Index

-risk, 489
-risk, 489

vol
, 76, 159
, 72

0
, 173, 333
control
delayed switching, 294
feedback, 284, 285, 289
feedforward, 283
sensor, 174, 179
, 72
(A/F), 71, 72
control, 282
(F/A), 72
NO
x
, 318
r
c
73, 89, 90
cycle effciency, 99, 101
residual gas infuence, 97
volumetric effciency infuence, 76
active air-shutters, 18
active damping, 414, 430, 452, 454, 460,
461
active diagnosis, 482
actuator
fault, 480, 483
torque, 417
adaptive
threshold, 489
adaptive thresholding, 489
AdBlue, 141
adiabatic
Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines, First Edition. Lars Eriksson and Lars Nielsen.
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/powertrain
fame temperature, 130
mixing, 92
process, 87, 88
adiabatic volume, 164
advanced pre-injection, 326
aerodynamic drag, 17
affne model, 186
aftercooler, 79, 220
air, 69
air drag, 16
air flter, 153
air intake, 507
diagnosis, 507
air manager, 272
air/fuel equivalence ratio, 72
air/fuel ratio, 71
lean limit, 103
manager, 272
rich limit, 103
AKI, 125
alarm
false, 481
missed, 481
ammonia, 141
slip, 142
AMT, 417
analytical redundancy, 486
anti-surge
control, 308, 413, 429
control valve, 309
antiknock index, 125
ASIL, 476
556 Index
ATDC, 82
atmospheric nitrogen, 70
auto ignition, 122, 123, 356
Automated Manual Transmission, 417
automatic gear shifting, 416
AUTOSAR, 267
availability, 474
available torque, 305
backlash, 377, 396, 403
Basic driveline model, 29, 385
basic fuel metering, 284
battery
management, 59
SOC, 59
BDC, 81, 84, 85
blade Mach number, 221
blade speed ratio, 252
blowdown, 82, 91
BMEP, 75, 87, 186
boost
control, 308
pressure, 309
pressure control, 477
pressure sensor, 477
bore, 73
bottom dead center, 81
brake
mean effective pressure, 75
power, 74
brake override, 475
BSFC, 75, 76
BSR, 252
BTDC, 81
burned gas fraction, 162, 174
CAFE, 4, 521
cam phasing, 351
cam profle switching, 351
CAN, 263
CARB, 473, 520
carbon canister, 274, 297, 497
catalyst, 178, 495
conversion effciency, 137
light-off temperature, 137
material, 137
oxidizing, 140
oxygen storage, 139
pressure drop, 153
reducing, 141
SCR, 141
three-way, 139
catalyst light-off, 306
shortening the time, 306
cetane number, 127
chemical equilibrium, 129
choke
compressor, 242
choke line, 227, 242
CI engine, 81
NO
x
formation, 136
CO formation, 136
emissions, 130
HC formation, 136
injection timing, 188
particulates, 134
soot formation, 134
torque model, 322
Clean Air Act, 39
clearance volume, 73
clutch, 382, 416
closed, 396
open, 404
sliding, 406
Clutch and driveshaft model, 398, 429, 438
clutch nonlinearity, 399, 402, 439, 457
CN, 127
CO emissions
CI engine, 136
SI engine, 133
cold start, 503, 504
cold start emissions, 137
combustion, 84, 87, 89
effciency, 72, 188
mixing controlled, 126
premixed CI, 126
timing, 188
common rail, 323
component fault, 480
compression, 87, 88
stroke, 81
compression brake, 323
compression ratio, 73, 90, 356
knock, 126
Index 557
compressor
choke, 242
design point, 226
eye, 233
hub, 233
impeller, 233
inducer, 233
map, 224
pumping, 245
shroud, 233
stall, 245
standstill, 242, 244
surge, 244
control, 308
zero slope line, 244
conduction, 535
conductive heat transfer, 535
conductivity, 535
connecting rod, 73
Continuously Variable Transmission, 417
control
anti-surge, 413, 429, 438, 440, 468
