2012 Trends in Electro Fenton Process For Water and Wastewater Treatment An Overview

Trends in electro-Fenton process for water and wastewater treatment: An overview
P.V. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 29 February 2012
Received in revised form 3 May 2012
Accepted 5 May 2012
Available online 14 June 2012
Keywords:
Electro Fenton
Wastewater treatment
Degradation
Organic pollutant
Organic compound, especially aromatic compound is the main pollutant in industrial efuent. Conventional
wastewater treatment processes are inefcient for the removal of these types of toxic and hazardous pollut-
ants from wastewater. Electro Fenton is one of the powerful and environmentally friendly emerging technol-
ogies for the remediation of wastewaters containing organic, especially aromatic compounds. This paper
reviews the fundamentals and recent developments in electro Fenton process. Electro Fenton process utilizes
different electrolytic reactors such as bubble reactor, lter press reactor, divided double-electrode electro-
chemical cell, divided three-electrode electrochemical cell and double compartment cell. Different cathodes
as working electrode and anodes as counter electrode used in this process are analyzed. The effects of various
operating parameters and their optimum ranges for maximum pollutant removal and mineralization are
reviewed. Also various pollutants removed by this process are evaluated. Quick removal and mineralization
of pollutants and their intermediate reaction products were reported.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. E-Fenton reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1. Bubble reactor (BR) (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2. Filter press reactor (FPR) (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3. Divided double-electrode electrochemical cell (DDEC) (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4. Divided three-electrode electrochemical cell (DTEC) (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.5. Double compartment cell (DCC) (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Electrode materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Kinetics of E-Fenton process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Affecting factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Oxygen sparging rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.3. Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.4. Applied current density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.5. Fe
2+
concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.6. Hydrogen peroxide concentration and feeding mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.7. Distance between the electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.8. Nature of the supporting electrolyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1. Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2. Pesticides and herbicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3. Phenolic compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.4. Leachate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.5. Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.6. Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Degradation pathway of organic pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Desalination 299 (2012) 115
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 431 2503171; fax: +91 431 2500133.
E-mail address: rgmathii@nitt.edu (R. Gandhimathi).
0011-9164/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.desal.2012.05.011
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Desalination
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ desal
8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction
The focus on waste minimization and water conservation in the
recent years resulted in the discovery of various treatment processes,
one of them being Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). These refer
to the chemical treatment processes which follow oxidation route
and are particularly employed to degrade biologically toxic and non
degradable chemicals [1]. AOPs have been broadly dened as near
ambient temperature treatment processes based on highly reactive
radicals, especially the hydroxyl radical (OH) as the primary oxidant
[2]. Many processes such as chemical oxidation, Fenton and photo-
Fenton processes, ultraviolet (UV)-based processes, photo-catalytic
redox processes, supercritical water oxidation, sonolysis, and electron
beams and -ray irradiation come under advanced oxidation tech-
niques [1]. The main function of AOPs is the generation of highly reac-
tive free radicals. Hydroxyl radicals (HO) are effective in destroying
organic chemicals because they are reactive electrophiles (electron
preferring) that react rapidly and non-selectively with nearly all
electron-rich organic compounds [3].
Among AOPs, oxidation using Fenton's reagent is an attractive and
effective technology for the degradation of a large number of hazard-
ous and organic pollutants because of the lack of toxicity of the re-
agents, eventually leaving no residues and the simplicity of the
technology [4]. Maleic acid oxidation was the rst Fenton process
reported by Fenton [5]. The main steps involved in the Fenton process
are (i) Oxidation, (ii) Neutralization, (iii) Flocculation and (iv) Sedi-
mentation. The Fenton process is most effective at pH near to 3 [6].
Normally the organic substances are removed at two stages of oxida-
tion and coagulation [7]. Oxidation of organic substances is due to
OH radicals and coagulation is ascribed to the formation of ferric
hydroxo complexes [8]. The degradation mechanism of organic pol-
lutants by Fenton reaction is given in Eqs. (1) to (4) [9,10]. The
main advantages and disadvantages of Fenton process are given in
Table 1.
Fe
2
H
2
O
2
Fe
3
OH
HO
1
RHHO
H
2
O 2
where, RH denoting organic pollutants
R
Fe
3
R
Fe
2
3
Fe
2
HO
Fe
3
OH
4
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) based on
Fenton's reaction chemistry are eco-friendly methods that have re-
cently received much attention for water remediation [18]. The
most popular EAOP is the electro Fenton (E-Fenton) process [19]. E-
Fenton process has two different congurations. In the rst one,
Fenton reagents are added to the reactor from outside and inert elec-
trodes with high catalytic activity are used as anode material while in
the second conguration, only hydrogen peroxide is added from out-
side and Fe
2+
is provided from sacricial cast iron anodes [20]. Com-
pared to the conventional Fenton process, the electro-Fenton process
has the advantage of allowing better control of the process and
avoiding the storing and transport of the H
2
O
2
[21]. In this approach,
H
2
O
2
is continuously supplied to the contaminated solution by a two-
electron oxygen reduction in an acidic medium according to Eq. (5)
[2224]. Moreover, electricity as a clean energy source is used in the
process, so the overall process does not create secondary pollutants
[21]. Since E-Fenton process is not using any harmful reagents, it is
an environment friendly method for water and wastewater
treatment [25]. The typical mechanism of E-Fenton process is illus-
trated in Fig. 1.
O
2
2H
2e
H
2
O
2
5
This review reports on the most recent experimental studies and
developments in the eld of E-Fenton process. Fundamentals, exper-
imental setups, main reactions, the parameters that affect these pro-
cesses and various applications are discussed in detail. Different
cathodes and anodes used for E-Fenton process are also analyzed in
this work.
2. E-Fenton reactors
Electrolytic reactor is one of the essential parts of E-Fenton pro-
cess. There are several types of electrolytic cells used by researchers.
Some of the important types of such cells are explained below.
2.1. Bubble reactor (BR) (Fig. 2A)
The E-Fenton bubble reactor (a glass cylindrical reactor) hav-
ing working volume of 0.675 L was operated in batch mode with
total reux or continuous mode by Rosales et al. [27]. The cathode
and anode bars were placed at a distance of 30 mm and 270 mm
above the bottom of the cell, respectively. Steel bars having a total
contact surface area of 3.14 cm
2
or graphite bars having a total con-
tact surface area of 1.27 cm
2
were used. A constant potential differ-
ence (15 V) was applied with a power supply and the process was
monitored with a multimeter.
2.2. Filter press reactor (FPR) (Fig. 2B)
Prabhakaran et al. [28] used lter press reactor of capacity 2 L for
the removal of resin efuents. The uid ow circuit consists of a res-
ervoir, a magnetically driven self priming centrifugal pump, a ow
meter and the electrolytic cell. The electrical circuit consists of a
Table 1
Advantages and disadvantages of the Fenton process.
Advantages Disadvantages
No energy input is necessary to
activate hydrogen peroxide [11]
Ferrous ions are consumed more rapidly
than they are regenerated [12]
Fenton's reagent is relatively
inexpensive and the process is
easy to operate and maintain [13]
Treatment of the sludge-containing Fe
ions at the end of the wastewater
treatment is expensive and needs large
amount of chemicals and manpower [14]
Short reaction time among all
advanced oxidation processes [15]
It is limited by a narrow pH range
(pH 23) [16]
There is no mass transfer limitation
due to its homogeneous catalytic
nature [17]
Iron ions may be deactivated due to
complexion with some iron complexing
reagents such as phosphate anions and
intermediate oxidation products [16]
There is no form of energy involved
as catalyst [17]
Additional water pollution caused by
the homogeneous catalyst that added
as an iron salt, cannot be retained in the
process [11]
2 PV. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi / Desalination 299 (2012) 115
regulated D.C. power supply; ammeter and the cell with the voltme-
ter are connected in parallel to the reactor.
2.3. Divided double-electrode electrochemical cell (DDEC) (Fig. 2C)
Reactor consisting of a 0.5 L glass beaker equipped with ironcathode
and anode, installed in parallel was used by Kurt et al. [29]. Electrodes
having a total effective electrode area of 45.0 cm
2
were plunged into
the beaker, containing tannery wastewater with a 0.4 L working
volume. A digital DC power supply was connected to the electrodes.
1 N H
2
SO
4
solution was used to adjust the pH between 3 and 5.
2.4. Divided three-electrode electrochemical cell (DTEC) (Fig. 2D)
Zhou et al. [30] used DTEC reactor for the removal of methyl red
fromaqueous solution. This type of reactor contains a saturated calomel
electrode (SCE) as reference electrode in addition to DDEC. Potential
controlled electrolysis is the main purpose of SCE in DTEC.
(1)
(6)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(1)
(11)
(11)
(3)
(4)
(13)
(12)
Compartment 1 Compartment 2
(4)
(3)
(A)
A V
(B)
(C) (D) (E)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(6)
(7)
(4)
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of electrolytic reactors (A) BR [27] (B) FPR [28] (C) DDEC [29] (D) DTEC [30] (E) DCC [31] (1) power supply, (2) air compressor, (3) cathode, (4) anode, (5)
control unit, (6) pumps, and (7) reux (8) rotameter (9) reservoir (10) electro chemical reactor (11) magnetic stirrer (12) oxygen tank (13) SEC.
Fig. 1. Reaction mechanism of E-Fenton process [26].
2.5. Double compartment cell (DCC) (Fig. 2E)
DCC contains two compartments for electrolytic action. Yuan et al.
[31] conducted experiments with DCC type of reactor for the degrada-
tion of Rhodamine B. Anode (Pt akes) and cathode (Pt akes) were
placed in compartment 1, whereas in compartment 2 only cathode
was placed. Direct current was provided by a power supply. Salt
bridge lled with saturated K
2
SO
4
and agar was used to connect the
compartments. Micro bubbles of H
2
and O
2
were generated in com-
partment 1 by water electrolysis. Excess production of H
+
compared
with OH
results in lowering of pH in between 2 and 3. Cathode 2 in

compartment 2 was used as a bypass to accumulate OH
and to neu-
tralize the low pH efuent from compartment 1 [31].
The recent citation of above reactors is shown in Fig. 3. FromFig. 3,
it is observed that DDEC and DTEC reactors were used in the E-Fenton
process by many researchers.
3. Electrode materials
Selection of anode and cathode material is one of the signicant
steps in E-Fenton process. For example, selection of unstable anode
will cause deterioration of electrode in electrolytic cells. High-oxygen
overvoltage anode can produce hydroxyl radicals in E-Fenton process
as in Eq. (6) [32],
H
2
OHO
6
Pt has been used for a long time as an electrode material due to its
good conductivity and chemical stability even at high potentials and
in very corrosive media [33]. Pt anode was used in more numbers
for the degradation of pollutants in E-Fenton system (Fig. 4). The dif-
ferent forms of Pt anodes such as Pt sheet [19,3439], Pt gauze
[25,4042], Pt foil [43], Pt akes [31], Pt grid [44,45], platinum
plate [46], Pt mesh [39] etc. were used for the degradation of pollut-
ants. But it is rarely used for a practical purpose because of its high
cost. The various anodes other than Pt being recently used are
shown in Fig. 4. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode synthesized
by the hot lament chemical vapor deposition technique on single-
crystal p-type Si (100) wafers was used by Isarain-Chavez et al. [47]
for the mineralization of atenolol. Borra's et al. [48], zcan et al.
[44], Pozzo et al. [49] and Sire's et al. [39] used BDD as an anode for
wastewater treatment. Feasibility of Titanium (Ti) rod coated with
IrO
2
/RuO
2
in the E-Fenton process has been studied by Huang et al.
[50] and Prabhakaran et al. [28]. RuO
2
/Ti mesh [51] and Iron [52] are
some other types of anodes being used recently in E-Fenton process.
