Presentation Biomass Namibia 07-11-13

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON BIOMASS TREATMENT
FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN NAMIBIA

Presentation Windhoek
7th November 2013
2
Many Thanks
to
Acknowledgment
This study has been supported through a Private Public Partnership fund (PPP) via
the Namibian Employers Federation (NEF) and Global Compact Network Namibia (GCNN)
that is financed through the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit
and supported by the German Government.
3
Overview
Introduction
Current Power Supply Situation
Current Biomass Situation
Concept Development
1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations
2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)
3.) Production of Biomass based Fuels
Summary / Recommendations
Transworld Cargo -
Profile
Market leader in logistics in Namibia, and beyond in the region

Successful market presence since 1986 for > 25 years

ISO 9001 certified since 1992

Medium sized company, 110 qualified employees

Extensive regional network and facilities

Transworld Cargo
Scope of Services

International Air Freight

International Sea Freight

Road Freight

Project logistics with a focus on energy projects, incl. renewable
energy

All in one concept
Scope of Services
Warehousing & Logistics

Customs Clearance

Courier Services

6
STEAG Energy Services Group
Plant Services Energy Technologies Nuclear Technologies System Technologies
Decommissioning and dismantling
of nuclear plants, safety, radiation
protection and realization of final
disposal sites
Design, site supervision and
commissioning of power plants
Operation & Maintenance, Control-
and Acceptance Measurements,
catalyst management and
regeneration, Staff services and
training
Energy Management Systems
Operation Management Systems
Communication Technologies
Site IT
STEAG Energy Services
Revenue 141.2 million
(consolidated)
Employees 1,542

data 2012

7
Overview of STEAG
Energy Services Group

do Brasil Ltda.
Rio de J aneiro, Brazil
Revenue: 10.6 million
Employees: 37

STEAG Energy Services LLC
Kings Mountain, USA
Employees: 64

STEAG Energy Services GmbH
Essen, Herne, Gelsenkirchen, Zwingenberg
Revenue: 87 million
Employees: 329
OPUS Personaldienstleistungen GmbH
Essen
Employees: 98
Subsidiary company
Side or branch office
Headquarters
STEAG Ensida Energy Services Ltd.
Ankara, Turkey
not consolidated
STEAG Energy Services (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Noida, India
Employees: 1,014

Santiago de Chile
STEAG Powitec GmbH
Essen
acquired September 1, 2012

Schweiz GmbH
Zurich, Switzerland
not consolidated

STEAG Energy Services Solar
Sevilla, Spain
founded 2012
Constanta, Romania
STEAG Energy Services iiG
J ohannesburg, South Africa
Sales (consolidated): 141.2 million
Employees: 1,542
8
Overview
Introduction
Concept Development
9
Current and Future Power
Supply Situation
- > 60 % power imports
- annual growth rate of 4.25 %
- power supply contracts not secured
(from 2016)
- danger of power demand gap
Innovative Policy and
Strategic Measures
are required!
NamPower
(Namibia)
Eskom
(South Africa)
Zesa
(Zimbabwe)
Zesco
(Zambia)
energy demand
gap
10

Estimated
Levelized Costs of Electricity
Decentralized Biomass
Power Stations:
- competitively viable
- base load capable
- independent on fuel
imports
- renewable energy
- independent on
whether conditions
Ruacana
Van Eck
Paratus
Anixas
Basic Objective:
cost-efficient and
competitively viable
power generation
All data without consideration of taxes/duties and grid use costs!
11
Overview
Introduction
Concept Development
12
Massive Bush Encroachment
- 26-30 million ha is affected
- 8-20 t/ha biomass amount
Decrease of Agriculture
Productivity
- loss of grazing land for cattle
- reduction of live-stock capacity
- economic losses of 1.6 billion N$/a

13
Biomass as Perspective
Fuel Source in Namibia
Energetic Utilization of Biomass
- availability of great unused biomass
amounts
- cheap national energy source
- renewable energy source (CO
2
-neutral)
- securing of natural conservation
- increase of agricultural productivity
- new job creation
- development of new economic value
chains
- improvement of national energy supply
base
reduction of power imports
potential to bridge a demand gap
3,0%

