naLural lrequency Map

3.7 Natural Frequency Maps 121

0 5000 10000 15000 20000
0
20
40
60
80
100
Rotor spin speed (rev/min)
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
BW
FW
Fig. 3.15. Natural frequency map for a rotor on uncoupled isotropic bearing sup-
ports, Example 3.7.1(a). FW and BW indicate forward and backward whirl respec-
tively.
spin, the third and fourth equations become coupled due to gyroscopic eects
and the two natural frequencies separate. In the map, we can see that the
line of the pair of the constant natural frequencies (at approximately 20 Hz)
is intersected by another natural frequency line at about 9000 rev/min. In
this case the intersection is a consequence of the rst and second equations
being uncoupled from the third and fourth and hence independent of each
other. We shall see in more complex examples that the natural frequencies
often veer away from each other.
(b) The natural frequency map for this system is shown in Figure 3.16. In
this case k
C
6= 0 and all of the equations are coupled, except when = 0.
All natural frequencies are inuenced by gyroscopic eects. Two frequencies
decrease with rotational speed, the other two frequencies increase, although
the increase from approximately 20 Hz is barely perceptible. In this case, all
of the equations are coupled and no frequency lines intersect.
For cases (c) and (d) the rotor is supported by anisotropic bearings. The
LecL of dlsk
Cyroscoplcs
!
"
#
$
'
Campbell
ulagram
Campbell ulagram
09/08/14 13
TUTORIAL ON THE API STANDARD PARAGRAPHS COVERING ROTOR DYNAMICS AND BALANCING 5
1st pinion lateral critical
1st motor lateral critical
1st train torsional
natural frequency
1st compressor lateral critical
+ 10%
2 x electric line frequency
1st gear lateral critical
+ 10%
electric line frequency
- 10%
- 10%
Range of unacceptable torsional
natural frequencies
Range of acceptable torsional
natural frequencies
9
0
%

s
p
e
e
d
M
o
t
o
r

o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

s
p
e
e
d
1
1
0
%

s
p
e
e
d
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
C
P
M
)
1 x m
otor speed
1

x

c
o
m
p
r
e
s
o
r

s
p
e
e
d
Figure 1-3Sample Train Campbell Diagram for a Typical Motor-Gear-Compressor Train
Al-684
Al-684
16
TUTORIAL ON THE API STANDARD PARAGRAPHS COVERING ROTOR DYNAMICS AND BALANCING 3
0 1000
250
200
150
100
50
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
Speed (r/min)
3000 4000 5000
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
m

p
-
p
)
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
i
l
s

p
-
p
)
CRE CRE
SM SM
A
c1
0.707 peak
Operating
speeds
Revolutions per minute
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
N
1
N
2
N
c1
N
mc
N
cn
N
c1
N
cn
N
mc
N
1
N
2
N
2
- N
1
AF
SM
CRE
A
c1
A
cn
= Rotor first critical, center frequency, cycles per minute.
= Critical speed, nth.
= Maximum continuous speed, 105 percent.
= Initial (lesser) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Final (greater) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Peak width at the half-power point.
= Amplification factor:
N
c1
N2- N1
= Separation margin.
= Critical response envelope.
= Amplitude at N
c1.
= Amplitude at N
cn.
AF = 4.8
AF = 2.0
AF < < 2.0
=
Figure 1-1Evaluating Amplification Factors (AFs) from Speed-Amplitude Plots
TUTORIAL ON THE API STANDARD PARAGRAPHS COVERING ROTOR DYNAMICS AND BALANCING 3
0 1000
250
200
150
100
50
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
Speed (r/min)
3000 4000 5000
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
m

p
-
p
)
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
i
l
s

p
-
p
)
CRE CRE
SM SM
A
c1
0.707 peak
Operating
speeds
Revolutions per minute
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
N
1
N
2
N
c1
N
mc
N
cn
N
c1
N
cn
N
mc
N
1
N
2
N
2
- N
1
AF
SM
CRE
A
c1
A
cn
= Rotor first critical, center frequency, cycles per minute.
= Critical speed, nth.
= Maximum continuous speed, 105 percent.
= Initial (lesser) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Final (greater) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Peak width at the half-power point.
= Amplification factor:
N
c1
N2- N1
= Separation margin.
= Critical response envelope.
= Amplitude at N
c1.
= Amplitude at N
cn.
AF = 4.8
AF = 2.0
AF < < 2.0
=
Figure 1-1Evaluating Amplification Factors (AFs) from Speed-Amplitude Plots
TUTORIAL ON THE API STANDARD PARAGRAPHS COVERING ROTOR DYNAMICS AND BALANCING 3
0 1000
250
200
150
100
50
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
Speed (r/min)
3000 4000 5000
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
m