Efciency of E-Fenton system depends more on efciency of cath-
ode. Hence it is also known as working electrode. The various cathode
materials used for laboratory-scale and pilot-scale are shown in Fig. 5.
Commercial graphite felt [34], carbon felt [35,38,40,42,46,53], BDD
plate [54],carbon-polytetrauoroethylene (PTFE) [37,39,43], graphite-
PTFE [30], graphite [55], reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) [25,41],
activated carbon ber (ACF) [51], Pt akes [31], carbon sponge [44],
stainless steel [28,48,49], and titanium [52] are some of the recently
used working electrodes in wastewater treatment. The details of anode
and cathode including cell conguration are summarized in Table 2.
Different congurations of cathode were also used by various re-
searchers. The usage of composite electrodes is the emerging trend
in E-Fenton system. Fan et al. [64] prepared Fe-CHI/Ni|ACF|Fe-CHI/
Ni sandwich lm cathode for the removal of Rhodamine B (Note:
Fe-CHI Fe
2+
-chitosan, Ni Nickel). Fe@Fe
2
O
3
/ACF [19], Cu
2
O/
CNTs/PTFE (Note: CNT Carbon Nanotubes) [36] and Fe@Fe
2
O
3
/
CNT [65] were also used as composite cathodes in E-Fenton process.
Wang et al. [66] used platinum wire anode placed inside a hollow cy-
lindrical cathode (2.9 cm diameter and 7 cm height), composed of
one layer of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based activated carbon ber
cloth held by two plastic screens. This design makes the primary Fig. 4. Comparison of recently used anodes in E-Fenton process.
Fig. 5. Comparison of recently used cathodes in E-Fenton process. Fig. 3. Recent citations of E-Fenton reactors.
current or potential distribution more uniform. The oxygen gas from
an oxygen cylinder was dispensed directly at the bottom of the hol-
low cylindrical cathode [66].
Different congurations were used for the application of electro-
chemical remediation techniques and the electrodes could be made
of different materials. A signicant interest in the effectiveness of dif-
ferent electrode materials has recently arisen, with the use of stain-
less steel, graphite, platinum, PbO
2
, titanium compounds, boron
doped diamond, and ceramics [27]. Oxidation capacity and removal
efciency of different electrodes were also compared by different re-
searchers. Sire's et al. [39] evaluated and compared the oxidizing
power of the four E-Fenton systems to mineralize chlorophene solu-
tions from the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) decay. Four different E-
Fenton systems are: (i) a Pt/O
2
diffusion cell (ii) a BDD/O
2
diffusion
cell (iii) a Pt/carbon felt cell and (iv) a BDD/carbon felt cell. A
continuous, but slow, TOC abatement with 52% of mineralization
has been observed in the Pt/O
2
diffusion cell after 660 min of electrol-
ysis at 300 mA. But BDD/O
2
diffusion cell has a removal efciency of
100% with rapid and total mineralization by applying high currents.
This indicates that BDD has greater oxidation ability than that of Pt
[39]. Isarain-Chavez et al. [56] also reported a same trend for degrada-
tion of atenolol from aqueous solution. The study demonstrated that
BDD/carbon felt cell has higher oxidizing power than Pt/carbon felt
cell to decontaminate the solution completely in a shorter time [56].
Siminiceanu et al. [37] reported better performances by the replacement
of Pt with BDD anode. The mineralization current efciency becomes
1.53 to 3.25 times higher; whereas specic energy consumption is 1.43
to 2.81 times lower for BDDthan that of Pt [37]. zcan et al. [44] reported
that the formationrate of hydroxyl radicals andthe decay rate of organics
are faster on BDD anode than that of Pt. Hammami et al. [67] also
Fig. 6. Pathway of Acid Red 97 degradation products using carbon felt cathode and Pt anode [40].
reported similar results for BDD and Pt anodes in the E-Fenton process.
Wang et al. [51] compared the efciency of activated carbon ber and
graphite cathodes for removing azo dye and Acid Red 14 from aqueous
solution. For ACF cathode, after 360 min of electrolysis under the operat-
ing conditions of 0.36 Acurrent, 1 mmol/L Fe
2+
at pH3, 70% TOC remov-
al and 100% color removal were achieved. For the same operating
conditions, graphite cathode shows less removal efciency than that of
ACF [51]. Sudoh et al. [68] reported that the graphite was the best cath-
ode material for electrogeneration of H
2
O
2
while metal cathodes such
as copper, stainless steel, lead and nickel were likely to decompose
H
2
O
2
. This agrees with the results reported by Rosales et al. [27] for lis-
samine green B dye (LGB) removal fromaqueous solution using graphite
and stainless steel electrodes. The graphite electrodes have the highest
LGB discoloration rate, with total discoloration after 10 h. Moreover,
gradual corrosion was detected in stainless steel electrodes [27]. zcan
et al. [44] compared the propham degradation rate for BDD//Pt, Pt//CS
(Note: CS Carbon Sponge) and BDD//CS systems in acidic media. The
decay rate of propham was higher in BDD//CS system than in BDD//Pt
system. This result indicates that H
2
O
2
production ability of CS was
higher than that of Pt. A slight increase in removal rate was observed in
the case of BDD//CS compared to Pt//CS system [44].
4. Kinetics of E-Fenton process
The decay of organic pollutants via E-Fenton process can be repre-
sented as:
RHOH
Oxidation products 7
As OH is a very reactive species it does not accumulate in the so-
lution, and its concentration takes a steady-state value during
treatment [69]. The rate of decay of organic pollutants can be written
as:
d
RH
dt
k
abs
RH OH
8
Since [OH] is constant at steady state, k
abs
[OH] is equal to k
app
.
Where k
abs
and k
app
are absolute and apparent rate constants, respec-
tively. The value of k
abs
can be determined by kinetic competition
method using the benzoic acid as standard substrate having a k
abs
value of 4.310
9
L mol
1
s
1
[70,71]. Eq. (8) can be rewritten as:
d
RH
dt
k
app
RH 9
Integration of Eq. (9) gives the rst order kinetic equation of E-
Fenton process as:
In
RH
o
RH
t
k
app
t 10
Where [RH]
0
and [RH]
t
are the concentration of organic pollutant
at beginning and time t, respectively. The k
app
can be determined an-
alytically from the slope of concentration vs. time plot in accordance
with the above equation. The second order kinetic equation of E-
Fenton is given as [4]:
RH
t
RH
o
1
1 kt RH
o
11
Table 2
Specications of anodes and cathodes used in E-Fenton process.
No Reactor conguration Anode specication Cathode specication Reference
1 Open and undivided tank reactor containing
100 mL of solution
Pt sheet of 99.99% purity Carbon-PTFE, carbon felt of area 3 cm
2
[56]
2 A small, open and undivided cylindrical glass
cell of 6 cm diameter and 250 mL capacity
Cylindrical Pt mesh or a 25 cm
2
thin-lm
boron-doped diamond Ti/RuO
2
Carbon-felt of size 14 cm5 cm each side
and 0.5 cm in width
[57]
3 A glass reactor of capacity 600 mL Stainless steel [58]
4 0.5 L glass beaker with a 0.4 L working volume. Iron plate of size 6.0 cm7.5 cm Iron of size 2.0 mm6.0 cm7.5 cm [29]
5 Borosil glass of capacity 0.5 L Iron plate of size 55 mm40 mm Graphite of size 75 mm30 mm6 mm and
having an effective electrode area of 22 cm
2
.
[59]
6 0.40 L open and undivided cylindrical glass
cell of internal diameter 60 mm
Cylindrical Pt grid Carbon felt of dimensions 6 cm8 cm0.6 cm
and 6 cm17 cm0.6 cm.
[60]
7 Open undivided cylindrical glass cell of 6 cm diameter
and 500 mL capacity
4.5 cm
2
Pt cylindrical mesh Carbon felt having an area of 60 cm
2
(15 cm4 cm)
[61]
8 Reservoir of capacity 5 L Titanium rod coated with RuO
2
/IrO
2
with an
outside diameter of 1.5 cm and a height of 16 cm.
Stainless steel cylinder with an inside
diameter of 8 cm and a height of 17.5 cm
[32]
9 Glass reactor of capacity 300 mL Platinum gauze Carbon felt of size 3 cm5 cm. [62]
10 Glass cell of 6 cm diameter and 250 mL capacity 3 cm
2
Pt sheet, 3 cm
2
BDD thin-lm deposited
on conductive single crystal p-type Si wafers
and a 4.5 cm
2
Pt cylindrical mesh
A 3 cm
2
carbon-PTFE and 70 cm
2
(17 cm4.1 cm) carbon felt
[39]
11 An undivided cylindrical glass cell of capacity
0.175 L
BDD thin-lm electrode which is deposited on
both sides of a niobium substrate (3.0 cm4.0 cm)
Carbon sponge of size 1.0 cm1.0 cm4.0 cm [44]
12 Open undivided cylindrical glass cell of 6 cm
diameter and 250 mL capacity
4.5 cm
2
Pt cylindrical mesh A 60 cm
2
carbon felt [63]
13 Open undivided cylindrical glass cell of 500 mL
capacity
Pt sheet of 1 cm
2
area Graphite felt of thickness=0.4 cm, having
an area of 9.5 cm
2
[34]
14 Cylindrical cell of 250 mL capacity Pt gauze of area 6 cm
2
Carbon felt of size 12.5 cm4 cm [40]
15 An open undivided cylindrical glass cell of
100 mL capacity
Platinum (geometric area, 4 cm
2
) BDD plate having geometric area of 2 cm
2
[54]
16 A divided thermostatic cell of 150 mL in volume Pt sheet (purity: 99.99%) of area 2.0 cm
2
Cu
2
O/CNTs/PTFE having an area of 3.0 cm
2
[36]
17 Undivided glass electrochemical cell of 600 mL
capacity
Platinum gauze of an area 3.8 cm
2
Reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) sheet of
an area of 35 cm
2
and thickness of 0.9 cm.
[25]
18 An open and undivided cell with a capacity
of 0.55 L
RuO2/Ti mesh of area 20 cm
2
20 cm
2
area of ACF felt [51]
19 An undivided glass electrochemical cell of
capacity 500 mL
Platinum gauze of an area 3.8 cm
2
RVC sheet of dimensions 5 cm7 cm0.9 cm [41]
20 Glass beakers of capacity 250 mL Pt akes of size 11 cm Pt akes of size 11 cm [31]
5. Affecting factors
5.1. pH
The pH is one of the most important factors for the E-Fenton
process. Generally Fenton process was conducted in acidic medi-
um. Most of the studies reported that the optimum pH of Fenton
process is around 3 [25,30,55,65]. In traditional Fenton process,
iron species begin to precipitate as ferric hydroxides at higher
pH values. On the other hand, iron species form stable complexes
with H
2
O
2
at lower pH values, leading to deactivation of catalysts.
Consequently, the oxidation efciency dramatically decreases [66].
Acidic medium is the favorable condition for the production of
H
2
O
2
(Eq. (5)) [66]. However, a low pH also promotes hydrogen
evolution, as given in Eq. (12), reducing the number of active
sites for generating hydrogen peroxide [66]. In addition, at pH
below 3, hydrogen peroxide would remain steady according to
the formation of oxonium ion (e.g., H
3
O
2
+
as in Eq. (13)) [30].
Due to the regeneration of Fe
2+
, through reaction between Fe
3+
and H
2
O
2
, Fenton process becomes less effective at pHb3
[72,73]. At higher pH, the efciency of E-Fenton process decreases
rapidly, especially pH>5. This is due to the fact that H
2
O
2
is un-
stable in basic solution. H
2
O
2
rapidly decomposes to oxygen and
water at neutral to high pH with rate constant of 2.310
2
and 7.410
2
min
1
at pH 7.0 and 10.5, respectively [74,75].