Potential: 23.4 Mil t/a
3.0%

3,0%

Potential: 23.4 Mil t/a
3.0%

Cement Industry
Schwek Cement
Bi omass Power Pl ant
CBEND
Bi omass Fuel Producti on
Ecol og (OBI)
Bushbl ok (CCF)
Bi ocoal (Green Coal )
Charcoal
Fi rewood

Total: 601,000 t/a
Cement Industry
Biomass Power Plant
Biomass Fuel Production
85,000 t/a
272,000 t/a
4,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
200,000 t/a
20,000 t/a
Cement Industry
Schwek Cement
Bi omass Power Pl ant
CBEND
Bi omass Fuel Producti on
Ecol og (OBI)
Bushbl ok (CCF)
Bi ocoal (Green Coal )
Charcoal
Fi rewood

Total: 601,000 t/a
Cement Industry
Biomass Power Plant
Biomass Fuel Production
85,000 t/a
272,000 t/a
4,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
10,000 t/a
200,000 t/a
20,000 t/a
Potential: 23.4 Mil. t/a
14
Overview
Introduction
Concept Development
15
Decentralized Biomass
Power Plants
- low levelized costs of electricity
- low biomass supply costs with good
fuel properties / combustion behavior
- no additional pre-treatment steps
- locations in proximity to supply and
demand areas
- minimal transportation costs
- minimal energy transmission losses
- capacities in accommodation with
- energy demand profiles of medium
sized towns
- regulatory authorization requirements
Decentralized Biomass Power Plants
with 5 MW Capacities on the Base of Biomass Chips
16
Site Selection
Pilot Plant: Okahandja (Otjozondjupa Region)
- part of heavily bush encroached area
- small municipality with industrial cluster
(e.g. food industries)
- direct access to national transport infrastructure
(good connectivity to local / international markets)
- combination possibility of local strategies with
regional/international strategies
Gobabis
Okahandja
Otjiwarongo
100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthi ya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Gobabis
Okahandja
Otjiwarongo
100 km 100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthi ya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Locations for Expansion Opportunities:
Otjiwarongo, Grootfontein, Tsumeb,
Otavi, Gobabis
17
Biomass to Energy Plant
(STEAG plant BMK Lnen)

