Numerical Analysis of Tuned Liquid

Dampers for Structural Vibration Control

by
KamalenduGhosh
09CE3112
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Arghya Deb
Department of C!l Engneerng
"ndan "nsttute of #e$hnology
Kharagpur
2012%13
Department of C!l Engneerng
"ndan "nsttute of #e$hnology
Kharagpur%&21302
CERTIFICATE
#hs s to $ertfy that the pro'e$t ttled (Numerical Analysis of
Tuned Liquid Dampers for structural Control) s a bona*de
re$ord of the +or, $arred out by amalendu
!"os"#$%CE&''()* under my super!son and gudan$e for the
partal ful*llment of the re-urements for the degree of .a$helor
of #e$hnology n C!l Engneerng/ "ndan "nsttute of #e$hnology/
Kharagpur.
Dr. Arghya Deb
Department of C!l Engneerng
"ndan "nsttute of #e$hnology
Kharagpur
Date0
2
Ac+no,led-ement
" +ould l,e to e1press my sn$ere grattude to Prof. Arghya Deb for gudng
me on my +or, n mdst of ther e1tremely he$t$ s$hedule he had. 2s
$onstant mot!aton and support en$ouraged me to ,eep gong. 2s tmely
nter!entons helped me o!er$ome glt$hes n my +or,. " than, hm on$e
agan for hs o!er+helmng support.
Date0
KamalenduGhosh

09CE3112
3
TA.LE /F C/NTENTS
C"apter '0 Introduction
1
C"apter (0 Literature Sur2ey
3
C"apter &0 4et"odolo-y
&5' T"e Approac"
6
&5( Some 4at"ematical formulations
6
&5( Finite Element 4odel
&5&5' TLD
%
&5&5( Liquid
%
&5&5& Tan+
'$
&5&51 Interactions
'$
&5&53 !ra2ity Load
'$
&5&56 4odi7cations
'$
&5&58 4odelin- for a -i2en structure
'(
C"apter 90 Results
'3
3
C"apter 10 Conclusion
'%
C"apter 30 Future :or+
($
References
('
4
'5 Introduction
#he $urrent trend of buldng stru$tures of e!er n$reasng heght and the use
of lght+eght/ hgh strength materal s often a$$ompaned by n$reasng
sus$eptblty to e1$tatons su$h as +nd/ o$ean +a!es and earth-ua,es. #o
redu$e the rs, of stru$tural falures/ part$ularly durng a $atastroph$ e!ent/
t has be$ome mportant to sear$h for pra$t$al and e5e$t!e de!$es for
suppresson of these !bratons.
#he de!$es used for suppressng the stru$tural !bratons $an be
$ategor6ed a$$ordng to ther energy $onsumpton0
Pass!e Control
A$t!e and 7em%a$t!e $ontrol
2ybrd system $ontrol system.
Pass!e $ontrol de!$es are systems that do not re-ure e1ternal energy
supply. 7u$h systems are relable as they are una5e$ted by po+er outage/
+h$h s $ommon durng earth-ua,es. #hese de!$es dsspate energy usng
the stru$ture8s o+n moton to produ$e relat!e moton +thn the $ontrol
de!$e. An ad!antage of su$h systems s ther lo+ $ost of mantenan$e
be$ause no a$t!aton me$hansm s re-ured. E1amples of su$h systems
n$lude !s$ous dampers/ tuned mass dampers/ tuned liquid dampers/ et$.
"n #9Ds the sloshng moton of the :ud that results from the !braton of the
stru$ture dsspates a porton of the energy released by the dynam$ loadng
and therefore n$reases the e-u!alent dampng of the stru$ture. #uned
sloshng dampers $an be $lass*ed nto t+o $ategores/ shallo+ and deep
+ater dampers based on the rato of +ater depth to tan, length n the
dre$ton of moton. #he #9D system reles on the sloshng +a!e de!eloped at
the free surfa$e of the l-ud to dsspate a porton the dynam$ energy. #he
;
gro+ng nterest n #9Ds s due to ther lo+ $aptal and mantenan$e $ost and
ther ease of nstallaton n stru$tures.
(5 Literature Sur2ey
Pass!e dampng usng #9Ds s a $hallengng area of resear$h and nno!aton
and as su$h a host of lterature +h$h $o!ers ths d!erse area e1sts. 7ome
referen$es are summar6ed here +th a gst of ther $ontent.