boost pressure, 477
criterion, 452, 454, 468
cruise, 7
diesel fuel control, 340
driveline, 419, 467
driveshaft torsion, 447, 459
EGR and VGT, 329
fault tolerant, 478
fuel dynamics, 289
fuel injector, 290
gear-shift, 447, 468
idle speed, 306
look-ahead, 7
objective, 421, 430
oriented models, 145
powertrain, 467
speed, 427, 430
signal, 271
state feedback, 421
torque, 413, 444, 447
transmission-torque, 447
vehicle, 467
volume, 162
wastegate, 309
controller
conditional, 477
qualifcation, 477
convection
forced, 536
natural, 536
conversion effciency
catalyst, 137
converter, 409
cooling drag, 18
corrected
mass fow, 222
speed, 222
crank angle-based events, 265
crank case ventilation, 298
crank radius, 73
crank speed variation, 502, 504
crevice effect, 107
HC emissions, 133
cruise control, 7
CVT, 417
cycle
fuel-air, 101
Miller, 353
cycle-to-cycle variations, 121
cylinder, 73
deactivation, 354
heat transfer, 111
pressure
heat release analysis, 105, 107
simple model, 184
single zone model, 105, 113
DCT, 417
Decoupled model, 406
deep surge, 245, 248
DEF, 141
degree of hybridization, 48
delayed switching, 294
dependability, 473
558 Index
detection
leakage, 499
time (DT), 516
diagnosis 473
active, 482
air intake, 507
evaporative system, 497
intrusive, 482
misfre, 501
model based, 486
passive, 482
purge, 497
sensor, 496
system, 494
Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC), 522
diesel
cetane number, 127
cycle, 85, 90, 99, 100
effciency, 91
engine, 81, 85
engine model, 517
exhaust fuid, 141
fuel injection, 324
knock, 127, 325
oxidation catalyst, 140
particulate flter, 142, 319
smoke limiter, 417
sound, 325
direct injection, 120
displacement volume, 73, 77
dissociation, 129
disturbance, 271
description, 420
load, 435
measurement, 435
DOC, 140
downsizing, 4, 77
DPF, 142, 319
drive cycle, 60
driveability, 36
driveline, 373, 386
control, 419, 467
decoupled, 405
equations, 381, 382
load, 30, 411, 420, 427, 429, 433
management, 55
model, 382
oscillations, 466
driveline-engine integration, 55
driver
behavior, 32
interpretation, 54, 267
model, 32, 61, 63
support, 4
driveshaft, 383
fexibility, 387
torsion control, 447, 459, 464467
Driveshaft Model, 388, 390, 396, 419, 429,
449, 457
drivetrain, 373
driving cycle, 39, 60
driving resistance, 16, 28
DT, 516
DTC, 522
Dual Clutch Transmission, 417
dwell time, 304
control, 299
early EVC, 353
early IVC, 352
effectiveness heat exchanger, 204
effciency
combustion, 72
engine, 102
SI engine, 103
thermal, 87
volumetric, 76
EGO, 174
EGR, 78, 133, 161, 297,
328, 507
fraction, 161, 333
internal, 93
electrifcation, 6, 48
emission regulations, 39
emissions
CI engine, 136
SI engine, 130
EMS, 263
end-gas, 122
region, 123
energy management, 10
energy transfer coeffcient, 221
Index 559
engine, 382
actuators, 146, 273, 319
diesel, 78
downsizing, 77
effciency, 102
friction, 190
gasoline, 78
maps, 268
mass fow, 159
overrun, 296
overspeeding, 296
sensors, 146, 273
speed, 77
torque, 186
turbocharged, 78
enthalpy
stagnation, 228
total, 228
environment protection, 474
EOBD, 520, 521
EPA, 520
equivalence ratio, 72
estimation
load, 436
evaporative system
diagnosis, 497
EVC, 85, 350
EVO, 85, 350
exhaust, 89, 92
brake, 323
gas recirculation, 133, 161, 297, 328
stroke, 83
system, 153
temperature, 193, 197
valve