STEAG Group operates 11 decentralized
Biomass Power Stations in Germany:
Power Output: 1 - 20 MW
el
District Heating Output: 0 - 18 MW
th
18
Resource Supply Situation
Power Output [MW]
Population [-]
Theoretical Power Demand [MW]
Biomass Demand (undried) [t/a]
Bush Density [t/ha] 10 - 15 15 - 20
Average Bush Density [t/ha]
Harvesting Amount [%]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 7,000 - 14,000 5,000 - 10,000
Average Harvest Area [ha/a]
Total Harvest Area for
10-Year-Harvest-Cycle
[ha]
Harvest Radius [km] 15.4 - 21.4 12.8 - 18.1
50 50
10,500 7,500
105,000 75,000
12.5 17.5
45,000 45,000
Okahandja Otjiwarongo
5 5
Location
28,000
5.4 6.7
22,500
Assumptions
- Operating Hours: 7,500 h/a
- Electrical Efficiency: 25 %
- Water Content (before Drying): 40 %
- Calorific Value (before Drying): 12.5 MJ/kg
- Water Content (after Drying): 10 %
- Calorific Value (after Drying): 18 MJ/kg
- Harvesting Cycle: 10 a
- Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %
Parameter Unit Range No. Scenario 1 No. Scenario 2 No. Scenario 3 No. Scenario 4
Harvesting Amount [t/a] - - 30.000 - 30.000 - 30.000 - 30.000
Biomass Price [N$/t] 0 - 50 - 0 - 0 - 50 - 50
Availability Factor [%] 50 - 100% - 100% - 50% - 100% - 50%
Excavator [N$] 1.500.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000
Mobile Chipper [N$] 2.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000
Tractor (with Gripper Arm) [N$] 1.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000
Trailer [N$] 500.000 4 2.000.000 6 3.000.000 4 2.000.000 6 3.000.000
Truck [N$] 1.000.000 4 4.000.000 6 6.000.000 4 4.000.000 6 6.000.000
Investment Costs [N$] - 24.000.000 27.000.000 24.000.000 27.000.000
Service Lifetime [a] 10 - 10 - 10 - 10 - 10
Maintenance Costs [N$] 2 % of Inv. / a - 480.000 - 540.000 - 480.000 - 540.000
Personnel Costs [N$/a] - 41 1.175.000 45 1.275.000 41 1.175.000 45 1.275.000
Fuel Costs [N$/a] - - 3.254.400 - 3.384.000 - 3.254.400 - 3.384.000
Biomass Supply Costs [N$/t] - - 275,0 - 298,0 - 325,0 - 348,0
Biomass Plant [N$] 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000
Skip Loader [N$] 1.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000
Maintenance Costs [N$/a] 3 % of Inv. / a - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000
Personnel Costs [N$/a] - 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000
=
LCOE [N$/kWh] - - 1,027 - 1,046 - 1,067 - 1,086
19
Economic Analysis
Rough estimated Levelized Costs of Electricity between 1.0 and 1.1 N$/kWh
Competitiveness of Biomass based Power Generation
Recommendation: Realization of a 5 MW Pilot Plant in Okahandja
20
Overview
Introduction
Concept Development
21
Decentralized Hybrid
Power Plants
Decentralized Hybrid Power Plants (combined Biomass Solar Plants)
with 5 MW Capacities on the Base of Biomass Chips
- low levelized costs of electricity
- innovation
- sustainability
- diversification of supply
- utilization of high irradiation conditions
- good adjustment to energy demand profiles
- biomass for base load power generation
- solar for peak load power generation
Recommendation:
Feasibility Study in a Namibian Context
22
Decentralized Hybrid
Power Plants
Film?
Hybrid Power Plant
23
Concentrated Solar Power Plant
(STEAG plant Arenales/Spain)
Solar Field
Capacity: 50 MW (170 GWh/a)
Total Area: 295 ha
Parabolic Trough: 156 loops (510,000 m
2
)
Thermal Molten Salt Storage
Capacity: 7 h full load operation
during nighttime
Commissioning
October / November 2013
24
Overview
Introduction
Concept Development
25
Production of Biomass
Based Fuels
Biomass Chips
Biomass Pellets
Biomass
Briquettes/Logs
Torrefied Biomass/
Biocoal Pellets
Pelletizing
Briquetting
D
r
y
i
n
g
Torrefaction
Fine
Grinding
Pelletizing
F
i
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e
G
r
i
n
d
i
n
g
F
i
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e
G
r
i
n
d
i
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g
Coarse
Grinding
Pelletizing
Briquetting
D
r
y
i
n
g
Torrefaction
Fine
Grinding
Pelletizing
F
i
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e
G
r
i
n
d
i
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g
F
i
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e
G
r
i
n
d
i
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g
Coarse
Grinding
Raw Biomass
(Invader Bush)
26
Biomass Based Fuels
- Chips -
Typical Material Properties
Calorific Value: 9-12 MJ/kg
Moisture Content: 30-45 wt.-%
Volatile Matter: 70-75 wt.-%
Ash Content: 0-2 wt.-%
Bulk Density: 150-250 kg/m
3
Energy Density: 2-3 GJ/m
3
Hydrophobic: No
Grindability in Coal Mills: No
Production Costs: Low
Transportation Costs: High
Fields of Application
wide biomass power plants,
industrial furnaces
Potential Evaluation National Consumption
great potential low production costs,
good combustion behavior
Potential Evaluation Export
no potential missing competitiveness
(low bulk/energy density,
high transportation costs)
particle size:
0 100 mm
27
Biomass Based Fuels
- White Pellets -
3
Energy Density: 7.5-11 GJ/m
3
Hydrophobic: No
Production Costs: High
Transportation Costs: Medium
great coal-fired power plants, industrial
furnaces, households
great potential high bulk/energy density,
medium transportation costs
great potential high biomass demand (industrial pellets
in Europe), high bulk/energy density,
medium transportation costs
28
Biomass Based Fuels
- White Pellets -
[26] - IEA bioenergy - Global wood pellet industry market and trade study
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
Sweden
Denmark
UK
Belgium
NL
W
o
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d

p
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t

d
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a
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d

m
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t
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t
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s

