VI - Self Study Exam Preparatory Note-Part 1

ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT
2014-August
My Self Study Exam Preparatory Notes
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Fion Zhang
2014/August/15
http://meilishouxihu.blog.163.com/
5 5
ASNT Certification Guide
NDT Level III / PdM Level III- VT - Visual Testing
Length: 2 hours Questions: 90
1. Fundamentals
Vision and light
Ambient conditions
Test object characteristics
2. Equipment Accessories
Magnifiers/microscopes
Mirrors
Dimensional
Borescopes
Video systems
Automated systems
Video technologies
6 6
Machine vision
Replication
Temperature sensitive markers and surface comparators
Chemical aids
Photography
Eye
3. Techniques/Calibration
Diagrams and drawings
Raw materials
Primary process materials
J oining processes
Fabricated components
In-service materials
Coatings
Other applications
Requirements
7 7
4. Interpretation/ Evaluation
Equipment including type and intensity of light
Material including the variations of surface finish
Discontinuity
Determination of dimensions (i.e.: depth, width, length, etc.)
Sampling/scanning
Process for reporting visual discontinuities
Personnel (human factors)
Detection
5. Procedures and Documentation
Hard copy
Photography
Audio/video
Electronic and magnetic media
8 8
6. Safety
Electrical shock
Mechanical hazards
Lighting hazards
Chemical contamination
Radioactive materials
Explosive environments
Reference Catalog Number
NDT Handbook: Second Edition: Volume 8,
Visual and Optical Testing 133
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Visual and
Optical Testing 2263
ASM Handbook: Vol. 17, NDE and QC 105
SI Multiplier
http://www.poynton.com/notes/units/
Other Reading:
http://quizlet.com/29958394/visual-inspection-test-flash-cards/
Reading 1
Key Points Only
Reading 1
Section 1: Introduction to Visual & Optical Testing
Chapter 1: Fundamental of Light & Lighting
About Vision
Keywords:
Wavelength that excite retina 380~770 nm (380 x10
-9
~ 770 x10
-9
m)
Electromagnetic theory also known as Maxwell Theory
Planks Quantum theory E= hv, h = planks constant (1.626 x 10
-34
J oule.
Second), v = frequency (Hz)
Keywords:
Light Spectrum
Keywords:
Light Spectrum
Keywords:
Scoptic & Photopic Visions
Keywords:
Photopic--daylight--response of the human eye
380nm 770nm
Keywords:
Scotopic- night response of the human eye. Note the loss of sensitivity to
blue and red wavelengths.
Keywords:
Scotopic & Photopic
http://www.nature.nps.gov/night/science.cfm
Keywords:
Subtractive primaries
Additive primaries
Magenta
Cyan
Keywords:
Refraction Index n = V
v
/ V
m ,
Speed of light in medium, C = v / n
V
v
= Velocity of light in vacuum
V
m
= Velocity of light in material
Light Refraction: Refractive Index of Medium
Refraction Index n = V
v
/ V
m
,
Speed of light in medium, C = v / n
Light Refraction: Snell Law
Sin
1
/ V
1
= Sin
2
/ V
2
, Sin
1
n
1
= Sin
2
n
2
As the speed of light is reduced in the slower medium, the wavelength is
shortened proportionately. The frequency is unchanged; it is a characteristic
of the source of the light and unaffected by medium changes.
Sin 1 n1 = Sin 2 n2
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/shwave/refraction.cfm
Surface Luminance: Inverse Square Law
Surface Luminance:
E = I / d
2
E = Source luminance, I= Source
illuminances, d= distance
Surface Luminance: Inverse Square & Lambert Law
Surface Luminance:
E = I / d
2
x Cos
E = Surface luminance, I= Source
illuminances, d= distance,
= angle of incidence from normal
Surface Luminance: Inverse Square & Lambert Law
Surface Luminance:
E = I / d
2
x Cos
Surface Luminance: Lamberts Law
In optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous
intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse
radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle between the
observer's line of sight and the surface normal. The law is also known as the
cosine emission law[3] or Lambert's emission law. It is named after J ohann
Heinrich Lambert, from his Photometria, published in 1760.
