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172
and the temperatures and pressures are then known at all the significant states.
Next, taking a control volume around the compressor, we determine the shaft
work required by the compressor, w
c
, assuming negligible heat losses, by applying the
steady-flow energy equation:
0 = h
2
h
1
+ w
c

or
w
c
= h
1
h
2
= c
p
( T
1
T
2
) [Btu/lb
m
| kJ/kg] (5.3)
Similarly, for the turbine, the turbine work produced is
w
t
= h
3
- h
4
= c
p
( T
3
T
4
) [Btu/lb
m
| kJ/kg] (5.4)

The net work is then
w
n
= w
t
+ w
c
= c
p
( T
3
T
4
+ T
1
T
2
) [Btu/lb
m
| kJ/kg] (5.5)
Now taking the control volume about the heater, we find that the heat addition per
unit mass is
q
a
= h
3
h
2
= c
p
( T
3
T
2
) [Btu/lb
m
| kJ/kg] (5.6)
The cycle thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work to the heat supplied to the
heater:

th
= w
n
/q
a
[dl] (5.7)
which by substitution of Equations (5.1), (5.2), (5.5), and (5.6) may be simplified to

th
= 1 ( p
2
/p
1
)
(k1)/k
[dl] (5.8)
It is evident from Equation (5.8) that increasing the compressor pressure ratio increases
thermal efficiency.
Another parameter of great importance to the gas turbine is the work ratio , w
t
/|w
c
|.
This parameter should be as large as possible, because a large amount of the power
delivered by the turbine is required to drive the compressor, and because the engine net
work depends on the excess of the turbine work over the compressor work. A little
algebra will show that the work ratio w
t
/|w
c
| can be written as:
w
t
/|w
c
| = ( T
3
/T
1
) / ( p
2
/p
1
)
(k1)/k
[dl] (5.9)


173
Note that, for the ideal cycle, the thermal efficiency and the work ratio depend on only
two independent parameters, the compressor pressure ratio and the ratio of the turbine
and compressor inlet temperatures. It will be seen that these two design parameters are
of utmost importance for all gas turbine engines.
Equation (5.9) shows that the work ratio increases in direct proportion to the ratio
T
3
/T
1
and inversely with a power of the pressure ratio. On the other hand, Equation
(5.8) shows that thermal efficiency increases with increased pressure ratio. Thus, the
desirability of high turbine inlet temperature and the necessity of a tradeoff involving
pressure ratio is clear. Equation (5.9) also suggests that increases in the ratio T
3
/T
1
allow the compressor pressure ratio to be increased without reducing the work ratio.
This is indicative of the historic trend by which advances in materials allow higher
turbine inlet temperatures and therefore higher compressor pressure ratios.
It was shown in Chapter 1 that the area of a reversible cycle plotted on a Ts
diagram gives the net work of the cycle. With this in mind, it is interesting to consider a
family of cycles in which the compressor inlet state, a, and turbine inlet temperatures
are fixed, as shown in Figure 5.2. As the compressor pressure ratio p
b
/p
a
approaches 1,
the cycle area and hence the net work approach 0, as suggested by the shaded cycle
labeled with single primes. At the other extreme, as the compressor pressure ratio
approaches its maximum value, the net work also approaches 0, as in the cycle denoted
by double primes. For intermediate pressure ratios, the net work is large and positive,
indicating that there is a unique value of compressor pressure ratio that maximizes the
net work. Such information is of great significance in gas turbine design,
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