Source: IEA Bioenergy
High Biomass Demand in Countries with Financial Support System for Co-firing
in existing Coal-fired Power Plants (Increasing Demand in Future)
High Biomass Import Rates due to limited Biomass Resources in Europe
29
Biomass Based Fuels
- Black / Bio-Coal Pellets -
3
Energy Density: 22-24 GJ/m
3
Hydrophobic: Yes
Grindability in Coal Mills: Yes
Production Costs: Very High
Transportation Costs: Low
Source: Andritz
great coal-fired power plants,
industrial furnaces
great potential if bio-coal market will established
(e.g. Van Eck PP / NamPower)
great potential if bio-coal market will be established
(better material properties in
comparison to white pellets)
30
Units
Biomass
Chips, undried
Biomass
Briquettes/Logs
Biomass Pellets
Torrefied Bio-
mass Pellets
Fossil Coal
[MJ /kg] 9 13 16 18 16 18 20 25 24 29
[wt.-%] 30 45 8 12 8 12 1 5 7 18
[wt.-%] 70 75 70 75 70 75 55 65 21 36.5
[wt.-%] 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 6 30
[kg/m
3
]
150 250 350 - 500 550 750 750 850 800 850
[GJ /m
3
]
2 3 5.2 7.4 7.5 11 15 20 22 24
[-] Yes Yes Yes No No
[-] No No No Yes Yes
[-] Low Medium High Very High -
[-] High Medium Low Low Very Low
Production Costs
Transportation Costs
Grindability
in Standard Coal mill
Ash
Bulk Density
Energy Density
Hydrophobic
(Interaction with Water)
Calorific Value
Moisture
Volatile Matter
Characteristics
Biomass Based Fuels
- Property Comparison -
31
Biomass Based Fuels
- Concept Development -
Biomass Based Fuel Production in Combination
with Decentralized Biomass or Hybrid Power Plants
- utilization of synergy effects
- logistic / harvesting structures
- heat and power demand from
decentralized power plant
- personal stuff
- increase of product quality
(separation of fine and coarse particles,
combustion in biomass power plant)
- pilot plant capacity of 50,000-100,000 t/a
at Okahandja (Otjozondjupa Region)
- potential markets:
- Windhoek (NamPower, Meatco, Namibia Breweries, )
- Erongo Region (Mining Sector, Gecko Vision Industrial Park, )
- Europe (Coal-fired Power Plants in UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, )
32
Economic Analysis
32
Parameter Unit Chips
White
Pellets
Bio-Coal
Pellets
Harvesting Amount [t/a] 145,000 145,000 210,000
Biomass Price [N$/t] 0 - 50 0 - 50 0 - 50
Availability Factor [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100 50 - 100
Service Lifetime [a] 10 10 10
Harvesting Costs [N$/t] 287 - 375 287 - 375 287 - 375
Investment Costs per Plant [N$] - 96,000,000 300,000,000
Pellet Production Costs [N$/t] - 572 - 660 905 - 1,030
Transport Costs (<250 km) [N$/t] 100 - 325 32 - 85 28 - 58
Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 356 - 444 640 - 724 973 - 1,098
Supply Costs per Energy [N$/GJ] 19.7 - 24.6 35.5 - 40.5 44.2 - 49.9
Transport Costs (<600 km) [N$/t] 380 - 730 100 - 230 80 - 150
Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 757 - 845 710 - 794 1,023 - 1,148
Supply Costs per Energy [N$/GJ] 42.0 - 46.9 39.4 - 44.1 46.5 - 52.2
Transport Costs (ARA) [N$/t] 1,300 630 580
Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 2,057 - 2,145 1,340 - 1,424 1,583 - 1,708
Supply Costs per Energy [N$/GJ] 114 - 119 74.4 - 79.1 71.2 - 77.6
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Transportation Distance
defines the
Biomass based Product
with the lowest
Supply Costs per Energy!
Lowest Supply Costs:
Windhoek Chips
Erongo Region White Pellets
Europe Black Pellets
33 33
Economic Analysis
Discussion:
Chips vs. Bio-coal as Fuel Supply for Van Eck
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
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34
Overview
Introduction
Concept Development
35
Recommendation Concept Decentralized Biomass Power Plants:
Realization of a 5 MW Pilot Plant in Okahandja