<n%Kyu et al.=1999> ds$usses the numer$al modelng of a tuned l-ud
damper=#9D> as an e-u!alent tuned mass damper +th non%lnear st5ness
and dampng. #hs non%lnear st5ness and dampng =?7D> model $aptures
the beha!or of the #9D system ade-uately under a !arety of loadng
$ondton. "n part$ular/ ?7D model n$orporates the st5ness hardenng
property of the #9D under a large ampltude e1$taton.
@eed et al. =199A> $on$luded that the dsspaton of !braton energy due to a
#9D n$reases as the e1$taton ampltude n$reases and the #9D beha!es as
hardenng sprng system. #he authors also sad that to a$he!e a more robust
system the desgn fre-uen$y for the damper/ f t s $omputed by the
lnear6ed +a!e theory/ should be set at a !alue lo+er than that of the
stru$ture response fre-uen$y/ sn$e ths may result n the a$tual nonlnear
fre-uen$y of the dampng mat$hng the stru$tural response. #he authors also
found that e!en f there damper fre-uen$y s mstuned slghtly/ the #9D
&
al+ays performs +ell. #hey obser!ed no ad!erse e5e$ts due to slght
mstunng.
Kareem et al. =2009> elaborated on the nherent non%lnear beha!or of the
#9Ds. #he non%lnear beha!or of the #9Ds s $hara$ter6ed by an ampltude
dependent fre-uen$y response fun$ton/ +h$h translates nto $hanges n
fre-uen$y/ as +ell as $hanges n the dampng due to sloshng/ +th
ampltude. "n ths paper #9Ds are modeled usng a sloshng%slammng =7
2
>
analogy/ +h$h $ombnes the dynam$ e5e$t of l-ud sloshng and
slammngBmpa$t.
Kareem et al. =1994> ds$ussed the dynam$ $hara$terst$s and
e5e$t!eness of multple mass dampers =CCDs>. A $olle$ton of se!eral mass
dampers +th dstrbuted natural fre-uen$es under random loadng +ere
n!estgated n ths paper. #he CCD atta$hed n parallel $on*guraton
mod*es the transfer fun$ton of the damper buldng +th a sngle #uned
Cass Damper. #he CCD parameters $onsdered here n$lude the fre-uen$y
range of the CCDs/ dampng rato of nd!dual dampers/ and the number of
dampers. A parametr$ study +as $arred out to $ompare the results +th a
sngle tuned mass damper. "t +as demonstrated that he CCD $on*guraton
s more e5e$t!e n $ontrollng the moton of the prmary system.
&5 4et"odolo-y
3.1 The Approach
In a Lagrangian finite element formulation the mesh motion is the same as the motion of the
material. In TLDs, the motion of the liquid, especially at the free surface, can result in extreme
deformations. This will result in severe mesh deformation as well. This will cause the Jacobian to
become very small or even negative. negative determinant of the Jacobian matrix would cause
A
the analysis to terminate. In order to prevent this, and to permit simulation of large amplitude
sloshing motions, a coupled Lagrangian!"ulerian approach was adopted.
In contrast to a Lagrangian analysis, where the Lagrangian elements comprise a single material
only, in an "ulerian analysis the "ulerian elements may not always comprise of a single material#
many may be partially or filled with air i.e. void. The "ulerian material boundary must,
therefore, be computed during each time increment and generally does not correspond to an
element boundary. The recomputed material boundaries must ensure conservation of mass,
momentum and energy.
In addition, the nodes in an "ulerian finite element mesh are fixed in space, unli$e in the
Lagrangian case where the nodes move with the material. The "ulerian mesh is typically a
simple rectangular grid of elements constructed to extend well beyond the "ulerian material
boundaries, giving the material space in which to move and deform. If any "ulerian material
moves outside the "ulerian mesh, it results in loss of mass from the simulation, and in the
present application at least, in accurate results.
%nli$e the liquid in the tan$, the tan$ and its walls undergo limited. &e thus adopt Lagrangian
finite element analysis for these parts. 'ut at the liquid structure interface, it is necessary to
reconcile the two different formulations through "ulerian!Lagrangian (ontact. In this approach,
at the interface the liquid motion results in traction forces at the boundary of the solid, while the
displacements of the solid result in displacement or velocity boundary conditions for the liquid.