closing, 85, 350
opening, 85, 350
expansion, 87, 89
stroke, 82
failure, 480
false alarm, 481, 488
fault, 480, 481
accommodation, 478
actuator, 480, 483
component, 480
decision, 488
detection, 481
diagnosis, 481
identifcation, 481
incipient, 480
intermittent, 480
isolation, 481, 513
isolability, 513
process, 480
sensor, 482
step, 480
tolerant control, 478
FDR, 516
feld trial, 440, 464
flling and emptying models, 145
fnal drive, 383
fring order, 186
fame temperature
adiabatic, 130
fame-front phase, 363
fow capacity, 222
fow coeffcient, 221
fow restriction
compressible, 154
incompressible, 151
laminar, 149, 151
turbulent, 151
FMEP, 87, 190
force
aerodynamic drag, 17
air drag, 16
braking, 16
cooling drag, 18
driving resistance, 16, 28
gravitation, 27
gravitational, 16
platooning drag, 19
propulsion, 16
rolling resistance, 16
forced convection, 536
four stroke cycle, 81
Fouriers law of conduction, 535
freeze frame data, 522
friction
engine, 190
mean effective pressure, 87
throttle, 207
torque, 190
560 Index
FTP 75, 40, 60
fuel 70
consumption, 36
conversion effciency, 75
dynamics, 172
compensation, 289
energy density, 36
enrichment
cold start, 298
full load, 295
flm, 172
injection, 119
direct injection, 120
mass air fow principle, 284
port injection, 119
speed density principle, 284
injector, 169
power, 75
puddle, 172
thin flm model, 172
rail pressure, 290
fuel-air cycle, 101
fuel/air equivalence ratio, 72
full load enrichment, 295
fully fexible valve actuation, 351
functional safety, 474
standards, 476
fuzzy thresholding, 490
gas stand, 223, 226
gasoline direct injection, 119, 120
GDI, 120
gear
neutral, 378, 404
shift, 444, 447, 464
shifting by engine control, 417, 447, 448
gear-shift condition, 452, 454
gear-shift control, 447, 448, 454
graceful degradation, 315
gravitational force, 16
gross indicated work, 86
hardware redundancy, 486
hazard, 476
HC emissions
CI engine, 136
SI engine, 133, 134
heat exchange, 87, 89
heat exchanger, 203
effectiveness, 204
heat release, 105, 107, 108
net, 107
heat transfer, 197
coeffcient, 536
conduction, 535
convection, 536
forced, 536
natural, 536
cylinder, 111
heating value, 71
higher, 71
lower, 71
HEGO, 174
higher heating value, 71
homogeneous charge, 119
hybrid, 47, 58
parallel, 49
plug-in, 48
power split, 49
series, 49
split axle, 49
hybridization, 4, 6
degree of, 48
idle speed control, 306
ignition
control, 299
delay, 126
effciency, 188
fsh hook, 189
manager, 272
timing, 188, 299
MBT, 189
timing
phase, 363
IMEP, 87
gross, 93
net, 93, 100
in-use performance, 524
incidence losses, 233
incipient fault, 480
indicated mean effective pressure, 87
Index 561
indicated pumping work, 86
indicated work
gross, 86
net, 86
pumping, 86
indicator, 84
diagram, 81, 84
inertia engine, 193
infuence structure, 513
injection
main, 326
inlet valve
closing, 84, 350
opening, 85, 92, 350
instantaneous torque, 185
intake stroke, 81, 92
integration driveline-engine, 55
intelligent actuators, 265
intercooler, 79, 153, 203, 220
effectiveness, 204
intermittent fault, 480
internal driveline torque, 447, 448
intrusive diagnosis, 482
ion sensing, 362
ion-sense, 506
isentropic process, 87, 88
isobaric process, 90
isochoric process, 89
isolation, 481
isolation time (IT), 516
isooctane, 124
isothermal volume, 163
IT, 516
IVC, 84, 350