Recommendation Concept Decentralized (CSP / Biomass) Hybrid Power Plants:
Feasibility Study in a Namibian Context

Discussion Concept Production Biomass based Fuels:
Chips vs. Bio-coal as Fuel Supply for Van Eck
37
Current Power Supply
Situation
National Power Generation (2012)
500 MW capacity 1,500 GWh/a generation
National Power Demand (2012)
550 MW demand 4,000 GWh/a demand
gap between power generation and power demand
Power Station Energy Source Power Capacity Commissioning Operation Mode
Ruacana
(Kunene River)
Water
249 MW (till 2012)
332 MW
1972
(2012 upgraded)
Base Load
Van Eck
(Windhoek)
Coal
120 MW
(4 x 30 MW)
1972 Peak Load
Paratus
(Walvis Bay)
Heavy Fuel Oil
24 MW
(4 x 6 MW)
1976 Peak Load
Anixas
(Walvis Bay)
Heavy Fuel Oil 22,5 MW 2011 Peak Load
38
Plant Description and Typical Plant Site
Fuel Storage
- delivery via truck
- open/canopied fuel storage
(capacity: appr. 500 t for 4-5 days)
- bunker system with push floors
(capacity: appr. 100 t for 1 day)
- intermediate bunker at combustor
(capacity: appr. 8 t for 1-2 hours)
Combustor
- grate furnace with primary/secondary
air staging system for combustion control
Boiler System
- economizer, evaporator and super heater
(typical steam parameters: 60 bar; 430 C)
Flue Gas Cleaning System
- baghouse filter or E-filter, stack
Steam Turbine/Generator
39
Grate Type
Biomass to Energy Plant
C intermediate fuel bunker
C fuel through put
C travel grate
C furnace
C superheater
evaporator
C economizer
primary / secondary air
wet ash extractor
1 flue gas cleaning
40
Harvesting Options
40
manual harvesting mechanical harvesting
with skid-steer loader
mechanical harvesting
with excavator
mechanical harvesting
with vehicle type
kangaroo
- different harvesting methods are applied in Namibia
- every mechanical harvesting method has a capacity
of appr. 100.000 tons per year and vehicle
slight advantages of mechanical harvesting with excavator
evaluation
matrix
41
Plant Description and
Typical Plant Site
1 Boiler House
2 Biomass Combustor
3 Boiler
4 Cyclones
5 Baghouse Filter or E-Filter
6 ID Fan
7 Stack
8 Residue Silo
9 Air-cooled Condenser
10 Open Biomass Fuel Storage
11 Storage Boxes
12 Push Floor (canopied)
13 Fuel Oil Tanks
14 Turbine Room
15 Control Room
16 Water Treatment
17 Pipe Rack
18 Trafo Boxes
19 Unit Transformer
20 Pipe Rack
21 Solar Field
22 Absorber
Possible Size for Solar Field with Absorber
1 Boiler House
2 Biomass Combustor
3 Boiler
4 Cyclones
5 Baghouse Filter or E-Filter
6 ID Fan
7 Stack
8 Residue Silo
9 Air-cooled Condenser
10 Open Biomass Fuel Storage
11 Storage Boxes
12 Push Floor (canopied)
13 Fuel Oil Tanks
14 Turbine Room
15 Control Room
16 Water Treatment
17 Pipe Rack
18 Trafo Boxes
19 Unit Transformer
20 Pipe Rack
21 Solar Field
22 Absorber
Possible Size for Solar Field with Absorber
Single axis
tracking
Direct steam generation
Fixed receiver
Combination via joint Water-Steam-Cycle
with one Turbine / Generator
Biomass Combustion Plant
Design and function corresponds to
decentralized biomass pp concept
Solar Thermal Plant
Technology: Fresnel reflectors
Heat Transfer Medium: saturated steam
(typical parameters: 55 bar / 270 C)
pre-heating / vaporizing of feed water for
the biomass combustion boiler
42
Power Output [MW]
Population [-]
Theoretical Power Demand [MW]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 7,000 - 14,000 5,000 - 10,000
[ha]
50 50
10,500 7,500
105,000 75,000
12.5 17.5
45,000 45,000
Okahandja Otjiwarongo
5 5
Location
28,000
5.4 6.7
22,500
Assumptions
43
Economic Analysis
At the Moment no Economic Analysis possible due to limited Data
concerning the Development of Plant Design
Important Parameters:
- solar share due to energy demand fluctuations during the whole day
(daytime / nighttime demand)
- solar irradiation conditions (DNI Index Direct Normal Irradiation)
(e.g. appr. 0.5 t/h saturated steam per 1,000 m
2
land area
at 800 W/m
2
corrected DNI)
- implementation point for saturated steam from solar field
(EBSILON calculation)
Recommendation:
Further Detail Study in due Consideration of Namibian Conditions
44
limited households, small-scale industrial
applications
low potential limited demand and
existing supply
low potential limited demand and
existing supply
Biomass Based Fuels
- Briquettes/Logs -
3
Energy Density: 5.2-7.4 GJ/m
3
Hydrophobic: No
Production Costs: Medium
Transportation Costs: Medium
Briquette
Biomass Dust
Screw Feeder
Cooling Zone
Fly Wheel
Piston
Eccentric Tappet
Feed Duct
Shape Duct
(Variable)
Pressed Biomass
Briquette
Biomass Dust
Screw Feeder
Cooling Zone
Fly Wheel
Piston
Eccentric Tappet
Feed Duct
Shape Duct
(Variable)
Pressed Biomass
particle size:
20 x 6 x 6 cm
45
Biomass Based Fuels
- Briquettes/Logs -
Diameter mm
Length mm
Moisture Content %
Ash Content %
Net Calorific Value MJ/kg
Particle Density g/cm
3
Additives wt%
S %
N %
Cl %
As mg/kg
Cd mg/kg
Cr mg/kg
Cu mg/kg
Pb mg/kg
Hg mg/kg
Zn mg/kg
Unit
0.03
0.04 - 0.11
15.5 15.9 - 18.2
0.3 0.51 - 0.65
0.05 - 0.07
P
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P
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Parameter
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y