H
2
O
2
2H
2e
2H
2
O 12
H
2
O
2
H
H
3
O
2
13
The increase in pH during E-Fenton process leads to electro-
coagulation whereby pollutants are removed by electrostatic attrac-
tion and/or complexation of reactions due to the conversion of Fe
2+
and Fe
3+
to Fe(OH)
n
type structures [76]. Ting et al. [77] reported
that 2,6-dimethylaniline concentration decreased from 36% to 25%
in 2 h when pH was increased from 1.5 to 2.0. The complete removal
of 2,6-dimethylaniline was achieved after 140 min at pH 2. Also a fur-
ther increase of pH from 2 to 4 increased 2,6-dimethylaniline concen-
tration from 25% to 85%. Daneshvar et al. [78] suggested the
perchloric acid instead of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to adjust the
optimal pH value to obtain optimal removal of dyes. But the optimum
pH value shows the disadvantage of E-Fenton process because the pH
of most wastewater samples is not within the optimal range. The op-
timum pH necessary for the different pollutant removal by E-Fenton
process is reported in Table 3. From Table 3, it was found that the op-
timum pH for E-Fenton process varies from 2 to 4.
5.2. Oxygen sparging rate
Oxygen is one of the major factors that limit the performance of E-
Fenton system, because increasing the oxygen sparging rate can in-
crease the dissolved oxygen concentration and the mass transfer
rate of dissolved oxygen and nally increase the production of hydro-
gen peroxide [66]. Chen and Lin [80] reported that the electrochemi-
cal oxidation of TOC correlates well with the hydrogen peroxide
generated at the cathode, wherein the saturated solubility of oxygen
in wastewater has been almost achieved at the oxygen ow rate of
100 mL/min. But the color removal efciency remained almost con-
stant at a current density of 68 A/m
2
even when the oxygen sparging
rate increased from 0.3 to 0.4 L/min [55]. The results indicate that
color removal began to be controlled by the kinetics of the production
of hydrogen peroxides when the oxygen sparging rate exceeded
0.3 L/min [55]. Similar results are reported by Wang et al. [66] after
the oxygen sparging rate was over 150 L/min for COD removal.
5.3. Temperature
Although temperature has a positive effect on the treatment ef-
ciency in Fenton and related processes, the increase in organic com-
pound removal due to temperature is relatively small compared to
the other factors. Too low and too high temperatures negatively im-
pact the process efciency. An optimal temperature of 30 C has
been reported by Guedes et al. [81] for the degradation of cork
cooking wastewater. Temperature between 20 and 30 C can be con-
sidered as an optimum range because of relatively higher treatment
efciency in this temperature range [82]. Zhang et al. [83] reported
that COD removal efciency of Fenton process increased slightly as
the temperature increased from 15 to 36 C. Wang [4] reported that
the rate of dye degradation was lower at low temperature and the ex-
tent of degradation was higher at 2030 C before 100 min. On the
other hand Wu et al. [84] found an optimal temperature of 45 C for
the degradation of humic acid. Also up to 100% degradation of
diisopropanolamine at 60 C has been reported by Khamaruddin et
al. [85]. Temperature has two effects on the accumulated H
2
O
2
con-
centration during the electrolysis. First one is the decrease of O
2
solu-
bility in water with increase of the temperature and second one is the
low stability of H
2
O
2
at high temperatures [86]. Dye degradation rate
has been decreased when the temperature was greater than 30 C
Table 3
Optimum pH values of E-Fenton process in various studies.
No Pollutant Electrodes Optimum pH Efciency (%) Time (min) Reference
1 Dyeing wastewater Activated carbon ber-Pt wire 3 75.2 240 [66]
2 LGB Steel-graphite 2 40 120 [27]
3 Methyl red Graphite PTFE-Pt 3 80 20 [30]
4 Sunset yellow FCF RVC-Pt 3 100 120 [25]
5 Dyeing wastewater Graphite-Pt/Ti 3 70 150 [55]
6 Rhodamine B Fe@Fe
2
O
3
/CNT-Pt 3 99.6 120 [65]
7 Biologically treated coking wastewater ACF-Ti/RuO2 4 55 480 [79]
Table 4
Optimum temperatures of E-Fenton process in various studies.
No Pollutant Electrodes Experimental conditions Temperature
(C)
Removal
efciency (%)
Reference
1 Dyeing
wastewater
Pt-PAN-based activated
carbon ber
Current density=3.2 mA/cm
2
; oxygen sparging rate=150 cm
3
/min;
pH=3; [Fe
2+
] =2 mM.
20 75 [66]
2 Dyeing
wastewater
Graphite-Pt/Ti pH=3; oxygen sparging rate=0.3 L/min; applied current density=68 A/
m
2
; [Fe
2+
] =15 mM.
45 70.6 [55]
3 Nitrotoluenes PtPt Electrode potential =6 V, O2=100 mL/min, pH=0.2, [Fe
2+
] =15 mg/L. 40 ~100 [80]
due to decomposition of H
2
O
2
at a higher temperature [4]. The nega-
tive effect of temperature on the pollutant removal percentage can
also be explained by the lower concentration of dissolved oxygen
and the self-decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at higher tempera-
tures [66]. Namely, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide decreased
as the temperature increased because increasing temperatures can de-
crease oxygen solubility in the wastewater [66]. In addition, the rate
of self decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen in-
creased with the temperature [55,66]. But Hameed and Lee [87]
reported that degradation of malachite green increased from 85.59 to
98.14% as a consequence of increasing the temperature from 30 to
50 C within the rst 10 min of Fenton process. Also Homem et al.
[88] reported that the reaction rate of amoxicillin degradation was in-
creased by increasing the temperature (in between 22 and 57 C).
Zazo et al. [89] reported that increasing the temperature clearly im-
proves both the oxidation rate and the degree of mineralization of phe-
nol by Fenton oxidation allowing working with reduced amounts of
H
2
O
2
and Fe
2+
. This may be due to the fact that the increase in reaction
rate between hydrogen peroxide and any form of ferrous/ferric iron
(chelated or not) at higher temperature increases the rate of generation
of oxidizing species such as OH radical or high-valence iron species
[90]. The optimum temperatures and corresponding removal efcien-
cies reported by various researchers are given in Table 4.
5.4. Applied current density
The applied current is the driving force for the reduction of oxygen
leading to the generation of hydrogen peroxide at the cathode. Higher
applied current increases the quantum of hydrogen peroxide pro-
duced, thus increasing the number of hydroxyl radicals in the electro-
lyte medium, which are highly reactive and responsible for the
degradation [91]. Higher applied current density means higher ap-
plied voltage on the electrochemical system [66]. Also higher
electro-regeneration of ferrous ion from ferric ion (Eq. (14)) with in-
creasing current increased the efciency of Fenton chain reac-
tions [32].
Fe
3
e
Fe
2
14
The efciency of E-Fenton will be less at higher current density ef-
ciency. This is due to the competitive electrode reactions in the elec-
trolytic cell. The discharge of oxygen at anode (Eq. (15)) and the
evolution of hydrogen at cathode (Eq. (16)) occur at a higher current.
These reactions inhibit main reactions such as reactions (6) and (14)
[32], which lead to decrease in efciency of E-Fenton.
2H
2
O4H
O
2
4e
15
2H
2e
H
2
16
The degradation rate of organic pollutants is constant after
300 mA. This is due to the formation of H
2
O as in Eq. (17) [42].
4H
O
2
4e
2H
2
O 17
Some studies indicated that the current density in the E-Fenton
process should be no larger than 10 A/m
2
, while others indicated
that the upper limit value should be 6.4 A/m
2
[92]. The optimum cur-
rent or current densities and corresponding removal efciencies of E-
Fenton process are given in Table 5.
5.5. Fe
2+
concentration
Suitable ferrous ion concentration is an important prerequisite in
the E-Fenton process [30]. Generally the efciency of E-Fenton pro-
cess increases with Fe
2+
concentration because the concentration of
hydroxyl radical, which is the main oxidizing agent in the E-Fenton
process increases with the increase in Fe
2+
concentration (Eq. (1)).
Also the oxidizing power of hydrogen peroxide was not enough to de-
stroy large molecules, such as dyestuffs in real dyeing wastewater in
the absence of ferrous ions [66]. The color removal efciency was
markedly increased from 9% to 46% by externally adding a small
amount of ferrous ions (5 mM) [55]. Wang et al. [66] reported that
the presence of Fe
2+
signicantly improved the COD removal per-
centage. The COD removal percentage markedly increased from
19.8% to 43.1% by externally adding a Fe
2+
concentration of
0.33 mM [66]. Zhou et al. [30] reported that the removal of methyl
red increased from 45% to 75% in 10 min in the presence of Fe
2+
.
Wang et al. [51] observed an increase in the rate of TOC decay by E-
Fenton process, when initial Fe
2+
concentrations were increased
from 0 to 1 mM. However, ferrous ions in the electrolyte solution,
when present in excess, could consume the hydroxyl radicals and af-
fect the extent of degradation [91]. The plausible interpretation is
given by a competitive reaction between hydroxyl radicals and fer-
rous ions, which could diminish the concentration of hydroxyl radi-
cals as in Eq. (4) [93,94]. The effect of Fe
2+
concentration on the
kinetic rate constants, for 2,6-dimethylaniline degradation was stud-
ied by Ting et al. [77]. The kinetic rate constant increased with in-
creasing Fe
2+
concentration from 1.0 to 1.5 mM and does not
increase signicantly as the dosage of ferrous ions increased from
1.5 to 2.0 mM [77]. The optimum Fe
2+
concentrations and
corresponding E-Fenton process removal efciencies are given in
Table 6.
Table 5
Optimum current/current densities of E-Fenton process in various studies.
No Pollutant Electrodes Experimental conditions Applied current or
current density
Removal
efciency (%)
Reference
1 o-Chlorophenol Stainless steel Pt gauze [Pollutant] =80 mg/L, [Fe
2+
] =0.5 mg/L, electrolysis time=60 min 600 mA 59.12 [91]
2 4-Nitrophenol Stainless steel Ti/RuO
2
/IrO
2
[Pollutant] =200 mg/L, [H
2
O
2
] =9.12 mmol/L, Fe(II)/H
2
O
2
=0.050 1 A 65.0 [32]
3 Dyeing
wastewater
Pt-PAN based activated carbon
ber
Oxygen sparging rate=150 cm
3
/min; pH=3; [Fe
2+
] =2 mM;
temperature=20 C
3.2 mA/cm
2
75.2 [66]
4 Acid Red 14 RuO2/Ti ACF [Pollutant] =200 mg/L, [Na2SO4] =0.05 M, pH=3, [Fe
2+
] =1 mM 0.50 A 73.3 [51]
5 Dyeing
wastewater
Graphite Pt/Ti pH=3; oxygen sparging rate=0.3 L/min; [Fe
2+
] =15 mM 68 A/m
2
70 [55]
6 Picloram Carbon felt Pt [Pollutant] =0.125 mM; [Fe
3+
] =0.1 mM; [Na
2
SO
4
] =50 mM;
pH=3
300 mA 100 [42]
7 2,4,6-
Trinitrotoluene
Pt carbon felt [TNT]
0
=0.2 mM, [Fe
2+
] =0.2 mM 250 mA 99 [61]
8 2,6-
Dimethylaniline
Ti-RuO2/IrO2 stainless steel [Pollutant] =1 mM; [Fe
2+
] =1 mM; [H2O2] =20 mM; pH=2.0 10.6 A/m
2
91 [77]
5.6. Hydrogen peroxide concentration and feeding mode
The initial concentration of H
2
O
2
plays an important role in the E-
Fenton process [77]. Removal of pollutants increases with increase in
H
2
O
2
concentration. The increase in the removal efciency was due to
the increase in hydroxyl radical concentration as a result of the addi-
tion of H
2
O
2
(Eq. (1)) [77]. Zhang et al. [32] reported that efciency of
hydrogen peroxide for removing organic materials in the leachate de-
creased with the increase of Fenton's reagent dosage. At a high dosage
of H
2
O
2
, the decrease in removal efciency was due to the hydroxyl
radical scavenging effect of H
2
O
2
(Eqs. (18) and (19)) and the recom-
bination of the hydroxyl radical (Eq. (20)) [95].
