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Tongue
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ situated in the floor of the mouth. It is associated with the functions of
taste,speech,mastication and deglutition. It has an oral part that lies in the mouth,and a pharyngeal
part that lies in the pharynx. The oral and pharyngael parts are separated by a V-shaped sulcus,the
sulcus terminalis

Tongue comprises skeletal muscle which is voluntary.These voluntary muscles start behaving as
involuntary in any classroom-funny?
Thanks to the taste buds that the multiple hotels, restaurants, fast food outlets,chat-pakori shops,etc.
are flourishing. One need not be too fussy about the taste of the food. Nutritionally, it should be
balanced and hygienic.
"Tongue is barely three inches long, but it can kill a person six feet tall." Tongue appears very
mobile, still it cannot be swallowed like food, because tongue is anchored to hyoid
bone,mandible,styloid process and soft palate. Four intrinsic and three extrinsic muscles of tongue are
supplied by hypoglossal nerve. Only palatoglossus is supplied by vagoaccessory complex. In paralysis of
hypoglossal nerve, the tip of tongue if protruded gets deviated to the paralysed side.
The tongue has:
1. A root,
2. A tip,and
3. A body,which has:
A curved upper surface or dorsum.
An inferior surface
INTRODUCTION
EXTERNAL FEATURES
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Tongue
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The dorsum of the tongue,epiglottis and palatine tonsil.

The dorsum is divided into oral and pharyngeal parts. The inferior surface is confined to the
oral part only.
The root is attached to the styloid process and soft palate above, and to mandible and the hyoid bone
below. Because of these attachments, we are not able to swallow the tongue itself. In between the two
bones, it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.

The tip of the tongue forms the anterior free end which, at rest, lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
The dorsum of the tongue is convex in all directions. it divided into:
An oral part or anterior two-thirds.
A pharyngeal part or posterior one-third,
By a faint V shaped groove, the sulcus terminalis. The two limbs of the 'V' meet at a median pit, named
the foramen caecum. they run laterally and forwared up to the palatoglossal arches. The foramen
caecum represents the site from which the hhyroid diverticulum grows down in thge embryo. The oral
and pharyngeal parts of the tongue differ in their development, topography, structure, and function.
The oral or papillary part of the tongue is placed on the floor of the mouth. Its margins are free and in
contact with the gums and teeth. Just in front of the palatoglossal arch, each margin shows 4 To 5
vertical folds, named the foliate papillae.
The superior surface of the oral part shows a median furrow and is covered with papillae which make
it rough.
The inferior surface is covered with a smooth mucous membrane, which shows a median fold called
the frenulum linguae.
On either side of the frenulum, there is a prominence produced by the deep lingual veins. More
laterally there is a fold called the plica fimbriata that is directed forwared and medially towards the tip
of the tongue.
The pharyngeal or lymphoid part of the tongue lies behind the palatoglossal arches and the sulcus
terminalis. Its posterior surafce, sometimes called the base of the tongue, forms the anterior wall of the
oropharynx. The mucous membrane has no papillae,but has many lymphoid follicles that collectively
constitute the lingual tonsil. Mucous glands are also present.
The posteriormost part of the tongue is connected to the epiglottis by three-folds of mucous
membrane. These are the median glossoepiglottic fold and the right and left lateral glossoepiglottic
fold. On either side of the median fold, there is a depression called the vallecula. The lateral folds
separate the vallecula from piriform fossa.
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The inferior surface of tongue and the floor of the mouth.

These are projections of mucous membrane or corium which give the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
its characteristic roughness. These are of the following three types.
PAPILLAE OF THE TONGUE
1. vallate or circumvallate papillae- They are large in size 1-2 mm in diameter and are
8-12 in number. They are situated immediately in front of the sulcus terminalis. Each papilla is a
cylindrical projection surrounded by a circular sulcus. The walls of the papilla are raised above
the surface
2. The fungoform papillae-are numerous near the tip and margins of the tongue, but some
of them are also scattered over the dorsum. These are smaller than the vallate papillae. but
larger than the filiform papillae. each papilla consists of a narrow pedicle and a large rounded
head. They are distinguished by their bright red colour
3. The filiform papillae or conical papillae-cover the presulcal area of the dorsum of
the tongue, and give it a characteristic velvety appearance. They are the smallest and most
numerous of the lingual papillae. Each iis pointed and covered with keratin; the apex is often
split into filamentous processes.
4. foliate papillae-few foliate papillae are also present.
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papilla of tongue
A middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves. Each half contains four intrinsic
and four extrinsic muscles
Intrinsic Muscles
1. Superior longitudinal.
2. Inferior longitudinal.
3. Transverse.
4. Vertical.
Extrinsic Muscles
1. Genioglossus.
2. Hyoglossus.
3. Styloglossus.
4. Palatoglossus.

