator Use Result
&& op1 && op2 true if op1 and op2 are both
true
|| op1 || op2 true if either op1 or op2 is
true
! !op1 op1 is false if its original
value is true and vice
versa

Control Flow
if Selection Structure
- performs an indicated action only
when the condition is true, otherwise
the action is skipped.
Syntax: if (<expression>)
<statement>

Condition
Statement T
Example:
Write a program that will allow the user to input an
integer value. If the value is greater than or equal to
zero, print the word POSITIVE.

Begin
End
num
if
num>=0
POSITIVE
Control Flow
Other Problems:
1. Write a program that will allow the user
to input a double precision floating point
value. Print the word NEGATIVE if the
number is a negative value.
2. Write a program to input two integers.
Thereafter, the program should determine
if these two numbers are equivalent. If
they are equivalent, print the word
EQUIVALENT.
3. Write a program that will input an integer
and determine if it is an even number.
Control Flow
if-else Selection Structure
- allows the programmer to specify that
different actions are to be performed when
the condition is true than when the
condition is false.
- If condition evaluates to true, then
statement
T
is executed and statement
F
is
skipped; otherwise, statement
T
is skipped
and statement
F
is executed.
Control Flow
Syntax:
if (condition)
statement
T
;
else
statement
F
;

Conditio
n
Statement T
Statement
F
Example:

Begin
End
num
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
T
F
Write a program that accepts an integer. If the entered
integer is positive, it prints POSITIVE. Otherwise,
it prints NEGATIVE.
if
num>=0
Control Flow
if-else (multiple alternatives)
- The conditions in a multiple-alternative
decision are evaluated in sequence until a
true condition is reached. If a condition is
true, the statement following it is
executed, and the rest of the multiple-
alternative decision is skipped. If a
condition is false, the statement following
it is skipped, and the condition next is
tested. If all conditions are false, then the
statement following the final else is
executed.
T
T
Conditio
n
Statement
Conditio
n
Conditio
n
Statement
Statement
Statement
T
F
F
F
Control Flow
Syntax:
if (condition)
statement;
else if (condition)
statement;
else if (condition)
statement;
else
statement;

Make a
program that
would input a
YEAR code
(between 1
and 4) and
output
FRESHMAN,
SOPHOMORE
, JUNIOR
or SENIOR.
Furthermore,
if YEAR is not
between 1
and 4, output
ERROR.
Begin
End
YEAR
if
YEAR==1
if
YEAR==2
if
YEAR==3
if
YEAR==4
FRESHMAN
ERROR
SOPHOMORE

SENIOR
JUNIOR
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
Control Flow
Nested-if Statement
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
if
(condition)

statement;
else

statement;
}

Conditio
n
Conditio
n
Statement
Statement
F
T
F
T
Control Flow
Switch Statement
- the controlling expression, an
expression with a value of type int or type
char, is evaluated and compared to each
of the case labels in the case constant
until a match is found. A case constant is
made of one or more labels of the form
case followed by a constant value and a
colon. When a match between the value
of the controlling expression and a case
label value is found, the statement
following the case label are executed until
a break statement is encountered. Then
the rest of the switch statement is
skipped.
Control Flow
Switch Statement
Syntax:
switch (controlling expression)
{
case constant: statement;
break;
case constant: statement;
break;
. . .
default: statement;
}
Control Flow
Loops and Counters
Loop a control structure that repeats a
group of steps in a program. It defines a
block of code that is repeatedly executed.
Depending on the kind of loop that you
are using, the block of code could be
executed a set number of times or until a
certain condition is met.
- Repetition loops can also be altered by
break or continue statements.
Control Flow
Break - Exits from the lowest-level loop in
which it occurs.
- used for early exit from the loop, or for
exiting a forever loop
Continue causes immediate loop iteration,
skipping the rest of the loop statements
- jumps to the loop test when used with
while or do
- jumps to loop increment, then test when
used with for
- does not exit the loop (unless next loop
is false)
Control Flow
A loop has the following components:
1. Initialization of variables setting an
initial value of zero before the loop
statement is reached.
2. Condition/testing (that would evaluate
to either true or false) the condition to
check is usually made on the current
value of the variable initialized in (1) for it
controls the loop repetition.
3. Body statements that are repeated in
the loop.
4. Updating a statement inside the body of
the loop that updates the value of the
variable that is initialized during each
repetition.

Control Flow
3 Types:
1. do-while statement
2. while statement
3. for statement
Control Flow
do-while statement
- This loop executes a block of
codes as long as the specified
condition is true.
- It is a post checked loop because
it checks the controlling condition
after the code is executed.

Control Flow
Syntax:
do
{
statement;
} while (loop repetition condition);

Example:
c=1;
do
{
printf(Hello World\n);
c++;
} while (c<=5);

Control Flow
Initialization
Process inside
the loop
While
Condition?
do
T
F
c=1
While
c<=5
do
T
F
Hello world!
c++
Control Flow
while Statement
- Like do-while, this will execute a
block of codes while the given
condition is true.
- It is a pre-checked loop because it
checks the controlling condition first
before the code is executed.

Control Flow
Syntax:
while (loop repetition condition)
{
statement;
}

Example:
c=1;
while (c<=5)
{
printf(Hello World\n);
c++;
}

Control Flow
Initialization
Process inside
the loop
While
Condition?
T
F
c=1
While
c<=5
T
F
Hello world!
c++
Control Flow
for Statement
- a kind of loop command wherein the
execution of the statement does not depend on
another instruction.
Syntax:
for (initialization expression; loop repetition condition;
update expression)
{
statement;
}

Control Flow
Example
for (c=1; c<=5; c++)
printf(Hello World\n);

Functions
Function a subroutine that contains one or
more statements and performs a single
well-defined task.
2 Types:
1. Pre-defined those functions written by
for us (by some other programmers).
2. User-defined those functions that we
are going to write/implement by
ourselves.
Difference between the main
program and the function
Main Program
Input Output
Function
Input Output
scanf() printf() parameters return
Functions
Begin
Calling a
function
End
Function_name (paramaters)
Return
Function body
Functions
Function Syntax and Function Definition
Syntax:
return_type function_name(parameter list)
{
local declaration;
. . .
statement/s;
}
Note: No function can have the same name as
the one of TCs reserved words.
Functions
Where:
return_type = any standard data
type in C
parameter list consists of
variables that receive the value of
the arguments used in the function
call.
Arguments a value that is passed to
the function at the time that it is
called.

Functions
Function Definition (With return type and
parameters)
Syntax:
ftype fname(parameter list){
local declaration
executable statements
}
Example:
int add(int one, int two){
int sum;
sum = one + two;
return sum;
}

Functions
Example:
int func(int one, int two)
{
int sum;
sum=one + two;
return sum;
}
Functions
Functions Returning Values
The return keyword has two important
uses:
1. It can be used to cause an immediate exit
from the function it is in. That is, the
return will cause program execution to
return to the calling as soon as it is
encountered.
2. It can also be used to return a value.

Note: The return statement can also be
used without any value associated with it.

Functions
Function Definition (Without return type
and parameters)
Syntax:
void fname(void)
{
local declarations
executable statements
}
Example:
void hello(void){
printf(Hello);
}

Functions
Function Definition (Without return type
and with parameters)
Syntax:
void fname(parameters list){
local declarations
executable statements
}
Example:
void add(int one, int two){
int sum;
sum=one + two;
printf(Sum=%d, sum);
}