HO
H
2
O
2
HO
2
H
2
O 18
HO
2
HO
H
2
O O
2
19
2HO
H
2
O
2
20
Improvement of E-Fenton process efciency by feeding Fenton's
reagent in multiple steps or continuous mode was reported by
Zhang et al. [12]. Anotai et al. [96] compared the one-step and the
two-step addition with H
2
O
2
for aniline degradation. The results indi-
cated that the aniline oxidation for the system of one-step addition
with H
2
O
2
was similar to that of the two-step. In both cases aniline
oxidation was about 95% after reacting for 60 min. The removal ef-
ciency of COD in the one-step addition with H
2
O
2
was similar to
that in the two-step. On the other hand, the TOC removal efciency
and remaining Fe
2+
concentrations were not affected by the H
2
O
2
feeding mode [96].
Effect of H
2
O
2
addition in a single step and in continuous mode on
the degradation of 4-nitrophenol was reported by Zhang et al. [32]. It
has been reported that decreasing feeding time increased the initial
COD removal rate. The optimum COD removal has been reached
when H
2
O
2
was applied in a single step. But for continuous mode,
the concentration of H
2
O
2
increased with decrease in feeding time
during the initial period. This will cause the production of more hy-
droxyl radicals as in Eq. (1) and increases the efciency of E-Fenton
process. The nal COD removal efciency increased with the decreas-
ing feeding time and reached highest when feeding time was 60 min.
But due to side reactions, the efciency of E-Fenton process decreases
with further decrease of feeding time [32]. The concentration of hy-
drogen peroxide during the initial period would be higher when hy-
drogen peroxide was added in a single step or fed more quickly in a
continuous mode, the produced hydroxyl radicals would be scav-
enged by hydrogen peroxide. This reaction leads to the production
of hydroperoxyl radical (Eq. (18)), a species with much weaker oxi-
dizing power compared to hydroxyl radical [32].
5.7. Distance between the electrodes
In the E-Fenton process, distance between electrodes is another
important factor that affects the removal of pollutants. The decrease
of the distance between the electrodes leads to a decrease of the
ohmic drop through the electrolyte and then an equivalent decrease
of the cell voltage and energy consumption [97]. Zhang et al. [12]
reported that the COD removal efciency from landll leachate
remained the same for electrode distance between 1.3 and 2.1 cm.
The removal efciency of E-Fenton system was less for the shorter
or larger distance. This is because electro-regenerated Fe
2+
could be
easily oxidized to ferric ion at the anode, when the electrodes were
placed too short [12]. Longer distance causes the limiting mass trans-
fer of ferric ion to the cathode surface that governs ferrous ion regen-
eration [12,98]. Atmaca [20] reported that the changes in the distance
between the electrodes have an insignicant effect on treatment ef-
ciency. Use of long electrode distance in E-Fenton reactor causes a sig-
nicant increase in energy consumption [20].
5.8. Nature of the supporting electrolyte
Electrolyte improves the solution conductivity, and accelerates the
electron transfer, thus beneting the E-Fenton reaction. Therefore,
supporting electrolyte is necessary, especially in the solution without
enough conductivity [21]. In E-Fenton process, sodium sulfate is com-
monly used as the supporting electrolyte. Zhou et al. [30] reported
that higher Na
2
SO
4
concentration led to higher current density,
which resulted in faster and larger production of hydrogen peroxide
and increases the efciency of E-Fenton system. But Diagne et al.
[99] observed a faster methyl parathion degradation rate in the pres-
ence of NO
3
than that of SO
4
2
. Daneshvar et al. [78] also reported
that the change in Na
2
SO
4
concentration from 0.05 to 0.1 M did not
have any effect on H
2
O
2
accumulation. Ghoneim et al. [25] reported
that optimal Na
2
SO
4
concentration for sunset yellow FCF is 0.05 M.
But Pt-graphite PTFE electrolytic system has an optimal Na
2
SO
4
con-
centration of 0.1 M for the degradation of methyl red [30]. Also the
authors noticed a signicant drop in efciency of the system at
0.2 M Na
2
SO
4
concentration. This may be due to the consumption of
the generated hydroxyl radical by high SO
4
2
concentration as in
Eq. (21) [30].
HO
SO
2
4
HO
SO
4
21
Efciency of 0.05 M Na
2
SO
4
, 0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M KCl as
supporting electrolyte was compared by Ghoneim et al. [25] and
reported that aqueous solutions with SO
4
2
have the highest rate of
decolorization of sun set yellow compared to Cl
electrolytes of the
same concentration. But approximately 100% removal of the azo-
dye was achieved for all electrolytes. The time taken for the removal
of dye is 120, 180 and 180 min respectively for 0.05 M Na
2
SO
4
,
Table 6
Optimum Fe
2+
concentrations of E-Fenton process in various studies.
No Pollutant Electrodes Experimental conditions Fe
2+
concentration Removal efciency (%) Reference
1 o-Chlorophenol Stainless steel Pt gauze [Pollutant] =80 mg/L, applied current =60 mA,
electrolysis time=60 min
2 mg/L 80.4 [91]
2 Dyeing wastewater Pt-PAN-based activated
carbon ber
Current density=3.2 mA/cm
2
; oxygen sparging
rate=150 cm
3
/min; pH=3; temperature=20 C.
2 mM 75 [66]
3 Methyl red Graphite PTFE Pt pH=3.0, [Na
2
SO
4
] =0.1 M, [pollutant] =100 mg/L,
oxygen ow rate=0.4 L/min
0.25 mM 75 [30]
4 Sunset yellow FCF RVC Pt [pollutant] =0.2 mM, [Na2SO4] =0.05 M, pH=3 0.1 mM 100 [25]
5 Acid Red 14 RuO2/Ti ACF [pollutant] =200 mg/L, [Na2SO4] =0.05 M, pH=3 1 mM 68.2 [51]
6 Dyeing wastewater Graphite Pt/Ti pH=3; oxygen sparging rate=0.3 L/min; applied
current density=68 A/m
2
15 mM 70 [55]
0.05 M NaCl and 0.05 M KCl solution [25]. Pimentel et al. [60] com-
pared the efciency of iron, cobalt, manganese, and copper salts to
provide the metal cations as catalyst of Fenton reaction to produce
hydroxyl radicals and concluded that ferrous ions were the most ef-
fective catalysts with optimum concentration of 0.1 mM. 0.1 mM of
soluble FeSO
4
supplied the optimum catalytic condition, allowing
100% removal of TOC of aqueous phenol solutions [60]. But during
E-Fenton process, degradation of some other compounds using iron
as catalyst may lead to formation of complexes and changing iron
concentration in the media [60]. zcan et al. [86] reported that the
production of H
2
O
2
is lower in the case of NaCl than that of NaNO
3
and NaSO
4
. Signicantly a faster decrease of Orange II in the NaClO
4
media than in Na
2
SO
4
or NaCl media has been noticed by Daneshvar
et al. [78]. Concentration of electrolyte also affects the efciency of
E-Fenton process. But Daneshvar et al. [78] reported that the concen-
tration of supporting electrolyte does not have any effect in orange II
degradation, when the NaClO
4
concentration has been increased from
0.05 to 0.1 M.
6. Applications
In recent years there is a great interest in the development of prac-
tical electrochemical methods for the destruction of toxic and bio-
refractory organic pollutants for wastewater treatment [91]. The E-
Fenton process is widely used to treat non-biodegradable or refractory
organic compounds with moderate energy costs [100]. The applica-
tions of E-Fenton process is explained below.
6.1. Dyes
The dyes used in the textile dyeing and printing industries not
only can impart color to water sources but also can cause environ-
mental damage to living organisms by stopping the reoxygenation ca-
pacity of water and also blocking sunlight, thereby disturbing the
natural growth activity of aquatic life [4]. Some of the dyes are also
toxic and carcinogenic in nature [101]. Presence of very small
amounts of dyes in water (less than 1 ppm for some dyes) is highly
visible and undesirable [102]. Synthetic dyes are used extensively
by several industries including textile dyeing (60%), paper (10%)
and plastic matter (10%) [35]. It is estimated that 1015% of the dye
is lost in the efuent during dyeing processes [103]. Presently, more
than 10,000 types of different commercial dyes and pigments are
available [101], and more than 710
5
t per year are produced world-
wide [102].
E-Fenton process has been identied as a powerful tool for remov-
al of dye fromwastewater very effectively. Guivarch et al. [35] studied
the degradation of the three azo dyes azobenzene, methyl orange and
p-methyl red by the E-Fenton and concluded that this process is ef-
cient for azo dye degradation, achieving an efcient removal (over
80%) of COD. The degradation mechanism begins with the azo bond
cleavage and is followed by the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring
[35]. A synthetic dye wastewater sample composed of yellow
drimaren, Congo red and methylene blue and having an initial COD
of 3782 mg O
2
L
1
was successfully mineralized using E-Fenton pro-
cess by Lahkimi et al. [38] with the COD abatement ratio of 89% after
10,000 C of electrical charge passed. Decolorization of acid yellow 36
in acidic aqueous medium was studied by Cruz-Gonzlez et al. [54]
and reported 97.8% of acid yellow 36 removal at optimum conditions
such as Fe
2+
of 0.24 mmol/L, current density of 23 mA/cm
2
and elec-
trolysis time of 48 min. Complete mineralization of indigo carmine of
220 mg/L concentration is feasible when E-Fenton is carried out with
a BDD anode [43]. The degradation of different dyes by E-Fenton ox-
idation was carried out successfully in a continuous reactor by Rosales
et al. [27]. The reactor was very efcient for dye removal and high dis-
coloration percentage depends on the residence time. The operational
problems of the reactor were also very less [27]. Degradation of
rhodamine B in aqueous solution was evaluated by Ai et al. [36].
The study reported that degradation of rhodamine B reached 80.2%
and 89.3% in 120 min at neutral pH and pH 3, respectively [36].
Zhou et al. [30] reported that the degradation of methyl red was ac-
complished at two different stages, and the consumption of ferrous
ion and formation of hard-to-treat intermediates led to the slower
degradation in the second stage. Under the optimal conditions, the
initial methyl red concentration of 100 mg/L could be degraded 80%
in 20 min [30]. Ghoneim et al. [25] reported that for a contact time
of 120 min, complete color removal and signicant mineralization
(approximately 97%) of sunset yellow FCF have been achieved. 70%
TOC removal for 500 mL of a 200 mg/L Acid Red 14 after 360 min of
electrolysis was reported by Wang et al. [51]. El-Desoky et al. [41] ap-
plied optimized E-Fenton system successfully for complete degrada-
tion and signicant mineralization (approximately 8590%) of
Levax blue and red reactive azo-dyes in real industrial wastewater
samples of textile dyeing house. The removal efciency of color
from real dyeing wastewater in the cathodic chamber reached 70.6%
under specied operation conditions in 150 min [55]. This study
reported that the best oxygen contact mode for removing the color
was the three-phase contact mode, resulting in the optimal transfer-
ence of the dissolved oxygen to the electrode surface [55]. COD re-
moval efciency from real dyeing wastewater by using Fe
2+
in
combination with electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide at the polyac-
rylonitrile based activated carbon ber cloth cathode was studied by
Wang et al. [66]. In this study, the highest COD removal efciency
(75.2%) was achieved at an applied current density of 3.2 mA/cm
2
.