The intrinsic muscle occupy the upper part of the tongue, and are attached to the submucous
fibrous layer and to the median fibrous septum. They alter the shape of the tongue. The superior
longitudinal muscle lies beneath the mucous membrane. It shortens the tongue and makes its dorsum
concave.
The inferior longitudinal muscle is a narrow band lying close to the inferior surface of the tongue
betwwen the geniglossus and the hyoglossus. It shortens the tongue and makes its dorsum convex.
The transverse muscle extends from the median septum to the margins. it makes the tongue narrow
and elongated. The vertical muscle is found at the borders of the anterior part of the tongue. It makes
the tongue broad and flattened.
The extrinsic muscles connect the tongue to the mandible via genioglossus; to hyoid bone through
hyoglossus; to the styloid process via styloglossus, and the palate via palatoglossus.
Intrinsic muscles of Tongue
MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
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Intrinsic muscles of Tongue
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Extrinsic muscles of Tongue
Muscle of tongue
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Extrinsic muscle of tongue
1. Muscle- Palatoglossus
Origin- Oral surface of palatine aponeurosis
Insertion- Descends in the palatoglossal arch to the side od tongue at the junction of oral and
pharyngeal parts
Action- Pulls up the root of tongue
2. Muscle- Hyoglossus
Origin- whole length of greater cornua and lateral part of hyoid bone
Insertion- Side of tongue betwwen styloglossus and inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
Action- Depresses Tongue, Makes dorsum convex.
3. Muscle-Styloglossus
Origin- Tip and part of anterior surface of styloid process
Insertion- Into the side of tongue
Action- pulls tongue upwards and backwards
4. Muscle-Genioglossus(Fan shaped bulky muscle)
Origin- Upper genial tubercle of mandible
Insertion- Upper fibers into the tip of tongue. Middle fibres into the dorsum. Lower fibres
into the hyoid bone
Action- Retracts the tongue.Depresses the tongue.Pulls the posterior part of tongue.It is life
saving muscle
It is derived from the tortuous lingual artery a branch of the external carotid artery. The root thye
tongue is also supplied by the tonsillar a branch of facial artery, and ascending pharyngeal barnch of
external carotid.
The arrangement of the vena comitantes/veins of the tongue is variable. Two venae comitantes
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF TONGUE
VENOUS DRAINAGE
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accompany the lingual artery, and one vena comitantes accompanies the hypoglossal nerve. The deep
lingual vein is the largest and principle vein of the tongue. It is visible on the inferior surface of the
tongue. It runs backwards and cross the genioglossus and the hyoglossus below the hypoglossal nerve.

These veins unite at the posterior border of the hyoglossus to form the lingual vein which ends in
the internal jugular vein
1. The tip of the tongue drains bilaterally to the submental nodes.
2. The anterior two-thirds of the tongue drain unilaterally to the submandibular nodes.
3. The posterior one-thirds of the tongue drains bilaterally to the jugulo-omohyoid nodes.
4. The posterior most part of the tongue drains bilaterally into the upper deep cervical lymph
nodes.
lYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
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Lymphatic drainage of tongue
Motor Nerves
All the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles except the palatoglossus, are supplied by the
hypoglossal nerve, The palatoglossus is supplied by the cranial root of the accessory nerve through the
pharyngeal plexus.
Sensory nerves
The lingual nerves is the nerve of genral sensation and the chorda tympani is the
nerve of taste for the anterior two-thirds of the except vallate papillae.

The glossopharyngeal nerve is the nerve for both genral sensation and taste for the posterior
one-third of the tongue including the circumvallate papillae. The posterior most part of the tongue is
supplied by the vagus nerve through the internal laryngeal branch.
Nerve supply- Sensory
Anterior two-thirds-lingual
posterior one-third-Glossopharyngeal
posterior most part or vallecula- Internal laryngael branch of vagus
Nerve supply- Taste
Anterior two-thirds- Chorda tympani except vallate papillae
Posterior one-third- Glossopharyngeal including the vallate papillae
Posterior most part or vallecula- Internal laryngeal branch of vagus
NERVE SUPPLY
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Nerve supply of tongue
1. The bulk of the tongue is made up of striated muscles.
2. The mucous membrane consists os a layer of connective tissue lined by stratified squamous
epithelium. On the oral part of the dorsum, it is thin ,forms papillae, and is adherent to the
muscles. On the pharyngeal part of the dorsum, it is very rich in lymphoid follicles. On the
inferior surface, it is thin and smooth. Numerous glands, both mucous and serous lie deep to the
mucous membrane.
3. taste buds are most numerous on the sides of the vallate papillae, and on the walls of the
surrounding sulci. taste buds are numerous over the foliate papillae and over the posterior one -
thirds of tongue; and sparsely distributed on the fungiform papillae,the soft palate,the epiglottis
and the pharynx. there are no taste buds on the mid-dorsal region of the oral part of the tongue.
1. Epithelium
Anterior two-thirds: From two lingual swellings and one tuberculum impar, which arise from
the first branchial arch. The tuberculum impar soon disappears.therfor, it is supplied by
lingual nerve and chorda tympani
Posterior one-third: From the third arch Therefore,it is supplied by the glossopharyngeal
nerve.
posterior most part from the fourth arch. This is therefore supplied by the vagus nerve.
2. Muscles
The muscles develop fromn the occipital myotomes which are supplied by the hypoglossal
nerve
3. Connective Tissue
The connective tissue develops from the local mesenchyme
HISTOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
TASTE PATHWAY
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Posted by amin dubaliya at 11:50 PM
The taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue except from vallate papillae is carried by chorda
tympani branch of facial till the geniculate ganglion. The central processes go to tractus
solitarius in the medulla.
Taste from posterior one-third of tongue including the vallate papillae is carried by cranial
nerve 9 th till the inferior ganglion. The central processe also reach the tractus solitarius
Taste from posterior most part of tongue and epiglottis travels through vagus nerve till the
inferior ganglion of vagus. These central processes also also reach tractus solitarius.
After a relay in tractus solitarius, the solitariothalamic tract is formed which becomes a part
of trigeminal lemniscus and reaches posteroventromedial nucleus of thalamus of the opposite
side. Another relay here takes them to lowest part of postcentral gyrus, which is the area for
taste.
Taste pathway
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