C
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p
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n
< 0.43
< 2.13
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l
e
m
e
n
t
s
10.0
0.5
< 10.7
< 0.27
< 5.33
< 3.73
10.0
0.1
100
< 1.81
n.a.
n.a.
1.7 - 6.6
4.3 - 10.2
n.a.
n.a.
Invader Bush " ENplus"
Briquetts
variable
variable variable
DIN EN 14961-3
100
0.1
10.0
10.0
" DINplus"
variable
Briquetts
1.0
1.0
0.02
0.7
12 15
1.5
15.3
1.0
0.03
0.5
<2 % Biomass Only
0.02
1.0
0.5
10.0
10.0
Quality Standards existent, but not required for Marketing Opportunities in Europe
46
Biomass Based Fuels
- White Pellets -
" DINplus" " ENplus A1" " ENplus A2" Class B
Pellets Pellets Pellets Pellets
Diameter mm 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 n.a.
Length mm 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 n.a.
Moisture Content % 10 10 10 10 4.3 - 10.2
Ash Content % 0.7 0.7 1.5 3.0 1,7 - 6,6
Bulk Density kg/m 600 600 600 600 n.a.
Net Calorific Value MJ/kg 16.5 - 19.0 16.5 - 19.0 16.3 - 19.0 16.0 - 19.0 15.9 - 18.2
Ash Melting Behavior C 1,200 1,200 1,100 n.a. n.a.
Fines < 3,15mm 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 n.a.
Additives wt% n.a.
S % 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.05 - 0.07
N % 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.51 - 0.65
Cl % 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 - 0.11
As mg/kg 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 < 2.13
Cd mg/kg 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 < 0.43
Cr mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 1.81
Cu mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 3.73
Pb mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 5.33
Hg mg/kg 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 < 0.27
Zn mg/kg 100 100 100 100 < 10.7
<2 % Biomass Only
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
T
r
a
c
e