6.2. Pesticides and herbicides
Due to the extensive utilization in agricultural activities, pesticides
and herbicides are widely detected in many surface water, groundwa-
ter and wastewater efuents and are among the most frequently
found organic pollutants in natural waters [104,105]. Many of these
pesticides are utilized in amounts over 50,000 kg/year [106]. Relative-
ly high pesticide and herbicide contamination levels are found in
groundwater and surface water: 0.10.3 g/L in US groundwater
and 0.030.5 g/L in European groundwater [107,108]. Similar results
have been observed in India also. The residue levels of persistent
chlorinated pesticides such as HCH (hexachlorocyclo-hexane) iso-
mers and DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) compound samples
from the river Kaveri, Tamil Nadu, South India have been reported by
Rajendran and Subramanian [109]. River Ganges in Kanpur contains
high concentrations of -HCH (0.259 g/l) and malathion (2.618 g/l)
[110]. -HCH, malathion and dieldrin concentrations of 0.900,
29.835 and 16.227 g/l, respectively were detected in ground water
samples [110]. Sanghi et al. [111] reported that the endosulfan con-
centrations in the human milk were the highest and exceeded the
S-HCH, chlorpyrifos, and malathion concentrations by 3.5-, 1.5-,
and 8.4-fold, respectively. Similarly Jani et al. [112] reported an aver-
age concentration of alpha-HCH, gamma HCH, beta HCH, p,p-DDE
(Note: DDE-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), and p,p-DDT as
17.51, 1.62, 205.48, 244.71, and 53.43 g/kg, respectively in human
milk. Also dairy milk andbuffalo milk fromJaipur city were contaminated
with DDT and its metabolites (DDE and p,p-dichlorodiphenyl-
dichloroethane DDD), isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH; alpha,
beta, and gamma), heptachlor and its epoxide, and aldrin [113].
This situation is considered as a pervasive problem because these
compounds usually have direct adverse effects on the living organ-
isms [114]. The E-Fenton process has been proved to be powerful
enough to degrade hazardous pesticides and herbicides. Yatmaz and
Uzman [52] reported that E-Fenton reaction by using both Fe elec-
trodes with supply of H
2
O
2
is the most efcient method for the degra-
dation of monocrotophos in acidic medium. Monocrotophos was
rapidly degraded within 5 min and the energy consumption of com-
plete degradation was 0.834 kWh/kg [52]. Boye et al. [108] reported
80% mineralization of herbicide 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. zcan et
al. [44] compared the propham removal efciency of BDD, CS and Pt
electrodes as anode and/or cathode at four different congurations
in the E-Fenton process. The authors reported that the highest TOC
removal efciency and the lowest mineralization current efciency
values were observed at 500 mA in the presence of 0.2 mM Fe
3+
.
The best mineralization current efciency value of 81% was obtained
at 100 mA in the presence of 0.2 mM Fe
3+
for 30 min treatment
[44]. Edelahi et al. [46] reported 93% COD removal within 10 min by
degrading diuron using E-Fenton process. This process is also efcient
for imazapyr degradation and the COD removal was found to be
higher than 95% [115]. The degradation of herbicide chlortoluron in
aqueous medium by E-Fenton process using a carbon felt cathode
and a platinum anode was studied by Abdessalem et al. [69]. Even
the degradation of 0.05 mM chlortoluron happened within 4 min,
98% of TOC removal was recorded only after 8 h [69]. Similar results
were also reported by zcan et al. [42] for the removal of picloram.
Kaichouh et al. [116] reported that the imazaquin is degraded more
quickly than the imazapyr. But 97% mineralization of each herbicide
was reached after 3.5 h of treatment under optimal operating condi-
tions of I =0.2 A and [Fe
2+
]
0
=0.1 mM [116]. E-Fenton with a Pt
anode, stainless steel sheet cathode and 1 mmol/L Fe
2+
as catalyst
yields the quickest and complete depollution of amitrole [49]. A com-
parative study of a mixture of three pesticides (chlortoluron,
carbofuran and bentazon) has been investigated by Abdessalem et
al. [117]. It was reported that based on cost, E-Fenton process is
much more interesting than photo-Fenton process [117].
6.3. Phenolic compounds
Among the various wastes, phenolic compounds constitute a fam-
ily of pollutants particularly toxic to the aquatic fauna and ora. These
compounds are released in the surface water by a considerable num-
ber of industries, mainly, by pharmaceutical plants, oil reneries, coke
plants, pulp, and food-processing industries and several other chem-
ical plants [118,119]. Nitrophenols are anthropogenic, toxic, inhibito-
ry and biorefractory organic compounds used extensively in chemical
industries for the manufacture of pesticides, pharmaceuticals and
synthetic dyes [120]. Chlorophenols have been detected during the
manufacture of pesticides, bleaching of industrial wastewater, and
chlorination of drinking water [121]. Phenolic compounds are very
toxic to human health and aquatic life. Consequently, removal of
them from wastewater is an environmental concern. These com-
pounds are removed very effectively by E-Fenton process. Pimentel
et al. [60] reported that total mineralization of phenol was obtained
at optimum experimental conditions. The degradation of various
chlorophenols by E-Fenton method was carried out by Song-hu and
Xiao-hua [122]. The degradation sequence of various chlorophenols
were in the following order: 2,4-dichlorophenol >2,4,6-trichlorophe-
nol >pentachlorophenol >4-chlorophenol. This order is different from
other AOP studies. The degradation pathways of chlorophenols were pro-
posed as ortho- and para-reaction by hydroxyl attack and direct
dechlorination by cathode reduction [122]. Further oxidation was
preceded by hydroxyl radical. Most of the residual chlorine was left in
the ring opening low molecule compounds [122]. 280.7 C electrical
charge was consumed during 450 min of electrolysis to attain
degradation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol and 14.9% TOC removal and
89.3% dechlorination have been reported by Irmak et al. [62]. The kinetics
of the oxidative degradation of several chlorophenols, such as mono-
chlorophenols (2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol), dichlorophenols
(2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,6-dichlorophenol), trichlorophenols (2,3,5-
trichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol), 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol,
and pentachlorophenol by the E-Fenton process have been investigated
using a carbon felt cathode [123]. It was demonstrated that the num-
ber and the position of the chlorine atoms in the aromatic ring signif-
icantly inuence the oxidation. The degradation followed a pseudo-
rst-order kinetics and the apparent rate constant follows the
sequence 4-chlorophenol >2-chlorophenol >2,4-dichlorophenol >and
2,6-dichlorophenol >2,3,5-trichlorophenol >2,4,5-trichlorophenol >2,3,
5,6-tetrachlorophenol >pentachlorophenol. It was also observed that
the mineralization rate of chlorophenols decreased with increasing the
number of chlorine atoms in the aromatic ring, conrming that the
more chlorinated phenols are, the more difcult to mineralize [123]. E-
Fenton process is highly efcient for the degradation of o-chlorophenol
[91]. Sankara Narayanan et al. [91] concluded that the non-availability
of sufcient concentrations of ferrous ions with electrolysis time limits
the efciency of the process. Under optimized conditions it is possible
to achieve more than 70% degradation and addition of goethite as a cat-
alyst did not show any signicant increase in the degradation of o-
chlorophenol. Irmak et al. [62] reported that in E-Fenton application,
degradation of the refractory aromatic ring was quite straightforward
but decomposition of all aliphatic products into carbon dioxide and
water, i.e. complete mineralization is time and energy consuming. On
the other hand, release of chlorine atoms from organic structure into
the aqueous solution as chloride ions takes place almost simultaneously
with the breaking-up of the aromatic ring. In other words, toxicity relat-
ed to the organochlorine structures is diminished in the early stages of
the E-Fenton treatment. Therefore, one can advise to continue to treat
the aqueous systemby using cheaper conventional techniques following
the breakdown of aromatic structures and in situ release of most of the
chlorine as chloride ions [62]. Degradation of 4-nitrophenol was carried
out in batch recirculation mode by Zhang et al. [32]. It was reported that
even under successful COD removal, E-Fenton process induces a syner-
getic effect on COD removal. Treatment of high concentration of 4-
nitrophenol in the undivided cell removed more than 98% of 4-
nitrophenol and about 13% of TOC [124]. Negligible quantity of nitrate
and nitrite ions detected indicates that there is no direct release of
NO
2
andNOgroups from4-nitrophenol andits degradationintermedi-
ates [124].
6.4. Leachate
Landlls are ubiquitous in modern society, and the proper man-
agement of their potential environmental impact is of the highest pri-
ority [125]. Landll leachate is dened as those aqueous streams
generated as a consequence of rainwater percolation through wastes,
biochemical processes in the wastes' cells and the inherent water
content of the wastes themselves [126]. Leachate may contain large
amounts of organic matter, of which humic-type constituents are an
important group, as well as ammonia-nitrogen, heavy metals and
chlorinated organic and inorganic salts. The removal of organic
material based on COD, biological oxygen demand and ammonium
from leachate is the usual prerequisite before discharging the leach-
ate into natural waters [126]. Only a few works on leachate treatment
by E-Fenton are reported. Altin [127] reported more than 90% color
removal efciency by E-Fenton process. 87% PO
4
P and 26% NH
4
N
removal from landll leachate under optimum conditions was
reported by Atmaca [20]. Also this study reported 72% COD and 90%
color removal. Mohajeri et al. [128] achieved 94% COD removal and
95.8%color removal from landll leachate. Treatment of high strength
landll leachate by E-Fenton process was studied by Zhang et al. [12].
Ti/RuO
2
and IrO
2
type electrodes were used as anode. They reported
that the process was very fast in the rst 30 min and then slowed
down till it was complete in 75 min. Atmaca [20] studied the charac-
teristics of sludge produced from landll leachate treatment by E-
Fenton process. The author reported that the sedimentation charac-
teristics of the waste are fairly good [20].
6.5. Drugs
A large number of pharmaceutical drugs have been recently
detected in water sources. For example chlorophene, a widespread
broad-spectrum antimicrobial pharmaceutical has been detected at
concentrations up to 50 mg/L in activated sludge sewage systems
and up to 10 mg/L in sewage treatment plant efuents and rivers
[39]. This pollution is originated from emission from production
sites, direct disposal of over plus drugs in households, excretion
after drug administration to humans and animals and treatments
throughout the water in sh and other animal farms [129]. Some of
the drugs are carcinogenic and mutagenic [130]. To avoid the danger-
ous health effects of such pollutants, potent oxidation methods are
needed to remove drugs and their metabolites from wastewaters
[56]. E-Fenton is one of such powerful tool for removing drugs from
wastewater. The catalytic behavior of the Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
system in the
E-Fenton degradation of the antimicrobial drug chlorophene mainly
depends on the cathode [39]. The authors reported that that E-
Fenton is a viable environmentally friendly technology for the reme-
diation of wastewaters containing chlorophene. The removal efcien-
cy of chlorophene by Pt/O
2
diffusion, BDD/O
2
diffusion, BDD/carbon
felt and Pt/carbon felt E-Fenton systems was compared. Maximumre-
moval of chlorophene is in the order of Pt/carbon felt systemfollowed
by BDD/carbon felt, BDD/O
2
diffusion and Pt/O
2
diffusion systems
[39]. Isarain-Chvez et al. [47] used two-electrode cells with a Pt or
boron-doped diamond anode and an air-diffusion cathode for H
2
O
2
electrogeneration, and four-electrode combined cells containing the
above pair of electrodes coupled in parallel to a Pt anode and a
carbon-felt cathode, to degrade the pharmaceutical blocker ateno-
lol by E-Fenton. Compared with the single cells, the corresponding
novel four-electrode combined systems enhance strongly the miner-
alization rate of atenolol in E-Fenton. Because of the fast Fe
2+
regen-
eration at the carbon-felt cathode favoring: (i) the production of
more amounts of OH from Fenton's reaction that destroy more rap-
idly aromatic pollutants and (ii) the formation of Fe(II) complexes
with nal carboxylic acids such as oxalic and oxamic, which are
more quickly oxidized with OH [47]. Solutions of about 0.25 mM
of the -blocker metoprolol tartrate (100 mg/L total organic carbon)
with 0.5 mM Fe
2+
in the presence and absence of 0.1 mM Cu
2+
with
pH 3.0 have been degraded under single and combined E-Fenton
conditions [56]. The study reported that the combined cell was
much more potent than the single one by the larger OH generation
from the continuous Fe
2+
regeneration at the carbon felt cathode,
accelerating the oxidation of organics. Total mineralization was fea-
sible using the combined cell in the presence of 0.1 mM Cu
2+
, be-
cause of the parallel quick oxidation of Cu(II) carboxylate
complexes by OH [56].