A surface which obeys Lambert's law is said to be Lambertian, and exhibits
Lambertian reflectance. Such a surface has the same radiance when viewed
from any angle. This means, for example, that to the human eye it has the
same apparent brightness (or luminance). It has the same radiance because,
although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the
cosine of the emission angle, the apparent size (solid angle) of the observed
area, as seen by a viewer, is decreased by a corresponding amount.
Therefore, its radiance (power per unit solid angle per unit projected source
area) is the same.
Surface Luminance: Lamberts Cosine Law
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%27s_cosine_law
Surface Luminance: Lamberts Cosine Law
Surface Luminance:
E = I / d2 x Cos ,
Sin 1 / V1 = Sin 2 / V2 ,
Sin 1 n1 = Sin 2 n2 ,
Keywords:
Absorptive Characteristic
Selective absorptive material distinctive color
Non-selective absorptive material- black or gray appearance
Transmitive Characteristics
Transparent materials- Transmitted light without apparent scatter.
Translucent materials- Transmitted large part of light with scattered some
portion due to diffusion (diffusion?)
Opaque materials- Transmit no light, all of the spectrum is absorbed or
reflected or combination of both.
Surface irregularities reflected the
light toward from camera
Flood the surface with as much
light as possible and minimize
shadow.
Surface irregularities reflected the light away from
camera
As with dark field front, this set-
up requires the camera to shown
dark field.
Edges detection on opaque
objects
The lambert (symbol L, la or Lb) is a non-SI unit of luminance named for
J ohann Heinrich Lambert (17281777), a Swiss mathematician, physicist and
astronomer. A related unit of luminance, the foot-lambert, is used in the
lighting, cinema and flight simulation industries. The SI unit is the candela per
square metre (cd/m).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_(unit)
Chapter 2: Physiology of Vision
http://starizona.com/acb/basics/observing_theory.aspx
The Eyes
Keywords:
Iris- Contracted, dilated
Pupils-
Chromatic aberration
Spherical aberration
Note: An aberration is something that
deviates from the normal way.
Rods and Cones
The retina contains two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. The rods
are more numerous, some 120 million, and are more sensitive than the cones.
However, they are not sensitive to color. The 6 to 7 million cones provide the
eye's color sensitivity and they are much more concentrated in the central
yellow spot known as the macula. In the center of that region is the " fovea
centralis ", a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed
cones.
The experimental evidence suggests that among the cones there are three
different types of color reception. Response curves for the three types of
cones have been determined. Since the perception of color depends on the
firing of these three types of nerve cells, it follows that visible color can be
mapped in terms of three numbers called tristimulus values. Color perception
has been successfully modeled in terms of tristimulus values and mapped on
the CIE chromaticity diagram.
Rod and Cone Density on Retina
Cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis. Rods are absent there but
dense elsewhere.
Visual examination of small detail involves focusing light from that detail onto
the fovea centralis. On the other hand, the rods are absent from the fovea. At
a few degrees away from it their density rises to a high value and spreads
over a large area of the retina. These rods are responsible for night vision,
our most sensitive motion detection, and our peripheral vision.
Measured density curves for the
rods and cones on the retina show
an enormous density of cones in
the fovea centralis. To them is
attributed both color vision and the
highest visual acuity.
Rod and Cone Density on Retina
Cone Details
Current understanding is that the 6 to 7 million cones can be divided into "red"
cones (64%), "green" cones (32%), and "blue" cones (2%) based on
measured response curves. They provide the eye's color sensitivity. The
green and red cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis . The "blue"
cones have the highest sensitivity and are mostly found outside the fovea,
leading to some distinctions in the eye's blue perception.
The cones are less sensitive to light than the rods, as shown a typical day-
night comparison. The daylight vision (cone vision) adapts much more rapidly
to changing light levels, adjusting to a change like coming indoors out of
sunlight in a few seconds. Like all neurons, the cones fire to produce an
electrical impulse on the nerve fiber and then must reset to fire again. The
light adaption is thought to occur by adjusting this reset time.