3.2 Some Mathematical formulations
The governing equation in the fluid domain is based on potential flow theory. If the fluid is
assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, and the flow irrotational, the governing equation is
given by Laplace)s equation,
*
+
,-.
9
&here ,/x,y,t0 is the velocity potential function. 1owever in a moving tan$ the total potential
function can be split into two parts, the potential function ,t due to the moving tan$ and the
disturbed potential function ,s due to fluid motion.
,- ,t 2 ,s
"xpressing the Laplace equation in terms of ,s
*
+
,s-.
Hydrodynamic sloshing force
1ydrodynamic sloshing force is obtained by integrating the hydrodynamic pressure over the
pro3ected area of the tan$, which in turn acts on the structure as a base shear force. If the base
shear force is out of phase with the motion of the structure, it is li$ely to damp structural motion.
The base shear is defined as#
4i-b
5
!

6
where 78 and 7+ are the free surface sloshing elevation on the two side walls of the tan$, p/!L9+,
y,t0 are the liquid pressures at x-/2:0L9+, and b is the width of the tan$, the dimension in the
other orthogonal direction.
1ydrodynamic pressure is obtained as#
;-!p5..<=
+
2 /
+
> 2 2 g.y 2 st 2 ?,s 6
In the above equation st is the acceleration included in the tan$ due to structure response,
10
?,s is the damping term in liquid sloshing.
Shallow water and deep water Tuned Liquid Damper
Tuned sloshing dampers can be broadly classified into shallow and deep water dampers based on
the water depth to tan$ dimensions in the direction of motion. In shallow water dampers
structural vibration energy is mainly dissipated through the sloshing and wave brea$ing. The
sloshing of the fluid generates hydrodynamic force , primarily in the form of base shear that acts
to control structural response.
'ased on the linear wave theory /Lamb 8@A+0, fundamental natural frequency of the liquid
sloshing fw, is
fw=
1ere L is the length of tan$ measured in the direction of excitation and h is the stationary water
depth.
In case of shallow water dampers the h/L ratio is limited to ..8<, thus water depths required for
short period structures from the above equation are too small for practical application. In
addition, the above equation for sloshing frequency is very sensitive to the water depth to length
ratio /h/l0. Thus any fluctuation in the water level will alter the sloshing frequency. It is found
that shallow water dampers do not perform well for broad range frequency excitations. These
shortcomings of shallow water dampers can be overcome by adopting deep water dampers.
In deep water dampers optimal tuning frequency can be ensured by adopting water depth ratios
of more than 8 /since sloshing frequency depends on the length of water tan$0.
4undamental frequency of deep water dampers /with h/L B80 is given by#
11
fw =
It is clear from the above equation that for deep water dampers the sloshing frequency is
insensitive to water depth ratio. 1ence deep water dampers can be tuned for short period
structures and hence there is a possibility that they can perform well for earthqua$e or wind
excitation.
3.3The Finite Element Model
The details of the finite element model are discussed in the next section.
3.3.1 TLD
The TLD was modeled using 'C%D9"xplicit. Dince liquid sloshing is essentially a +!D
phenomenon, a strip model of the tan$ was chosen. The dimensions of the tan$ and the "ulerian
domain are as given below#
Part Dimension( in metres)
Tan$ A.<<x+.8x...E
"ulerian domain 8.x<x...E
water reference part was created for computation of volume fraction of the liquid in the tan$.
The bloc$ was meshed with bric$ shaped finite elements of the type "(ADFG with siHe
...Ex...Ex...E m
A
and the initial volume fraction of liquid in each element was computed using
a partial filling strategy.
3.3.2 Liquid
The liquid was modeled with a linear %s!%p equation of state material. 1owever the speed of
sound in liquid c. was not ta$en the actual value of 8EI.m9s, but a magnitude two orders small.
This had the advantage of reducing the bul$ modulus of the liquid, increasing the stable time
12
increment and thereby allowing the analysis to be completed in a realistic time frame. viscosity
of magnitude of 8."
!<
was also added.