6.6. Others
Many other pollutant degradation was carried out successfully by
E-Fenton process. The details are given in Table 7. From Table 7, it is
very clear that E-Fenton is a very powerful and environmentally
friendly tool for wastewater treatment.
7. Degradation pathway of organic pollutants
One of the main advantages of E-Fenton process is the complete
mineralization and degradation of organic compounds. High perfor-
mance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and Gas chromatogra-
phymass spectrometry (GCMS) of electrolyzed wastewater
revealed the formation of different oxidation products. The decay ki-
netics for initial pollutants can be monitored by reversed-phase
HPLC. The proposed reaction sequence for the degradation of dye
Acid Red 97 using carbon felt cathode and Pt anode [40] is shown
in Fig. 6. The oxidation of Acid Red 97 under the action of OH gives
1,2-naphthalenediol, 1,1-biphenyl-4-amino-4-ol, 2-naphthalenol di-
azonium and 2-naphthalenol by the reduction of azo bonds. These
products undergo further oxidation and release 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-
naphthalenedion, phthalic anhydride, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,
phthaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4-amino-
benzoic acid and 2-formyl-benzoic acid. During this reaction most
of the nitrogen element went away from the dye structure as
NO
3
and NH
4
+
ions or nitrogen. After that gradual cleavage of aro-
matic ring occurs, and this leads to the formation of CO
2
as nal
product [40].
Table 7
Various pollutants removed by E-Fenton process.
No Pollutant/purpose Research highlights Reference
1 Aniline After 6 h of electrolysis at 100 mA 68% of TOC removal achieved. [131]
A fast aniline mineralization
Ammonium ions (7580% of initial nitrogen) were generated
2 Petrochemical wastewater More than 50% of COD removal efciency [132]
E-Fenton method is effective in treating this wastewater
3 Biological coking wastewater Optimum parameters were: pH 4, 1.8 h reaction time, 0.6 mM of Fe
2+
and 3.7 mA/cm
2
of current density
[79]
55% TOC removal
4 Industrial wastewater containing morpholine and
diethylethanolamine, as well as sodium salts of naphthalene
sulfonic acid and of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
Up to 64.5% of running costs can be cut when E-Fenton used [133]
100% current efciency in solutions polluted by organic substances
5 Dinitrotoluenes and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Nearly complete decomposition of nitrotoluenes under the optimal conditions
of electrode potential =6 V, T=303 K, O
2
=100 mL/min and iron(II)=15 mg/L.
[80]
6 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene After 5 min electrolysis, 70 and 99% of the initial TNT content were degraded
for 60 and 250 mA current intensity values
[61]
Minimum 22% of aromatic rings were cleaved at TNT disappearance time
35% of initial material reached the last step before mineralization,
7 2,6-Dimethylaniline 60% TOC removal efciency [77]
Oxalic acid was the major intermediate detected from 2,6-dimethylaniline degradation
8 Nonylphenol polyethoxylate Around 50% COD reduction [134]
95% nonylphenol polyethoxylate removal was achieved in 5 min for aqueous
solution and 10 min for wastewater treatment
9 COD reduction of rayon industry wastewater 88% COD was reduced in 50 min [59]
10 COD reduction of leather tanning industry wastewaters COD was reduced by 6070% within 10 min [29]
Over 70% COD removal for pH 3.
At a neutral pH, greater than 60% COD removal
Sulde concentration in the tannery industry wastewater was almost 100%
removed in 10 min
11 Benzene sulfonic acid 64% of TOC removal [135]
8. Conclusions
The application of E-Fenton on organic pollutant removal from
wastewater has received increased attention in the last decade. Dif-
ferent types of electrolytic reactors were used for E-Fenton study. Ef-
ciencies of various anode and cathode were evaluated and
compared. This process is very much dependent on pH, oxygen sparg-
ing rate, temperature of solution, applied current density, Fe
2+
con-
centration, hydrogen peroxide concentration and feeding mode,
distance between the electrodes and nature of the supporting electro-
lyte. Removal of various organic pollutants including dyes, drugs, her-
bicides and pesticides, leachate, phenolic compounds etc. by this
process was evaluated. Overall, E-Fenton process is a promising tech-
nology for applications in wastewater treatment.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to K. Sharath, Ranjith Kumar and T.G.
Parameswaran for the great support.
References
[1] H. Choi, S.R. Al-Abed, D.D. Dionysiou, E. Stathatos, P. Lianos, TiO
2
based advanced
oxidation nanotechnologies for water purication and reuse, Sustainability Sci.
Eng. 2 (2010) 229254.
[2] W.H. Glaze, Drinking-water treatment with ozone, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21
(1987) 224230.
[3] A.S. Stasinakis, Use of selected advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for waste-
water treatment a mini review, Global NEST 10 (2008) 376385.
[4] S.B. Wang, A comparative study of Fenton and Fenton-like reaction kinetics in
decolourisation of wastewater, Dyes Pigm. 76 (2008) 714720.
[5] H.J. Fenton, Oxidative properties of the H2O2/Fe
2+
system and its application, J.
Chem. Soc. 65 (1884) 889899.
[6] J. Kochany, E. Lipczynska-Kochany, Utilization of landll leachate parameters for
pretreatment by Fenton reaction and struvite precipitationa comparative
study, J. Hazard. Mater. 166 (2009) 248254.
[7] Y.W. Kang, K.Y. Hwang, Effects of reaction conditions on the oxidation efciency
in the Fenton process, Water Res. 34 (2000) 27862790.
[8] W.Z. Tang, Physicochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes, Lewis Publishers,
Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 2003.
[9] E. Neyens, J. Baeyens, A review of classic Fenton's peroxidation as an advanced
oxidation technique, J. Hazard. Mater. 98 (2003) 3350.
[10] J. Ma, W. Song, C. Chen, W. Ma, J. Zhao, Y. Tang, Fenton degradation of organic
compounds promoted by dyes under visible irradiation, Environ. Sci. Technol.
395 (2005) 58105815.
[11] F. Lcking, H. Kser, M. Jank, A. Ritter, Iron powder, graphite and activated car-
bon as catalysts for the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol with hydrogen peroxide in
aqueous solution, Water Res. 32 (1998) 26072614.
[12] H. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhou, Removal of COD from landll leachate by electro-
Fenton method, J. Hazard. Mater. 135 (2006) 106111.
[13] M.C. Lu, H. Zhang, Y.Y. Huang, S.Y. Wang, Inuence of inorganic ions on the min-
eralization of 2, 4-dinitrophenol by the Fenton reaction, Fresenius Environ. Bull.
14 (2005) 101104.
[14] J.H. Ramirez, C.A. Costa, L.M. Madeira, G. Mata, M.A. Vicente, M.L. Rojas-
Cervantes, A.J. Lpez-Peinado, R.M. Martn-Aranda, Fenton-like oxidation of Or-
ange II solutions using heterogeneous catalysts based on saponite clay, Appl.
Catal., B 71 (2007) 4456.
[15] A.. Gotvajn, J. Zagorc-Konan, Combination of Fenton and biological oxidation
for treatment of heavily polluted fermentation waste broth, Acta Chim. Slov.
52 (2005) 131137.
[16] J. Deng, J. Jiang, Y. Zhang, X. Lin, C. Du, Y. Xiong, FeVO
4
as a highly active hetero-
geneous Fenton-like catalyst towards the degradation of Orange II, Appl. Catal.,
B 84 (3) (2008) 468473.
[17] W. Li, Q. Zhou, T. Hua, Removal of organic matter from landll leachate by ad-
vanced oxidation processes: a review, Int. J. Chem. Eng. (2010) 110.
[18] E. Brillas, I. Sires, M.A. Oturan, Electro-Fenton process and related electrochem-
ical technologies based on Fenton's reaction chemistry, Chem. Rev. 109 (2009)
65706631.
[19] J. Li, Z. Ai, L. Zhang, Design of a neutral electro-Fenton system with Fe@Fe
2
O
3
/-
ACF composite cathode for wastewater treatment, J. Hazard. Mater. 164
(2009) 1825.
[20] E. Atmaca, Treatment of landll leachate by using electro-Fenton method, J. Haz-
ard. Mater. 163 (2009) 109114.
[21] J. Cheng-chun, Z. Jia-fa, Progress and prospect in electro-Fenton process for
wastewater treatment, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 8 (7) (2007) 11181125.
[22] E. Brillas, M.A. Banos, S. Camps, C. Arias, P.L. Cabot, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodrguez,
Catalytic effect of Fe
2+
, Cu
2+
and UVA light on the electrochemical degradation
of nitrobenzene using an oxygen-diffusion cathode, New J. Chem. 28 (2004)
314322.
[23] B. Gzmen, M.A. Oturan, N. Oturan, O. Erbatur, Indirect electrochemical treat-
ment of bisphenol A in water via electrochemically generated Fenton's reagent,
Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 37163723.
[24] J.M. Peralta-Hernndez, Y. Meas-Vong, F.J. Rodrguez, T.W. Chapman, M.I.
Maldonado, L.A. Godnez, In situ electrochemical and photo-electrochemical
generation of the Fenton reagent: a potentially important new water treatment
technology, Water Res. 40 (2006) 17541762.
[25] M.M. Ghoneim, H.S. El-Desoky, N.M. Zidan, Electro-Fenton oxidation of Sunset
Yellow FCF azo-dye in aqueous solutions, Desalination 274 (2011) 2230.
[26] Z.M. Qiang, Removal of selected hazardous organic compounds by electro-
Fenton oxidation process, PhD Thesis, Proquest Information and Learning Com-
pany, the United States, 2002 1020.
[27] E. Rosales, M. Pazos, M.A. Longo, M.A. Sanromn, Electro-Fenton decoloration of
dyes in a continuous reactor: a promising technology in colored wastewater
treatment, Chem. Eng. J. 155 (2009) 6267.
[28] D. Prabhakaran, T. Kannadasan, C. Ahmed Basha, Treatability of resin efuents
by electrochemical oxidation using batch recirculation reactor, Int. J. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 6 (3) (2009) 491498.
[29] U. Kurt, O. Apaydin, M. Talha Gonullu, Reduction of COD in wastewater from an
organized tannery industrial region by electro-Fenton process, J. Hazard. Mater.
143 (2007) 3340.
[30] M. Zhou, Q. Yu, L. Lei, G. Barton, Electro-Fenton method for the removal of methyl
red inan efcient electrochemical system, Sep. Purif. Technol. 573 (2007) 380387.
[31] S. Yuan, Y. Fan, Y. Zhang, M. Tong, P. Liao, Pd-Catalytic in situ generation of H
2
O
2
from H
2
and O
2
produced by water electrolysis for the efcient electro-Fenton
degradation of Rhodamine B, Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (19) (2011) 85148520.
[32] H. Zhang, C. Fei, D. Zhang, F. Tang, Degradation of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous me-
dium by electro-Fenton method, J. Hazard. Mater. 145 (2007) 227232.
[33] M. Panizza, G. Cerisola, Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollut-
ants, Chem. Rev. 109 (2009) 65416569.
[34] A.R. Khataee, V. Vatanpour, A.R. Amani Ghadim, Decolorization of C.I. Acid Blue 9 so-
lution by UV/nano-TiO
2
, Fenton, Fenton-like, electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation
processes: a comparative study, J. Hazard. Mater. 161 (2009) 12251233.