IVO, 85, 92, 350
JOBD, 521
KERS, 48
knock, 79, 122, 356
compression ratio, 126
control, 301
detection, 364
diesel, 127, 325
feedback control, 303
oscillation, 123
sensor, 301
lambda
control, 282
delayed switching, 294
sensors, 495
laminar burning velocity, 121
laminar fow, 151
late EVC, 353
late IVC, 352
lead torque, 57
leakage, 491
leakage detection, 499
lean
limit, 103
mixture, 72, 282
NO
x
catalyst, 141
NO
x
trap, 141
LEV, 42
light-off temperature, 137
limit checking, 482
limp home
throttle, 207
LNC, 141
LNT, 141
load estimation, 436
long term torque, 305
longitudinal slip, 24
look-adhead control, 7
lookup tables, 268, 274
lower heating value, 71
machine protection, 474
MAF, 330
main injection, 326
maintenance
fexible, 474
Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL), 522
manifold air pressure, 330
MAP, 330
map
updating, 292
maps, 274
engine, 268
mass air fow, 330
mass air fow principle, 284
mass fow
air flter, 153
corrected, 222
562 Index
mass fow (continued)
engine, 159
exhaust system, 153
intercooler, 153
throttle, 157
turbo, 216
mass fraction burned, 108, 109
maximum brake torque, 189, 299
maximum power, 74
maximum rated power, 74
maximum torque, 74
maximum torque limiter, 417
MBT, 189, 299
timing, 189
MDR, 516
mean effective pressure, 74
friction, 87
indicated, 87
mean value engine model, 13, 145
measured output, 271
MEP, 74
MFB50, 300
MIL, 522, 523
mild surge, 245, 249
Miller cycle, 353
MIR, 516
misfre, 364, 501
diagnosis, 501
missed alarm, 481
missed detection, 481, 488
mixing controlled combustion, 126
mode shift, 443
model
adiabatic volume, 164
air, 70
CI engine, 257, 517
clutch, 382, 406, 407
open, 406
slipping, 407
combustion heat release, 72
compressible turbulent fow, 155
compressor
effciency, 238
fow, 241, 243
map interpolation, 232
pressure buildup, 246
surge, 247
cylinder pressure analytic, 184
decoupled, 405
diesel engine, 257, 517
driveline, 382
driveshaft, 383, 419, 469
engine, 382
engine mass fow, 159
engine out temperature, 195
engine torque, simple, 186
flling and emptying, 145
fnal drive, 383
fuel flm, 172
fuel injector, 170
gas transport and mixing, 174
incompressible laminar fow, 151
incompressible turbulent fow, 152
intake manifold, 166
isothermal volume, 164
methodology, 381
multi zone cylinder pressure, 116
propeller shaft, 383
rigid driveline, 384
SI engine, 193
single zone cylinder pressure, 113
TCSI engine, 255
temperature drop in pipe, 199
throttle mass fow, 157
throttle position, 210
transmission, 383
turbine
effciency, 252
fow, 251, 252
fow with VGT, 254
map interpolation, 232
wall temperature dynamics, 201
wall wetting, 172
wheel, 383
model based diagnosis, 486
moderate lean mixture, 282
MON, 125
monitor
health, 474
MoreGreitzer surge model, 246
motor octane number, 125
Index 563
motored cycle, 83
MSO, 509
multi point bank injection, 120
multi zone model, 114
MVEM, 145
n-heptane, 124
natural convection, 536
NEDC, 40, 42, 60, 62, 64
negative valve overlap, 353
net heat release, 107
net indicated work, 86
neutral gear, 378, 404
Newtons law of cooling, 536
nitrogen monoxide
SI engines, 131
nitrogen oxides, 318
NO, 131
NO
x
storage catalyst, 141
Nonlinear clutch and driveshaft model, 400,
402, 439, 457
normal heptane, 124
normal rated power, 74
NSC, 141
Nusselt number, 536
