Three Levels of Development: Developing: Afghanistan, Egypt, U.A.E, North Korea Newly Industrializing: India, China, Mexico, Malaysia Developed: US, UK, Canada, Japan
Six Criteria for Grouping Countries: Life Expectancy- This indicates the development of a countrys healthcare and social system. Wealth- The GDP per capita (PPP) measures the total value of goods and services a country produces in one year per person Natural Increase Rate- Birth Rate-Death Rate: In developed countries, women have control over how many children they have. People with effective healthcare and elderly homes do not feel the need to have many children to support them in their old age. Food Supply- Foo supplies energy to the body and the energy needed varies from country to country based on average body size, age composition of the population, and climate Education Level- Developed countries have a higher literacy rate Healthcare- An effective healthcare is very important. You can see that by knowing how many people, on average, a doctor must look after. Developing Countries: Economies are dominated by primary industries and agriculture. New development is based on manufacturing. Service sector is poorly developed since most people have little money to spend on schools, hospitals, and theaters. Citizens earn little cash income. Since citizens cant pay taxes, the government, cant provide money for healthcare, education, or economic development, and must depend on foreign aid. Newly Industrializing Countries: This is a transition stage between developing and developed countries. The economies were once based on agriculture. As the industries grow, the service industry will also increase in size and the standard of living will improve. Developed Countries: Citizens have highest standard of living. Their economies are based on the service sector and have well-developed services like education, healthcare, banking, transportation, and information technologies. Manufacturing and primary industries less important economic activities than in the past.
Canadas International Relationships
Peacekeeping Peacemaking Must be agreed to by the Security Council (China, Russia, France, US, UK) Occurs where parties in conflict have agreed to work toward peace Mediator Less dangerous UN Occurs where there has been no peace agreement and military operations may be necessary to create peace Between two countries or civil war in one country Very dangerous/bombs used EU, NATO The United Nations: Canada was one of the 50 founding members when the United Nations was formed in 1945. Now includes more than 190 countries UN often has difficulty resolving major international crises because of political differences among its members Provides a forum for discussions which might have prevented a third world war Acts as worlds peacekeeper Canada has been involved in more peacekeeping operations than any other country Over 90,000 Canadian armed forces personnel (along with smaller numbers of Royal Canadian Mounted Police and other police officers) have served as peacekeepers in Eastern Europe, Cyprus, the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America Other United Nations Programs/Organizations: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)- has headquarters in Montreal and has responsibilities such as coordinating air traffic control and setting standards for air-flight security United Nations International Childrens Fund (UNICEF)- provides emergency relief aid and promotes the role of children Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)- raises levels of nutrition, improves production, and distributes food The World Health Organization (WHO)- directs and coordinates activities, promotes research, and supplies drugs and equipment where needed
Foreign Aid: Financial assistance provided to developing countries from other countries, usually developed countries Much of Canadas foreign aid is managed by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), which follows four principles in its operation: - Deal with poverty first - Promote development - Help people to help themselves - Build partnerships Government-provided foreign aid or official development assistance (ODA) is one of the ways in Canada helps poorer countries Canadians also give their time and money to non-governmental organizations (NGOs): - Red Cross- provides a wide range of aid around the world - Free the Children- created to help children in developing countries - Help Lesotho- created to provide aid to a tiny country in Africa
Foreign Trade: Canadas Economy
Canadas Imports: Import- product that is brought into a country from another country 4 categories of Canadas imports: - High-technology products (computers) - Motor vehicle parts (wheels, engines) - Goods produced only in warmer climates (fruits) - Low-cost goods (clothes)
Canadas Exports: Export- product or service produced in one country for sale in another country 3 categories of Canadas exports: - Products based on our natural resources (oil) - Motor vehicles (cars, motorcycles) - Specialized manufactured goods (phones) Canada must export: - To pay for the things that we import - To keep our economy healthy - To lower the prices of Canadian-made goods for Canadians Free Trade vs Protectionism: Tariff- tax on an import Protectionism- a governments policy of using tariffs and having rules that limit imports Free trade- a government policy that eliminates tariffs and other laws designed to restrict trade World Trade Organization (WTO): After WW2, to avoid protectionism, major trading countries, including Canada agreed on a set of rules to govern and encourage trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came into effect in 1947 and now includes more than 120 countries The World Trade Organization (WTO) - was designed to resolve disputes under the rules of the GATT, but is not always very effective. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) The move to increase Canadas free trade with the US started in 1998 with the creation of a free trade agreement with the US. In 1993, the arrangement was expanded to include Mexico under NAFTA.
The Future of Canadas Trade Most of our exports are related to our rich natural resources. We must keep creating new products. We could continue to increase our production and international sale of movies, shows, and music. We should not increase our trade with the US because we are easily harmed by downturns in the American economy or protectionist policies from the US. Cultural Connections
United States of America Canada Key Phrase in American Declaration of Independence, 1776: Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness Key Phrase in Canadian Constitution Act, 1867: Peace, order, and good government Right of the individual Role of the individual as a member of society Significance of this on: Gun control: - Lax gun control laws and right to bear arms - Right of the individual to own a firearm is more important than the right of society to restrict it National public healthcare: - Private responsibility - 45 million have no health coverage - Prevailing attitude that individuals should be responsible for themselves and their family
Significance of this on: Gun control: - Strict gun control laws - Laws reflect idea that fewer guns will make a safer, more peaceful and orderly society - Individuals right to own guns is limited National public healthcare: - All citizens are covered by government- paid healthcare - Prevailing attitude that Canadians have a collective responsibility for the provision of healthcare to all citizens and accept this by authorizing government to pay for all healthcare services with taxes Former Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau described Canadas relationship with the US: Living next to the United States is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly and even-tempered is the beast one is affected by every grunt and twitch. Culture: what makes a nation unique - The arts - Media - Entertainment
Canadian and American Culture Similarities: - The Canadian ecumene contains over 95% of Canadians and is within 600 km of the United States border. - Travel between the two countries is routine. - Many Canadians have relatives and friends who live in the United States. - Cable and satellite television offer a vast selection of American television programs and news to Canadians in even the most remote parts of the country. - The vast majority of movies shown in our theaters come from American studios such as Universal, Paramount, and Disney. - Many of the most popular books and magazines in Canada are published in the United States. - Most of the fast-food chains and retail chains in Canada are American-owned.
Geopolitical Conflicts around the World Nation(s) Occurrence of conflict, key players, and involvement of other countries Pakistan and India - India and Pakistan are fighting over Kashmir, a state in the north tip of India - India signed the Instrument of Accession in 1947 for the British state of Kashmir to join India - Pakistan opposing this due to large Muslim population in Kashmir - Kashmir wants own independence - Indo-Pakistani wars and other conflicts as a result - Obama wants this to end but said it should be sorted out between Pakistan and India and the US is not sending help Somalia - mass murder/ genocide - rival clans fighting for power, wealth, and food; men with guns eat first - American soldiers killed Rwanda - Hutu attacking Tutsie - No action taken; 800,000 killed - Killing the rich, religious, and educated Cambodia - Civil war; corrupt government - Khmer Rouge leading Angola - Worst place to live (UN) - Civil war; government does not know what to do - 3 million refugees in capital city - 70% live in poverty - 8% of US oil import Sudan - Iraq unleashed poison gas attacks against Iran - US supplying weapons to Iran.