E
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y

C
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
Invader Bush
DIN EN 14961-2
Unit Parameter
Quality Standards in Europe existent, but only required for Marketing Opportunities
of high Quality Pellets (certificated DINplus/ENplus Pellets)
47
Multiple Heat Furnace
Rotary Kiln Reactor
Torbed Reactor
Screw Conveyor Reactor Moving Bed Reactor Oscillating Belt Reactor
Multiple Heat Furnace
Rotary Kiln Reactor
Torbed Reactor
Screw Conveyor Reactor Moving Bed Reactor Oscillating Belt Reactor
Source: ECN
Biomass Based Fuels
48
Gas Loop linked to
Burner (low O
2
)
Gas Loop with
Exchanger (no O
2
)
Torrefaction
Indirect heating Direct heating
- Stramproy Green (Netherlands)
Oscillating Belt Reactor
- 4Energy Invest (Belgium)
- ECN (Netherlands)
Moving Bed Reactor
- Rotawave (United Kingdom)
(Micro Wave Reactor)
- Thermya/Areva (France)
Moving Bed Reactor
- Topell Energy (Netherlands)
Torbed Reactor
- ThyssenKrupp Pol ysius (Germany)
Multiple Hearth Furnace
- Andritz (Denmark)
- Andritz (Austria)
Rotary Kiln Reactor
- TorrCoal (Netherlands)
Rotary Kiln Reactor
- Fox Coal (Netherlands)
ScrewConveyor Reactor
- BioLake (Netherlands)
Gas Loop linked to
Burner (low O
2
)
Gas Loop with
Exchanger (no O
2
)
Torrefaction
Indirect heating Direct heating
- Stramproy Green (Netherlands)
- 4Energy Invest (Belgium)
- ECN (Netherlands)
Moving Bed Reactor
- Rotawave (United Kingdom)
(Micro Wave Reactor)
- Thermya/Areva (France)
Moving Bed Reactor
- Topell Energy (Netherlands)
Torbed Reactor
- ThyssenKrupp Pol ysius (Germany)
- Andritz (Denmark)
- Andritz (Austria)
Rotary Kiln Reactor
- TorrCoal (Netherlands)
Rotary Kiln Reactor
- Fox Coal (Netherlands)
- BioLake (Netherlands)
Biomass Based Fuels
49
[N$/t] - - 400 - 650
[N$/GJ] - - 31 - 50
[N$/t] 1,000 - 1,500 1,500 - 2,600 2,000 - 3,000
[N$/GJ] 56 - 83 83 - 144 111 - 167
[N$/t] - - 3,000 - 3,250
[N$/GJ] - - 167 - 181
[N$/t] - 2,000 - 2,500 1,650 - 1,850
[N$/GJ] - 111 - 139 89 - 103
[N$/t] - - 1,950 - 2,350
[N$/GJ] - - 89 - 103
Namibia South Africa Europa
Chips*
Briquetts**
DinPlus
Industrial
White Pellets**
Black Pellets***
* calorific Value: 12 - 13 MJ /kg
** calorific value: 17 - 18 MJ /kg
*** calorific value: 22 - 25 MJ /kg
Biomass Based Fuels
- Price Comparison -
50
Plant Description
- White / Black Pellets -
Torrefaction
Reactor
Ai r or Water
Cooling System
Hot Steam/
Hot Water
Pelletization
Screw Feeder
Ai r Cooling
System
Dosage,
Pressing
Additi ves
Conveyor
Belt
Transport
System
Hammer
Mill
Heat Exchange
(Indirect Suppl y)
Condi tioning
Loading or Storage Silo
Storage with
Chipped Raw
Material
Onl y for
Torrefaction
Torrefaction
Reactor
Ai r or Water
Cooling System
Hot Steam/
Hot Water
Pelletization
Screw Feeder
Ai r Cooling
System
Dosage,
Pressing
Additi ves
Conveyor
Belt
Transport
System
Hammer
Mill
Heat Exchange
(Indirect Suppl y)
Condi tioning
Loading or Storage Silo
Storage with
Chipped Raw
Material
Onl y for
Torrefaction
51
Gobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthi ya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Additional
Demand for
Biomass Pellet
Production
Max
Biomass
Demand for
Decentralized
Power Plant
Max
Okahandja
Gobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km 100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthi ya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Additional
Demand for
Biomass Pellet
Production
Max
Biomass
Demand for
Decentralized
Power Plant
Max
Okahandja
Power Output [MW]
Pellet Output [t/a]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 23,000 - 46,000 17,000 - 34,000
[ha]
350,000 255,000
12.5
35,000
145,000
17.5
25,500
50 50
Location Okahandja Otjiwarongo
5
100,000
5
100,000
145,000
Assumptions
- White Pellets -
52
Gobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthi ya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Additional
Demand for
Bio-coal Pellet
Production
Max
Biomass
Demand for
Decentralized
Power Plant
Max
Okahandja Gobabis
Otjiwarongo
100 km 100 km
Swakopmund
Walvis Bay
Arandis
Usakos
Omaruru
Grootfontein
Tsumeb
Outjo
Windhoek
Karibib
Otavi
Oshivela
Omuthi ya
Ondangwa
Oshikango
Bush Density:
Low 8-12 t/ha
Medium 12-16 t/ha
High 16-20 t/ha
Additional
Demand for
Bio-coal Pellet
Production
Max
Biomass
Demand for
Decentralized
Power Plant
Max
Okahandja
Power Output [MW]
Torrefied Pellet Output [t/a]
Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100
Harvest Area [ha/a] 34,000 - 68,000 24,000 - 48,000
[ha]
50 50
Otjiwarongo
5
Location Okahandja
5
100,000 100,000
210,000
12.5
210,000
17.5
51,000
510,000 360,000
36,000
Assumptions
- Black Pellets -
53 53
[N$/t] 400 - 650 1,650 - 1,850 1,950 - 2,350
[N$/GJ] 31 - 50 89 - 103 89 - 103
[N$/t] 2,057 - 2,145 1,340 - 1,424 1,583 - 1,708
[N$/GJ] 114 - 119 74.4 - 79.1 71.2 - 77.6
* calorific Value: 12 - 13 MJ /kg
** calorific value: 17 - 18 MJ /kg
*** calorific value: 22 - 25 MJ /kg
Chips* White Pellets** Black Pellets***
Current Market Prices (ARA)
Biomass Supply Costs (ARA)
Economic Analysis
Supply Chain Costs