OBD, 473, 520
OBDII, 495, 520
observer, 290, 421, 434, 461
octane number, 124, 125, 127
motor, 125
pump, 125
requirement, 125
research, 125
road, 125
open clutch, 404
optimal driving, 6, 7
oscillation
driveline, 377
knock, 123
oscillations
driveline, 466
Otto
cycle, 12, 85, 89, 99, 100
effciency, 89, 101, 102
engine, 81, 85
overrun, 296
overspeeding, 296
engine, 296
oxygen
fraction, 161, 173, 174
fuel ratio, 174
p-V diagram, 84, 188
CI engine, 321
comparison, 104
ideal cycles, 86, 99
ideal pumping, 92
SI engine, 84
parameter estimation, 390, 405
particulate matter, 128, 318
passive diagnosis, 482
PCV, 298
peak pressure position, 300
performance map, 75
performance output, 271, 420, 421,
429, 448
PID, 460
piston, 73
platooning, 8
platooning drag, 19
PM, 318
PMEP, 93, 100
PON, 125
positive crank case ventilation, 298
positive valve overlap, 353
post-catalyst sensor, 178
post-fame phase, 364
post-injection
advanced, 326
power
brake, 74
coeffcient, 221
maximum rated, 74
normal rated, 74
powertrain, 45, 373, 475
PPP, 300
pre-catalyst sensor, 178
pre-injection
advanced, 326
retarded, 326
premixed combustion
diesel, 126
pressure
564 Index
pressure (continued)
stagnation, 228
total, 228
prime mover, 13
process
adiabatic, 87, 88
mixing, 92
isentropic, 87, 88
isobaric, 90
isochoric, 89
process fault, 480
propeller shaft, 383
propulsion, 15, 50, 375
pump octane number, 125
pumping work, 91, 93, 100, 190
purge
control, 297
diagnosis, 497
valve, 274, 297
valve, 497
rated speed, 74
ratio of specifc heats, 88
RdON, 125
redundancy
analytical, 486
hardware, 486
triple, 483
refected inertia, 386
refected mass, 386
repairability, 474
research octane number, 125
residual, 514
evaluation, 488, 509
evaluator, 488
generation, 509
generator, 509, 510
residual gas, 92, 95
infuence of compression ratio, 97
infuence of intake pressure, 97
fraction, 93
retarded igntion, 303
retarded pre-injection, 326
retarder, 323, 416
Reynolds number, 221
rich limit, 103
rich mixture, 72, 282
rigid driveline, 384
risk, 476
, 489
, 489
road model, 33
road octane number, 125
rolling condition, 25
rolling resistance, 16, 20, 21, 25
coeffcient of, 22, 27
RON, 125
RQV control, 427, 434, 440
safety, 474
functional, 474
SAI, 475, 496
Sankey diagram, 37
scavenging, 353
SCR, 141, 319
SEFI, 119
seiliger
cycle, 85, 91, 99, 100
effciency, 91
selective catalytic reduction, 141, 319
sensor
boost pressure, 477
diagnosis, 496
dynamics, 395, 396, 411
fault, 480, 482
location, 415, 422, 423, 435, 439, 456,
457
virtual, 11
sequential fuel injection, 119
SFC, 75, 100
short-term torque, 305
shuffe
vehicle, 376, 413
shunt and shuffe, 377
SI engine
CO emissions, 133
effciency, 103
emissions, 130
HC emissions, 133, 134
Simple Driver Model, 32
simulation, 34, 60
forward, 61
inverse, 61, 62
Index 565
inverse dynamic, 62
quasi-static, 61
tracking, 61
single point injection, 119
Single Zone Model, 105, 113
sliding clutch, 406
slip, 233
coeffcient, 24
longitudinal, 24
angle, 233
Slipping Clutch Model, 407
smoke limiter, 322, 469
SOI, 126
soot, 128, 134
sound diesel, 325
spark advance control, 299
specifc fuel consumption, 75, 100
specifc heat, 88
ratio of, 88
speed
corrected, 222
rated, 74
speed control, 422, 427, 430, 433, 441
speed density principle, 284
speed lines, 225
speed synchronization phase, 444,