[35] E. Guivarch, S. Trevin, C. Lahitte, M.A. Oturan, Degradation of azo dyes in water
by electro-Fenton process, Environ. Chem. Lett. 1 (2003) 3844.
[36] Z. Ai, H. Xiao, T. Mei, J. Liu, L. Zhang, K. Deng, J. Qiu, Electro-Fenton degradation
of Rhodamine B based on a composite cathode of Cu
2
O nanocubes and carbon
nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 1192911935.
[37] I. Siminiceanu, C.I. Alexandru, E. Brillas, Energy saving by the intensication of
the electro-Fenton process for water treatment using boron doped diamond
electrode, Chem. Eng. Trans. 21 (2010) 7984.
[38] A. Lahkimi, M.A. Oturan, N. Oturan, M. Chaouch, Removal of textile dyes from
water by the electro-Fenton process, Environ. Chem. Lett. 5 (2007) 3539.
[39] I. Sirs, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodrguez, E. Brillas, N. Oturan, M.A. Oturan, Catalytic
behavior of the Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
system in the electro-Fenton degradation of the anti-
microbial chlorophene, Appl. Catal., B 72 (2007) 382394.
[40] B. Kayan, B. Gzmen, M. Demirel, A.M. Gizir, Degradation of Acid Red 97 dye in
aqueous medium using wet oxidation and electro-Fenton techniques, J. Hazard.
Mater. 177 (2010) 95102.
[41] H.S. El-Desoky, M.M. Ghoneim, R. El-Sheikh, N.M. Zidan, Oxidation of Levax CA
reactive azo-dyes in industrial wastewater of textile dyeing by electro-
generated Fenton's reagent, J. Hazard. Mater. 175 (2010) 858865.
[42] A. Ozcan, Y. Sahin, A.S. Koparal, M.A. Oturan, Degradation of picloram by the
electro-Fenton process, J. Hazard. Mater. 153 (2008) 718727.
[43] C. Flox, S. Ammar, C. Arias, E. Brillas, A.V. Vargas-Zavala, R. Abdelhedi, Electro-
Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton degradation of indigo carmine in acidic aque-
ous medium, Appl. Catal., B 67 (2006) 93104.
[44] A. Ozcan, Y. Sahin, A.S. Koparal, M.A. Oturan, A comparative study on the ef-
ciency of electro-Fenton process in the removal of propham from water, Appl.
Catal., B 89 (2009) 620626.
[45] N. Oturan, M. Zhou, M.A. Oturan, Metomyl degradation by electro-Fenton and
electro-Fenton-like processes: a kinetics study of the effect of the nature and
concentration of some transition metal ions as catalyst, J. Phys. Chem. A 114
(2010) 1060510611.
[46] M.C. Edelahi, N. Oturan, M.A. Oturan, Y. Padellec, A. Bermond, K.E. Kacemi, Deg-
radation of diuron by the electro-Fenton process, Environ. Chem. Lett. 1 (2004)
233236.
[47] E. Isarain-Chvez, C. Arias, P.L. Cabot, F. Centellas, R.M. Rodrguez, Mineralization
of the drug -blocker atenolol by electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton using
an air-diffusion cathode for H
2
O
2
electrogeneration combined with a carbon-felt
cathode for Fe
2+
regeneration, Appl. Catal., B 96 (2010) 361369.
[48] N. Borrs, R. Oliver, C. Arias, E. Brillas, Degradation of atrazine by electrochemi-
cal advanced oxidation processes using a boron-doped diamond anode, J. Phys.
Chem. A 114 (2010) 66136621.
[49] A.D. Pozzo, C. Merli, I. Sirs, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodriguez, E. Brillas, Removal of the
herbicide amitrole from water by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton, Environ.
Chem. Lett. 3 (2005) 711.
[50] Y.H. Huang, Y.F. Huang, P.S. Chang, C.Y. Chen, Comparative study of oxidation of
dye-Reactive Black B by different advanced oxidation processes: Fenton, electro-
Fenton and photo-Fenton, J. Hazard. Mater. 154 (2008) 655662.
[51] A. Wang, J. Qu, J. Ru, H. Liu, J. Ge, Mineralization of an azo dye Acid Red 14 by
electro-Fenton's reagent using an activated carbon ber cathode, Dyes Pigm.
65 (2005) 227233.
[52] H.C. Yatmaz, Y. Uzman, Degradation of pesticide monochrotophos from aque-
ous solutions by electrochemical methods, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 4 (2009)
614626.
[53] J. Ruiz, C. Arias, E. Brillas, A. Hernndez-Ramrez, J.M. Peralta-Hernndez, Mineral-
ization of Acid Yellow36 azo dye by electro-Fenton and solar photoelectro-Fenton
processes with a boron-doped diamond anode, Chemosphere 82 (2011) 495501.
[54] K. Cruz-Gonzlez, O. Torres-Lpez, A. Garca-Len, J.L. Guzmn-Mar, L.H. Reyes,
A. Hernndez-Ramrez, J.M. Peralta-Hernndez, Determination of optimum op-
erating parameters for Acid Yellow 36 decolorization by electro-Fenton process
using BDD cathode, Chem. Eng. J. 160 (2010) 199206.
[55] C.T. Wang, J.L. Hu, W.L. Chou, Y.M. Kuo, Removal of color from real dyeing waste-
water by electro-Fenton technology using a three-dimensional graphite cath-
ode, J. Hazard. Mater. 152 (2008) 601606.
[56] E. Isarain-Chavez, J.A. Garrido, R.M. Rodrguez, F. Centellas, C. Arias, P.L. Cabot, E.
Brillas, Mineralization of metoprolol by electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton
processes, J. Phys. Chem. A 115 (2011) 12341242.
[57] A. Dirany, S.E. Aaron, N. Oturan, I. Sirs, M.A. Oturan, J.J. Aaron, Study of the tox-
icity of sulfamethoxazole and its degradation products in water by a biolumi-
nescence method during application of the electro-Fenton treatment, Anal.
Bioanal. Chem. 400 (2011) 353360.
[58] B. Ramesh Babu, K. Seeni Meera, P. Venkatesan, D. Sunandha, Removal of fatty
acids from palm oil efuent by combined electro-Fenton and biological oxida-
tion process, Water Air Soil Pollut. 211 (2010) 203210.
[59] P. Ghosh, A.N. Samanta, S. Ray, Reduction of COD and removal of Zn
2+
from
rayon industry wastewater by combined electro-Fenton treatment and chemical
precipitation, Desalination 266 (2011) 213217.
[60] M. Pimentel, N. Oturan, M. Dezotti, M.A. Oturan, Phenol degradation by ad-
vanced electrochemical oxidation process electro-Fenton using a carbon felt
cathode, Appl. Catal., B 83 (2008) 140149.
[61] K. Ayoub, S. Nelieu, E.D. Hullebusch, J. Labanowski, I. Schmitz-Afonso, A.
Bermond, M. Cassir, Electro-Fenton removal of TNT: evidences of the electro-
chemical reduction contribution, Appl. Catal., B 104 (2011) 169176.
[62] S. Irmak, H.I. Yavuz, O. Erbatur, Degradation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol in
aqueous solution by electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes, Appl.
Catal., B 63 (2006) 243248.
[63] B. Balci, M.A. Oturan, N. Oturan, I. Sires, Decontamination of aqueous glyphosate,
(aminomethyl) phosphonic acid, and glufosinate solutions by electro-Fenton
-like process with Mn
2+
as the catalyst, J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (2009) 48884894.
[64] Y. Fan, Z. Ai, L. Zhang, Design of an electro-Fenton system with a novel sandwich
lm cathode for wastewater treatment, J. Hazard. Mater. 176 (2010) 678684.
[65] Z. Ai, T. Mei, J. Liu, J. Li, F. Jia, L. Zhang, J. Qiu, Fe@Fe2O3 core-shell nanowires as an
iron reagent. 3. Their combination with CNTs as an effective oxygen-fed gas dif-
fusion electrode in a neutral electro-Fenton system, J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007)
1479914803.
[66] C.T. Wang, W.L. Chou, M.H. Chung, Y.M. Kuo, COD removal from real dyeing
wastewater by electro-Fenton technology using an activated carbon ber cath-
ode, Desalination 253 (2010) 129134.
[67] S. Hammami, N. Bellakhal, N. Oturan, M.A. Oturan, M. Dachraoui, Degradation of
Acid Orange 7 by electrochemically generated OH radicals in acidic aqueous
medium using a boron doped diamond or platinum anode: a mechanistic
study, Chemosphere 73 (2008) 678684.
[68] M. Sudoh, H. Kitaguchi, K. Koide, Electrochemical production of hydrogen perox-
ide by reduction of oxygen, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 18 (1985) 409414.
[69] A.K. Abdessalem, N. Oturan, N. Bellakhal, M. Dachraoui, M.A. Oturan, Experimen-
tal design methodology applied to electro-Fenton treatment for degradation of
herbicide chlortoluron, Appl. Catal., B 78 (2008) 334341.
[70] G.V. Buxton, C.L. Greenstock, W.P. Helman, A.B. Ross, Critical Review of rate con-
stants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals
(OH/O
) in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. Data Ref. 17 (1988) 513886.

[71] M.A. Oturan, N. Oturan, C. Lahitte, S. Trevin, Production of hydroxyl radicals by
electrochemically assisted Fenton's reagent. Application to the mineralization
of an organic micropollutant, the pentachlorophenol, Electroanal. Chem. 507
(2001) 96102.
[72] J.H. Ramirez, F.M. Duarte, F.G. Martins, C.A. Costa, L.M. Madeira, Modelling of the
synthetic dye Orange II degradation using Fenton's reagent: from batch to con-
tinuous reactor operation, Chem. Eng. J. 148 (2008) 394404.
[73] J.J. Pignatello, Dark and photoassisted iron (3+)-catalyzed degradation of
chlorophenoxy herbicides by hydrogen peroxide, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26
(1992) 944951.
[74] H. Shemer, K.G. Linden, Degradation and by-product formation of diazinon in
water during UV and UV/H
2
O
2
treatment, J. Hazard. Mater. 136 (2006)
553559.
[75] Q. Wang, A.T. Lemley, Kinetic model and optimization of 2,4-D degradation by
anodic Fenton treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 45094514.
[76] M.Y.A. Mollah, R. Schennach, J.R. Parga, D.L. Cocke, Electrocoagulation (EC)
science and applications, J. Hazard. Mater. 84 (2001) 2941.
[77] W.P. Ting, M.C. Lu, Y.H. Huang, Kinetics of 2,6-dimethylaniline degradation by
electro-Fenton process, J. Hazard. Mater. 161 (2009) 14841490.
[78] N. Daneshvar, S. Aber, V. Vatanpour, M.H. Rasoulifard, Electro-Fenton treatment
of dye solution containing Orange II: inuence of operational parameters, J.
Electroanal. Chem. 615 (2008) 165174.
[79] X. Zhu, J. Tian, R. Liu, L. Chen, Optimization of Fenton and electro-Fenton oxida-
tion of biologically treated coking wastewater using response surface methodol-
ogy, Sep. Purif. Technol. 81 (2011) 444450.
[80] W.S. Chen, S.Z. Lin, Destruction of nitrotoluenes in wastewater by electro-
Fenton oxidation, J. Hazard. Mater. 168 (2009) 15621568.
[81] A.M.F.M. Guedes, L.M.P. Madeira, R.A.R. Boaventura, C.A.V. Costa, Fenton oxidation
of cork cooking wastewateroverall kinetic analysis, Water Res. 37 (13) (2003)
30613069.
[82] M. Umar, H.A. Aziz, M.S. Yusoff, Trends in the use of Fenton, electro-Fenton and
photo-Fenton for the treatment of landll leachate, Waste Manage. 30 (2010)
21132121.