Supply Chain cost critical for the viability of biomass utilisation projects due t
its impact on generation costs

< 30 % for local destinations

50 % for international destinations

Pref. on local consumption model vs. export
Namibia transport
infrastructure
(1) Defined linear network with N-S and W-E extension
(2) Large distances between population/economic hubs
(3) Defined transport/trade patterns and corresponding trade flows
These patterns
Favour harvesting areas along these transport network lines
Dis-favour areas that are de-linked from these networks (prohibitive
additional costs) for equipment mobilisation and transportation)

Supply Chain Steps
Three Supply Chain Steps
Local level: from Farm (harvesting) to Site (processing)
Regional level: from Site (supply) to local/regional Markets (demand)
International level: from Site supply) to International Port Destination (demand)

(1) Local level: farm to site
Core parameters

Transport costs
Specialised equipment: to cater for low bulk density product
Distance: Harvesting radius of current biomass utilisation programs
vary between 25 75 km (supported by recent Nampower study)
20 N$ per running km

Additional costs
Storage. Handling and packing
+/- 60 N$
(2) Regional level: plant to site
Core parameters
Distance between Processing site and Market (12.5 N$ p. running km)
Alignment of biomass transport with existing trade patterns
One way versus return rates for on-/off areas (+ 100% transport costs)
Varying modal ton/km transport rates (differ by a factor of 2.5)
Absolute variation between 0.2 N$ and 1 N$ per t/km (factor 5)

Destination Distance [km] Rail [N$/t] Road [N$/t]
Walvis Bay 353 141 138
Windhoek 70 77 28
Tsumeb 530 213 208
Oshakati 810 388 319
Keetmanshoop 580 230 228
J ohannesburg 1500 n.a. 303

(3 International level: plant to
int. port destinations
Include inland transport, port charges, ocean freight
Break bulk transport preferable due to available transport
infrastructure and (sea freight) services
Impact of economy of scales
Conclusions
Supply chain costs impact on viability of biomass utilization projects, due to
its relative share of generation costs

More specifically: transport economics are a critical component for
locational options

Decision on biomass processing projects need to analyse the underlying
transport economics on a case by case mode

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FEASIBILITY STUDY ON BIOMASS TREATMENT

FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN NAMIBIA

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