The cones are responsible for all high resolution vision. The eye moves
continually to keep the light from the object of interest falling on the fovea
centralis where the bulk of the cones reside.
Rod Details
The rods are the most numerous of the photoreceptors, some 120 million,
and are the more sensitive than the cones. However, they are not sensitive to
color. They are responsible for our dark-adapted, or scotopic, vision. The rods
are incredibly efficient photoreceptors. More than one thousand times as
sensitive as the cones, they can reportedly be triggered by individual photons
under optimal conditions. The optimum dark-adapted vision is obtained only
after a considerable period of darkness, say 30 minutes or longer, because
the rod adaption process is much slower than that of the cones.
The rod sensitivity is shifted toward shorter wavelengths compared to daylight
vision, accounting for the growing apparent brightness of green leaves in
twilight.
While the visual acuity or visual resolution
is much better with the cones, the rods are
better motion sensors. Since the rods
predominate in the peripheral vision, that
peripheral vision is more light sensitive,
enabling you to see dimmer objects in your
peripheral vision. If you see a dim star in
your peripheral vision, it may disappear
when you look at it directly since you are
then moving the image onto the cone-rich
fovea region which is less light sensitive.
You can detect motion better with your
peripheral vision, since it is primarily rod
vision.
The rods employ a sensitive photopigment
called rhodopsin.
Keywords:
Cones are responsible for color perceptions and details
Rods are responsible for night vision, our most sensitive motion detection,
and our peripheral vision.
Rods is one thousandth times more efficient photoreceptors than cones
Rods are efficient motion sensors
Rod adaptation is much slower than cones
Night vision is best at peripheral vision (not viewing the object right at the
center of field of vision)
Visual Acuity
Resolution Acuity ()
Recognition Acuity ()
Temporal Resolution (,)
Note: Temporal resolution refers to the accuracy of a particular measurement
with respect to time. It is often in contest with spatial resolution which is a
measure of accuracy with respect to the details of the space being measured.
Visual Angle
Snellens Acuity Fraction
Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision
20/20 vision is a term used to express
normal visual acuity (the clarity or
sharpness of vision) measured at a
distance of 20 feet. If you have 20/20
vision, you can see clearly at 20 feet what
should normally be seen at that distance.
If you have 20/100 vision, it means that
you must be as close as 20 feet to see
what a person with normal vision can see
at 100 feet.
20/20 does not necessarily mean perfect
vision. 20/20 vision only indicates the
sharpness or clarity of vision at a distance.
There are other important vision skills,
including peripheral awareness or side
vision, eye coordination, depth perception,
focusing ability and color vision that
contribute to your overall visual ability
Approximate table of equivalent visual acuity notations for near vision
http://courses.ttu.edu/edsp5383-ngriffin/letter.htm
Color Vision:
Photopic Vision depends on:
Quantity of light
Quality of light
Adeptness of eye
Inspection Color Temperature: 6700C with full spectrum is optimum
Color Deficiencies affect approximately
10% of Male population.
Women only constituted 0.5% of those affected.
Ishihara Plates
Ishihara Plates
Color Deficiencies
Optical Illusion-Due to Contrast
Optical Illusion- The Logvinenko illusion. Although gray diamonds are identical,
there appear to be light-gray ones and dark-gray ones (LOGVINENKO, 1999).
Optical Illusion- Due to Contrast
Optical Illusion- A & B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion
Optical Illusion- The square A is exactly the same shade of grey as
square B.
Optical Illusion- In this illusion, the coloured regions appear rather
different, roughly orange and brown. In fact they are the same colour, and
in identical immediate surrounds, but the brain changes its assumption
about color due to the global interpretation of the surrounding image. Also,
the white tiles that are shadowed are the same color as the grey tiles
outside the shadow.