[83] H. Zhang, H.J. Choi, C.P. Huang, Optimization of Fenton process for the treatment
of landll leachate, J. Hazard. Mater. B125 (2005) 166174.
[84] Y. Wu, S. Zhou, F. Qin, K. Zheng, X. Ye, Modeling the oxidation kinetics of
Fenton's process on the degradation of humic acid, J. Hazard. Mater. 179 (13)
(2010) 533539.
[85] P.F. Khamaruddin, M. Azmi Bustam, A. Aziz Omar, Using Fenton's reagents for
the degradation of diisopropanolamine: effect of temperature and pH, Interna-
tional Conference on Environment and Industrial Innovation IPCBEE, Singapore,
12, 2011.
[86] A. zcan, Y. Sahin, A.S. Koparal, M.A. Oturan, Carbon sponge as a new cathode
material for the electro-Fenton process: comparison with carbon felt cathode
and application to degradation of synthetic dye basic blue 3 in aqueous medium,
J. Electroanal. Chem. 616 (2008) 7178.
[87] B.H. Hameed, T.W. Lee, Degradation of malachite green in aqueous solution by
Fenton process, J. Hazard. Mater. 164 (2009) 468472.
[88] V. Homem, A. Alves, L. Santos, Amoxicillin degradation at ppb levels by Fenton's
oxidation using design of experiments, Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010)
62726280.
[89] J.A. Zazo, G. Pliego, S. Blasco, J.A. Casas, J.J. Rodriguez, Intensication of the
Fenton process by increasing the temperature, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 (2011)
866870.
[90] J.H. Sun, S.P. Sun, G.L. Wang, L.P. Qiao, Degradation of azo dye Amido black 10B
in aqueous solution by Fenton oxidation process, Dyes Pigm. 74 (2007)
647652.
[91] T.S.N. Sankara Narayanan, G. Magesh, N. Rajendran, Degradation of O-
chlorophenol from aqueous solution by electro-Fenton process, Fresenius Envi-
ron. Bull. 12 (7) (2003) 776780.
[92] F. Zhang, G.M. Li, X.H. Zhao, H.K. Hu, J.W. Huang, Study status and progress in
wastewater treatment by electro-Fenton method, Ind. Water Treat. 24 (2004)
913.
[93] M. Panizza, G. Cerisola, Removal of organic pollutants from industrial wastewa-
ter by electrogenerated Fenton's reagent, Water Res. 35 (2001) 39873992.
[94] M. Perez, F. Torrades, J.A. Garcia-Hortal, X. Domenech, J. Peral, Removal of organ-
ic contaminants in paper pulp treatment efuents under Fenton and photo-
Fenton conditions, Appl. Catal., B 36 (2002) 6374.
[95] M. Muruganandham, M. Swaminathan, Decolourisation of reactive orange 4 by
Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation technology, Dyes Pigm. 63 (2004)
315321.
[96] J. Anotai, C.C. Su, Y.C. Tsai, M.C. Lu, Effect of hydrogen peroxide on aniline oxida-
tion by electro-Fenton and uidized-bed Fenton processes, J. Hazard. Mater. 183
(2010) 888893.
[97] E. Fockedey, A.V. Lierde, Coupling of anodic and cathodic reactions for phenol
electro-oxidation using three-dimensional electrodes, Water Res. 36 (16)
(2002) 41694175.
[98] Z.M. Qiang, J.H. Chang, C.P. Huang, Electrochemical regeneration of Fe
2+
in
Fenton oxidation processes, Water Res. 37 (2003) 13081319.
[99] M. Diagne, N. Oturan, M.A. Oturan, Removal of methyl parathion from water by
electrochemically generated Fenton's reagent, Chemosphere 66 (2007)
841848.
[100] E. Brillas, J. Casado, Aniline degradation by electro-Fenton and peroxi-
coagulation processes using a ow reactor for wastewater treatment, Chemo-
sphere 47 (3) (2002) 241248.
[101] Z. Eren, F.N. Acar, Adsorption of Reactive Black 5 from an aqueous solution: equi-
librium and kinetic studies, Desalination 194 (2006) 110.
[102] G. Crini, Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: a review, Bio-
resour. Technol. 97 (2006) 10611085.
[103] J. Bandara, C. Morrison, J. Kiwi, C. Pulgarin, P. Peringer, Degradation/decoloration
of concentrated solutions of Orange II. Kinetics and quantum yield for sunlight
induced reactions via Fenton type reagents, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 99
(1996) 5766.
[104] S.D. Richardson, A.D. Thruston, T.W. Collette, K.S. Patterson, J. Lykins, J.C. Ireland,
Identication of TiO
2
/UV disinfection byproducts in drinking water, Environ. Sci.
Technol. 30 (1996) 33273334.
[105] T. Kowalkowski, M. Gadzala-Kopciuch, R. Kosobucki, K. Krupczynska, T. Ligor, B.
Buszewski, Organic and inorganic pollution of the Vistula River basin, J. Environ.
Sci. Health., Part A 42 (2007) 421426.
[106] D. Barcelo, Environmental protection agency and other methods for the deter-
mination of priority pesticides and their transformation products in water, J.
Chromatogr. A 643 (1993) 117143.
[107] J.J. Aaron, M.A. Oturan, New photochemical and electrochemical methods for the
degradation of pesticides in aqueous media environmental applications, Turk. J.
Chem. 25 (2001) 509520.
[108] B. Boye, M.M. Dieng, E. Brillas, Degradation of herbicide 4-chlorophenoxyacetic
acid by advanced electrochemical oxidation methods, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36
(13) (2002) 30303035.
[109] R.B. Rajendran, A. Subramanian, Pesticide residues in water from river Kaveri,
South India, Chem. Ecol. 13 (4) (1997) 223236.
[110] N. Sankararamakrishnan, A.K. Sharma, R. Sanghi, Organochlorine and organo-
phosphorous pesticide residues in ground water and surface waters of Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh, India, Environ. Int. 31 (1) (2005) 113120.
[111] R. Sanghi, M.K.K. Pillai, T.R. Jayalekshmi, A. Nair, Organochlorine and organo-
phosphorus pesticide residues in breast milk from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh,
India, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 22 (2003) 7376.
[112] J.P. Jani, J.S. Patel, M.P. Shah, S.K. Gupta, S.K. Kashyap, Levels of organochlorine
pesticides in human milk in Ahmedabad, India, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health
60 (1988) 111113.
[113] P.J. John, N. Bakore, P. Bhatnagar, Assessment of organochlorine pesticide resi-
due levels in dairy milk and buffalo milk from Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India, Envi-
ron. Int. 26 (4) (2001) 231236.
[114] D.W. Kolpin, E.M. Thurman, D.A. Goolsby, Occurrence of selected pesticides and
their metabolites in near-surface aquifers of the Midwestern United States, En-
viron. Sci. Technol. 30 (1) (1996) 335340.
[115] G. Kaichouh, N. Oturan, M.A. Oturan, K.E. Kacemi, A.E. Hourch, Degradation of the
herbicide imazapyr by Fenton reactions, Environ. Chem. Lett. 2 (2004) 3133.
[116] G. Kaichouh, N. Oturan, M.A. Oturan, A.E. Hourch, K.E. Kacemi, Mineralization of
herbicides imazapyr and imazaquin in aqueous medium by Fenton, photo-
Fenton and electro-Fenton processes, Environ. Technol. 29 (2008) 489496.
[117] A.K. Abdessalem, N. Bellakhal, N. Oturan, M. Dachraoui, M.A. Oturan, Treatment
of a mixture of three pesticides by photo- and electro-Fenton processes, Desali-
nation 250 (2010) 450455.
[118] F.J. Rivas, F.J. Beltrn, O. Gimeno, P. Alvarez, Treatment of brines by combined
Fenton's reagent-aerobic biodegradation II. Process modeling, J. Hazard. Mater.
B96 (2003) 259276.
[119] W. Gernjak, T. Krutzler, A. Glaser, S. Malato, J. Caceres, R. Bauer, A.R. Fernandez-
Alba, Photo-Fenton treatment of water containing natural phenolic pollutants,
Chemosphere 50 (2003) 7178.
[120] V. Kavitha, K. Palanivelu, Degradation of nitrophenols by Fenton and photo-
Fenton processes, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 170 (2005) 8395.
[121] A. Smeds, R. Franzen, L. Kronberg, Occurrence of some chlorinated enol lactones
and cyclopentene-1,3-diones in chlorinated waters, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29 (7)
(1995) 18391844.
[122] Y. Song-hu, L. Xiao-hua, Comparison treatment of various chlorophenols by
electro-Fenton method: relationship between chlorine content and degradation,
J. Hazard. Mater. B118 (2005) 8592.
[123] N. Oturan, M. Panizza, M.A. Oturan, Cold incineration of chlorophenols in aque-
ous solution by advanced electrochemical process electro-Fenton. Effect of
number and position of chlorine atoms on the degradation kinetics, J. Phys.
Chem. A 113 (2009) 1098810993.
[124] S. Yuan, M. Tian, Y. Cui, L. Lin, X. Lu, Treatment of nitrophenols by cathode reduc-
tion and electro-Fenton methods, J. Hazard. Mater. B137 (2006) 573580.
[125] B. Schroth, G. Sposito, Effect of landll leachate organic acids on trace metal ad-
sorption by kaolinite, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 14041408.
[126] A. Papastavrou, D. Mantzavinos, E. Diamadopoulos, A comparative treatment of
stabilized landll leachate: coagulation and activated carbon adsorption vs.
electrochemical oxidation, Environ. Technol. 30 (14) (2009) 15471553.
[127] A. Altin, An alternative type of photoelectro-Fenton process for the treatment of
landll leachate, Sep. Purif. Technol. 61 (2008) 391397.
[128] S. Mohajeri, H.A. Aziz, M.H. Isa, M.A. Zahed, M.N. Adlan, Statistical optimization
of process parameters for landll leachate treatment using electro-Fenton tech-
nique, J. Hazard. Mater. 176 (2010) 749758.
[129] A.I. Balcioglu, M. tker, Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing an-
tibiotics by O3 and O3/H2O2 processes, Chemosphere 50 (2003) 8595.
[130] T.A. Yamarik, Safety assessment of dichlorophene and chlorophene, Int. J.
Toxicol. 23 (2004) 127.
[131] E. Brillas, E. Mur, R. Sauleda, L. Sanchez, J. Peral, X. Domenech, J. Casado, Aniline
mineralization by AOP's: anodic oxidation, photocatalysis, electro-Fenton and
photoelectro-Fenton processes, Appl. Catal., B 16 (1998) 3142.
[132] W.P. Ting, Y.H. Huang, M.C. Lu, Catalytic treatment of petrochemical wastewater by
electro-assisted Fenton technologies, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 92 (1) (2007) 4148.
[133] G.R. Agladze, G.S. Tsurtsumia, B.I. Jung, J.S. Kim, G. Gorelishvili, Comparative
study of chemical and electrochemical Fenton treatment of organic pollutants
in wastewater, J. Appl. Electrochem. 37 (2007) 985990.
[134] A.F. Martins, M.L. Wilde, T.G. Vasconcelos, D.M. Henriques, Nonylphenol
polyethoxylate degradation by means of electrocoagulation and electrochemical
Fenton, Sep. Purif. Technol. 50 (2006) 249255.
[135] W.P. Ting, M.C. Lu, Y.H. Huang, The reactor design and comparison of Fenton,
electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes for mineralization of ben-
zene sulfonic acid (BSA), J. Hazard. Mater. 156 (2008) 421427.

2012 Trends in Electro Fenton Process For Water and Wastewater Treatment An Overview

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2012 Trends in Electro Fenton Process For Water and Wastewater Treatment An Overview

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Trends in electro-Fenton process for water and wastewater treatment: An overview

P.V. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi

results in lowering of pH in between 2 and 3. Cathode 2 in

) in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. Data Ref. 17 (1988) 513886.

You might also like