456
stagnation enthalpy, 228
stall, 245
Standard driving resistance model, 30
standards functional safety, 476
standstill
compressor, 242, 244
start of injection, 126
state feedback, 421
state-space description, 419
static pressure, 228
stationary point, 468
statistical tests, 490
StefanBoltzmann law of thermal radiation,
537
step-fault, 480
stoichiometric mixture, 283
stoichiometry, 71
stratifed charge, 119
stroke, 73
sudden acceleration incidents, 475
SULEV, 42
supercharger, 357
supercharging, 78, 211
supervision
throttle, 496
surge, 213, 225, 244
control, 308
deep, 245
driveline, 386
mild, 245
vehicle, 376, 386, 413
switch-type sensors, 175
system fault, 480
TDC, 81, 85
temperature
exhaust, 193, 197
stagnation, 228
total, 228
test cycle, 60
test quantity, 514
TFP, 222
thermal effciency, 87
three-way catalyst, 139
threshold
adaptive, 489
thresholding, 488
throttle, 156, 206
area, 157
discharge coeffcient, 158
effective area, 158
fow, 156
friction, 207
limp-home, 207
mechanical model, 206
plate, 206
servo, 206
shaft, 206
supervision, 496
time based events, 265
time delay
torque, 192
timer unit, 265
tire deformation, 20
tire properties, 20
TLEV, 42
top dead center, 81
566 Index
torque
actuation, 415
available, 305
brake, 74
CI engine, 322
control, 444, 447
curve, 74
demand
long-term, 57
short-term, 57
engine, 186
friction, 190
instantaneous, 185
intervention, 58
lead, 57
limit handling, 469
long term, 305
maximum, 74
mean value model, 186
pumping, 190
request, 56
reserve, 56, 57, 305
short term, 305
throttle, 206
time delay, 192
unintended, 475
actuator, 417
control, 413
converter, 409, 416
phase, 444, 456
torque-based powertrain control, 52
torque-based structure, 52
total enthalpy, 228
total pressure, 228
total temperature, 228
transfer function, 422
transmission, 383, 416
automated manual (AMT), 417
automatic, 416
continuously variable (CVT), 417
dual clutch (DCT), 417
torque, 447, 448
transmission-torque control, 447, 448, 452,
455
triple redundancy, 483
TSP, 222
TU, 265
turbine
map, 224
variable geometry, 253
turbine fow parameter, 222
turbine speed parameter, 222
turbo, 213
engine, 491
lag, 254
turbocharged engine, 78
turbocharger, 213
turbocharging, 78
turbocompound, 214
turbulence, 121
turbulent fow, 151
UEGO, 175, 177
characteristic, 177
ULEV, 42
unconstrained active damping, 452
unintended torque, 475
up-time, 474
updating maps, 292
urea, 141
V2V,V2R,V2X, 7
valve
lift, 351
overlap, 350, 353
purge, 497
variable geometry turbine, 78
variable valve actuation, 350
vehicle, 386
vehicle shuffe, 376, 413
vehicle skid, 24
vehicle surge, 376, 413
VGT, 78, 79, 253, 507
Vibe function, 110
virtual sensor, 291
virtual sensors, 266,
315
VNT, 253
volume
adiabatic, 164
clearance, 73
displacement, 73
instantaneous, 73
isothermal, 163
model, 162
Index 567
volumetric effciency, 76, 159
ideal cycle, 94
infuence of compression ratio, 95
infuence of intake pressure, 95
volumetric effciency, 76
VVA, 350
wall wetting, 172
compensation, 289
thin flm model, 172
wastegate, 78, 79
control, 309
well-to-wheel, 38
wheel, 383
driven and non-driven, 31
wide range sensors, 175
Wiebe function, 110
Willans line, 186, 322
work
friction, 190
pumping, 190
World Harmonized Transient Cycle
(WHTC), 511
zero dimensional models, 117
zero slope line, 244