p
-
p
)
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
i
l
s

p
-
p
)
CRE CRE
SM SM
A
c1
0.707 peak
Operating
speeds
Revolutions per minute
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
N
1
N
2
N
c1
N
mc
N
cn
N
c1
N
cn
N
mc
N
1
N
2
N
2
- N
1
AF
SM
CRE
A
c1
A
cn
= Rotor first critical, center frequency, cycles per minute.
= Critical speed, nth.
= Maximum continuous speed, 105 percent.
= Initial (lesser) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Final (greater) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Peak width at the half-power point.
= Amplification factor:
N
c1
N2- N1
= Separation margin.
= Critical response envelope.
= Amplitude at N
c1.
= Amplitude at N
cn.
AF = 4.8
AF = 2.0
AF < < 2.0
=
Figure 1-1Evaluating Amplification Factors (AFs) from Speed-Amplitude Plots
Al > 2.3 : Crlucal speed
Separauon Marglns
: Al > 3.33, Cr.Sp. > Cp.Sp.
: Al > 3.33, Cr.Sp. < Cp.Sp.
Ampllcauon facLor
09/08/14 19
TUTORIAL ON THE API STANDARD PARAGRAPHS COVERING ROTOR DYNAMICS AND BALANCING 3
0 1000
250
200
150
100
50
0
10
8
6
4
2
0
2000
Speed (r/min)
3000 4000 5000
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
m

p
-
p
)
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
m
i
l
s

p
-
p
)
CRE CRE
SM SM
A
c1
0.707 peak
Operating
speeds
Revolutions per minute
V
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

l
e
v
e
l
N
1
N
2
N
c1
N
mc
N
cn
N
c1
N
cn
N
mc
N
1
N
2
N
2
- N
1
AF
SM
CRE
A
c1
A
cn
= Rotor first critical, center frequency, cycles per minute.
= Critical speed, nth.
= Maximum continuous speed, 105 percent.
= Initial (lesser) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Final (greater) speed at 0.707 ! peak amplitude (critical).
= Peak width at the half-power point.
= Amplification factor:
N
c1
N2- N1
= Separation margin.
= Critical response envelope.
= Amplitude at N
c1.
= Amplitude at N
cn.
AF = 4.8
AF = 2.0
AF < < 2.0
=
Figure 1-1Evaluating Amplification Factors (AFs) from Speed-Amplitude Plots
Al > 10: unaccepLable vlbrauon case, Al < 3: AccepLable vlbrauon case
Problem 1
llgure 1 shows a human body and a resLralnL sysLem aL Lhe ume of an auLomoblle
colllslon SuggesL a slmple maLhemaucal model by conslderlng Lhe elasuclLy, mass, and
damplng of Lhe seaL, human body, and Lhe resLralnLs for a vlbrauon analysls of Lhe
sysLem.
Problem 5
llgure 3 shows a spacecra wlLh four solar panels. Lach panel has Lhe dlmenslons
130cm 90cm 2cm. wlLh a welghL denslLy of 3 gm/cm
3 ,
and ls connecLed Lo body
of Lhe spacecra by alumlnum rods of lengLh 30cm. and dlameLer 2cm. Assumlng
LhaL Lhe body of Lhe spacecra ls very large (rlgld), deLermlne Lhe naLural frequency
of vlbrauons of each panel abouL Lhe axls of Lhe connecung alumlnum rod.

.
Problem 6
1he lunar excurslon module has been modeled as a mass supporLed by four
symmeLrlcally locaLed legs, each of whlch can be approxlmaLed as a sprlng-damper
sysLem wlLh negllglble mass (see llg.6). ueslgn Lhe sprlngs and dampers of Lhe sysLem
ln order Lo have Lhe damped perlod of vlbrauon beLween 1 s and 2s.
Problem 1
llgure 10
23%45*#+3%$6 ,76$8*93%
n1C
erlodlc LxclLauon
27
1lme uomaln Lo lrequency uomaln
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.20
10
20
30
40
-1
0
1
2
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Time
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
=
+
Frequency (Hz)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
uecomposluon of ume domaln perlodlc slgnal ln frequency domaln
28
0 0 0
1
( ) ( cos sin )
n n
n
f t a a n t b n t ! !
"
=
= + +
#
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
( )
2
( ) cos
2
( ) sin
T
T
n
T
n
a f t dt
T
a f t tdt
T
b f t tdt
T
!
!
=
=
=
"
"
"
:$+,
;
3
#
6
,



!
"
#
$

0
2
T
!
" =
:
Any perlodlc funcuon can be expressed as an lnnlLe sum of pure
slnusolds
lourler Serles