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    Marco Villanueva
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    Service factors or safety factors are used in specifications for industrial equipment to help ensure performance exceeds requirements. Three common ways to apply a safety factor to cooling tower design are: 1) Lowering the cold water temperature or raising the wet bulb temperature, but this non-linearly increases cost; 2) Increasing the water flow rate, which has a one-to-one effect on tower size and cost; 3) Increasing the temperature range by raising the hot water temperature, which usually requires only a small increase in tower size and cost. The most realistic method for a safety factor is increasing the water flow rate, as it provides the most flexibility even if it is not the cheapest option.

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    Service Factors

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    Service factors or safety factors are used in specifications for industrial equipment to help ensure performance exceeds requirements. Three common ways to apply a safety factor to cooling tower design are: 1) Lowering the cold water temperature or raising the wet bulb temperature, but this non-linearly increases cost; 2) Increasing the water flow rate, which has a one-to-one effect on tower size and cost; 3) Increasing the temperature range by raising the hot water temperature, which usually requires only a small increase in tower size and cost. The most realistic method for a safety factor is increasing the water flow rate, as it provides the most flexibility even if it is not the cheapest option.

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    24 views2 pages

    Service Factors: Jalal Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Marco Villanueva
    Service factors or safety factors are used in specifications for industrial equipment to help ensure performance exceeds requirements. Three common ways to apply a safety factor to cooling tower design are: 1) Lowering the cold water temperature or raising the wet bulb temperature, but this non-linearly increases cost; 2) Increasing the water flow rate, which has a one-to-one effect on tower size and cost; 3) Increasing the temperature range by raising the hot water temperature, which usually requires only a small increase in tower size and cost. The most realistic method for a safety factor is increasing the water flow rate, as it provides the most flexibility even if it is not the cheapest option.

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    of 2

    Jalal Engineering Page 1 of 2

    ServiceFactors

    ByOvaisShuja,ProjectManager
    JalalEngineering,Karachi

    Servicefactorsorsafetyfactorsareusedinthepreparationofspecificationsformostindustrial
    equipment.Thesecanbethoughtofasmultiplierstohelpensurethatthedevicewillequalor
    exceedthedesiredperformance.Insomecases,thefactorsareusedtoincreaseflexibility.
    Operationatconditionsappreciablydifferentfromthedesignissometimesmadepossibleinthis
    manner.
    CTIGearStandardSTD-111specifiesaminimumservicefactorof2.0forcoolingtower
    rightanglespiralbevelgears.Insomeinstances,electricalmotorsarespecifiedwitha1.1or
    1.15servicefactorforcoolingtowerduty.Likewise,quiteoftenduringthedesignstageofa
    coolingtower,itisconsideredappropriatethataservicefactorbebuiltintothethermal
    performancecapabilityofthecoolingtower.
    Consequently,inmanyinstancesthenumberspresentedinacoolingtowerinquiryfor
    thermalperformancedesignrepresentasomewhatmorestringentconditionthanthatactuallyto
    beencounteredintheoperationoftheunit.Thisconservative"factor"inthecoolingtower
    design'sparametersiscertainlynotanunjustifiablefactor;however,weshouldgivesomeclose
    attentiontowherethisfactorshouldbeappliedanditsconsequenteffectontheoverallcostof
    theinstalledcoolingtower.

    1. LowerColdWaterTemperatureorHigherWetBulbTemperature:Acommon
    misconceptionistotakethesafetyfactorintheformoflowercoldwatertemperatureor
    higherwetbulbtemperature,whichineithercasereducestheapproach(coldwater
    temperatureminuswetbulbtemperature).This,ofcourse,isaneffectivemannerinwhich
    totakeasafetyfactor.
    However,itquiteoftencanbemisleadingduetothefactthatthoseunfamiliarwith
    coolingtowerratingproceduresareunawarethatclosingtheapproachdoesnotvary
    linearlywithcoolingtowersizeandcost.Forexample,adecreaseinapproachfrom20Fto
    19Fwouldresultinanincreaseincostofabout5%,whileadecreasefrom5Fto4F
    wouldrequireabout20%morecoolingtower.

    Jalal Engineering Page 2 of 2



    2. HigherWaterFlowRate:Anotherschemethatisoftenusedtoobtain"safety"istostatea
    largerGPM(gallonsperminute)thanwillactuallyberequired.Wherethismethodisused,
    theeffectonthecoolingtowersizeandpriceisessentiallyaone-to-oneorstraight-line
    effect.Hence,a10%servicefactorstatedasa10%increaseaboveactualcirculatingwater
    flowrequirementsisfairlyrepresentativeofbothtowersizeandtowercost.
    Nevertheless,onecautionmustbeobserved;competentmanufacturerswill
    endeavortodesignforoptimumperformanceattheinquiryconditions.Iftheactual
    operatingwaterloadingisappreciablylower,theefficiencyofthetowermaybemarkedly
    reducedduetopoorwaterdistributionand/orimproperwettingofthefill.Thus,an
    overzealousefforttoobtainasafetyfactorinthismannercould,insomeinstances,resultin
    anactuallossinperformance.

    3. HigherRange:Thethirdmethodusedtoobtainaservicefactoristooverstatetherange
    (hot-watertemperatureminuscold-watertemperature)byarbitrarilyraisingthehotwater
    temperature(HWT)requirement.Withthismethod,itismucheasierforthetowertoaccept
    additionalloadandperformsatisfactorilywhenthisloadisbeingaddedintheformofhigher
    hot-watertemperature.Formostordinaryconditions,anappreciableincreaseinHWT
    requiresonlyarelativelysmallincreaseinthesizeandcostofthecoolingtower.
    Consequently,thisisusuallyagoodmethodofobtainingsafety.
    Again,thereisacautiontobeobserved.Becertainthatthecondenser,or
    equipmentbeingservedwiththiscoolingtowerwater,iscapableoftakingthehigherhot-
    watertemperaturesontheleavingsidesofthecondenserwithoutlargeadverseeffects.
    Thiswillallowtheadvantagetobetakenofextraperformancecapabilitiesbuiltintothe
    coolingtower.

    Insummary,asafetyfactorinapproachwillcauseanincreaseinthecoolingtowersizeandprice
    ataratiothatmaybeeitherhigherthanorequivalenttoone-to-one,anincreaseinGPMisona
    one-to-oneratio,andanincreaseinrangeisusuallylessthanone-to-oneratio.Themost
    realisticmethod,then,isasafetyfactorinwaterflow.Althoughnotthecheapest,itgivesthe
    mostflexibilityinconnectionwithpossiblefutureneeds.

    Thankyou!Ifyouhavequestionsorcomments,feelfreetoemailmeatoshuja@cyber.net.pk,or
    callmeatJalalEngineeringat[021]636-1960,680-6374.

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