Optical Illusion- Simultaneous Contrast Illusion. The background is a color
gradient and progresses from dark grey to light grey. The horizontal bar
appears to progress from light grey to dark grey, but is in fact just one colour.
Optical Illusion- Simultaneous Contrast Illusion. The background is a color
gradient and progresses from dark grey to light grey. The horizontal bar
appears to progress from light grey to dark grey, but is in fact just one colour.
Optical Illusion Due to Brightness
Bright objects look larger than the dark objects of the same size.
Chapter 3: Fundamental of Imaging
Keywords:
Plano
Concavo / Convexo
Convex
Concave
Keywords:
Thin lens: The thickness of the lens is small compare to its focal length.
The thin lens equation:
1/f = 1/d = 1/u
Lenses and the focal lengths
Chapter 4: Test Object Characteristics
Keywords:
Surface Features: Affected by (1) Form, (2) Waviness & (3) Roughness
Surface Roughness with & without profile variation
Profile = Form ? Waviness?
Form- Variation i form or
profile are typically
controlled by the
dimensional or geometric
tolerance specifications.
Surface Roughness
Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface
texture. It is quantified by the vertical deviations of a real surface from its ideal
form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the
surface is smooth. Roughness is typically considered to be the high-
frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured surface (see surface
metrology). However, in practice it is often necessary to know both the
amplitude and frequency to ensure that a surface is fit for a purpose.
Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will
interact with its environment. Rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and
have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces (see tribology).
Roughness is often a good predictor of the performance of a mechanical
component, since irregularities in the surface may form nucleation sites for
cracks or corrosion. On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion.
Although roughness is often undesirable, it is difficult and expensive to control
in manufacturing. Decreasing the roughness of a surface will usually increase
exponentially its manufacturing costs. This often results in a trade-off between
the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in application.
Roughness can be measured by manual comparison against a "surface
roughness comparator", a sample of known surface roughnesses, but more
generally a Surface profile measurement is made with a profilometer that can
be contact (typically a diamond styles) or optical (e.g. a white light
interferometer).
However, controlled roughness can often be desirable. For example, a gloss
surface can be too shiny to the eye and too slippy to the finger (a touchpad is
a good example) so a controlled roughness is required. This is a case where
both amplitude and frequency are important.
A roughness value can either be calculated on a profile (line) or on a surface
(area). The profile roughness parameter (Ra, Rq,...) are more common. The
area roughness parameters (Sa, Sq,...) give more significant values.
Profile roughness parameters
Each of the roughness parameters is calculated using a formula for
describing the surface. Although these parameters are generally considered
to be "well known" a standard reference describing each in detail is Surfaces
and their Measurement.
There are many different roughness parameters in use, but Ra is by far the
most common though this is often for historical reasons not for particular merit
as the early roughness meters could only measure Ra. Other common
parameters include Rz, Rq,and Rsk. Some parameters are used only in
certain industries or within certain countries. For example, the Rk family of
parameters is used mainly for cylinder bore linings, and the Motif parameters
are used primarily within France.
Since these parameters reduce all of the information in a profile to a single
number, great care must be taken in applying and interpreting them. Small
changes in how the raw profile data is filtered, how the mean line is
calculated, and the physics of the measurement can greatly affect the
calculated parameter. With modern digital equipment it makes sense to look
at the scan and make sure there aren't some obvious glitches that are
skewing the values - and if there are, to re-measure
Keyword:
Ra:
Roughness average is the universally recognised and most used international
parameter of roughness. It is the arithmetic mean of the absolute departures
of the roughness profile from the mean line. Ra is reported in microns.
http://www.finetubes.co.uk/products/technical-reference-library/tube-surface-finishes/
Ra- Arithmetic average of absolute values
Average distance of the profile to the mean line - Area under the curve
between the surface profile and the surface mean after applying a
mathematical filter to eliminate the effect of waviness.
Ra- Arithmetic average of absolute values
Area under the curve between the surface profile and the surface mean after
applying a mathematical filter to eliminate the effect of waviness.
Ra- Average distance of the profile to the mean line
Comparison of approximately same Ra value with different profile with
different roughness peak R
p
and roughness depth R
v
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/knowledge/metrology/roughness/2d_parameter/
Keywords
Anisotropic Surface: Periodic irregularity usually in one direction.
Rz & Rmax
Keywords:
Anisotropic Surface- has a periodic irregularity usually in one direction
Color & Gloss
Color & Gloss
Visual Comparison for Color Matching- The two most common systems
are the (1) Natural color system and (2) Munsell color ordering system
Colors Variables:
Colors order systems described colors as (1) hue, (2) value (3) saturation
Hue- Chromaticness, describes color as its primary color constituents or mix
of color constituents. expressed as redness, blueness and so forth
Value- Described colors as lightness or darkness; Light color has high value
and dark color has low value.
Saturation- Measure of distance from natural corresponding color. It is often
referred as color strength or intensity.
Natural Color System
Munsell Color System
Geometry
Datum Reference: X, Y, Z
Geometric Tolerances
Section 2: Material Science Basics and Visual
Testing Applications
Chapter 5: Types of Materials to be Tested
Metal
Cells Crystals
Metal
Keywords:
Atoms
Cells
Crystals
Allotropic- Metal exhibits more than one cell structures
Macroscopic evaluation- 10X magnifications or less
Microscopic evaluation- >10X magnifications (50X ~ 200X)
Mechanical Properties
Keywords:
Electrochemical Nature of Corrosion:
General corrosion, Crevice corrosion and Galvanic corrosion are cause by
the same mechanism.
Chapter 6:
Visual & Optimal Testing Applications
Keywords:
Metal Working Processes
Primary forming processes
Secondary forming processes
Finishing processes
J oining processes
Service
Metal Casting
http://thelibraryofmanufacturing.com/metalcasting_basics.html
Metal Casting
Forming processes
Metal Manufacturing- Metal Rolling
http://thelibraryofmanufacturing.com/metal_rolling.html
Primary forming processes - Metal Rolling
Secondary forming processes - Metal Rolling
Finishing forming processes
Finishing processes
Finishing processes
Finishing processes
Joining Process
Joining Process
Joining Process
Services
Services
Services
Section 3: Inspection Planning & Equipment
Chapter 7:
Inspection Planning & Visual Inspection Tools
Profilometer
Profilometer
Section 4: Documentation & Analysis
Chapter 8:
Documentation of Visual Testing
Replication
One of the purpose of performing in situ replication is to determine the extent
of thermal degradation or thermal aging from the microstructure appearance.
Prolonged exposure to high temperature will cause microstructures to
decompose and eventually result in creep cracking.
By replication technique, microstructure can be obtained at site non-
destructively to safely judge the condition of the component. The results
obtained can be used to identify previous heat treatment process and to verify
the required temperature setting for post weld heat treatment (PWHT) for
repair work purposes, and as a reference for future inspection and
maintenance work arrangement. The processes of producing replica at site
are based on international code and standard as follow:
The processes of producing replica at site are based on international code
and standard as follow:
a. ASTM E3: Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
b. b. ASTM E407: Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
c. c. ASTM E1351: Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field
Metallographic Replicas
d. ASTM E1558: Standard Guide for Electrolytic Polishing of Metallographic
Specimens
In-situ Metallographic Replication
The techniques:
A standardized technique (ASTM E 1351, ISO 3057) which can be
implemented on most metallic materials using portable polishing and etching
devices and a field optical microscope. The procedure to carry out
metallographic replicas includes at least five stages
1. Local grinding to eliminate surface layers (paint, decarburised layers,
oxidation)
2. Mechanical polishing using abrasive papers and diamond paste
3. Chemical or electrolytic etching of the polished area to reveal the
microstructure
4. Replication of the microstructure with a cellulose acetate film
5. Observation of the structure with an optical microscope or a scanning
electron microscope
The End

VI - Self Study Exam Preparatory Note-Part 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

VI - Self Study Exam Preparatory Note-Part 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASNT Level III Visual Testing, VT

You might also like