3.3.3Tank
The tan$ was modeled using (ADFG solid elements in view of the fact that the deformation of
the tan$ does not significantly affect the sloshing motion of the liquid. The dimensions /internal0
are as given above. The tan$ was also made a rigid body.
3.3.4 Interactions
The sloshing motion of the liquid will result in impact between the liquid and the tan$ walls.
1ence, contact between the "ulerian liquid material and the solid parts were enforced using
general contact in 'C%D9"xplicit. Dpecifying automatic contact for the entire model allowed
interactions between all Lagrangian structures and the liquid. The contact penalties were default
penalties calculated by 'C%D, which were the maximum possible penalty values that can be
used without adversely affecting the stable time increment.
3.3.5 Gravity Load
Jravity load was applied using smooth step and initial condition stress conditions were specified
corresponding to a hydrostatic state of stress were prescribed..
The model was submitted for analysis. The Kinetic energy of the system was found to increase to
a maximum point and then decrease. 1owever the K" again increased by small magnitudes
indicating lea$ages.
3.3.6 Modifications
4illets were added to the sharp corners of the tan$ walls and additional layers of tan$ walls were
introduced. 4illets helped remove the singularity in the surface normal at sharp corners in the
tan$ walls, while additional layers of tan$ walls provided the extra contacting surfaces that
trapped any lea$ed material and limited its escape.
&ith these modifications it was possible to prevent lea$age significantly of the liquid and
allowed reasonable numerical solutions.
13
4ollowing figures depict the final TLD model#
4ig. 8
The TLD model set up
13
4ig. +
The TLD model with "ulerian domain.
4ig. A
The TLD model and "L4 at the end of Dtep!8 /Jravity Dtep0
Initially a liquid with density-8... $g9m
A
was ta$en. 1owever the dampers with this
liquid did not show much damping. This was because the mass ratio
8
was too small. &e
thus increased the density to +E8. $g9m
A
to obtain a reasonable mass ratio of ..8 for the
shallow water damped tuned to the frequency of the structure.
3.3.7 Modein! for a !iven structure
structure was modeled using +!D beam elementsM so that it is first "igen frequency
would be small enough to allow us to model a shallow water tan$. The following
properties and dimensions were chosen#
'eam (olumn
1
Cass ratoDCass of damperBCass of stru$ture
14
"- A8.IJ;a "-A8.IJ;a
Density- +E..$g9m
A
Density-+E.. $g9m
A
Length- 8. m. Length- +<m.
(ross!section- ..Ax..A m
+
(ross!section-..Fx..Fm
+
The natural frequency of the structure was found out using 'C%D.
4or the above natural frequency, the dimensions of the tan$ and the height of water were
calculated using the sloshing frequency formula#
fw=
The tan$ was placed on the top beam of the structure and analyHed for ground excitation.
The structure without the damper was also analyHed for the same excitation.
1;
4ig. <
Nodeling the structure
4ig. I
4inding the fundamental frequency of the structure
1&
4ig. O
The TLD water height is modified and fixed at the top beam
4ig. F
1A
Dloshing of the liquid in damper due to applied base excitation
4ig. @
Dloshing of the liquid in the tan$ .
Two dampers, a shallow water damper and a deep water damper both tuned to the
frequency of the structure were modeled.
Shallo ater tan! Deep ater tan!
Length /l0 - Am Length /l0 - I.FEm
1eight of water /h0 - ..E<m 1eight of water /h0 - Om
h9l - ..8< h9l B8
Nass ratio -..8 Nass ratio - A.E
19
95 Results
95' Sub;ectin- t"e structure to Koyna base e<citation
#he undamped stru$ture and the damped stru$tures =+th shallo+ +ater tan,
and deep%+ater damper> +ere sub'e$ted to the Koyna base e1$taton and
analy6ed. #he follo+ng results +ere obtaned0
20
Eg. 10
Dspla$ement =of the topmost node> !s #me
Eor the stru$ture +th shallo+ +ater damper/ dampng s $learly !sble.
2o+e!er/ due to phase shft the dampng e5e$t of the deep +ater
damper s not $on$lus!e from ths *gure.
#he nternal energy of the stru$ture +as therefore e1amned to ma,e
some de*nt!e $on$lusons regardng dampng e5e$ts =Eg. 11>.
21
Eg. 11
#me 2stores of the "nternal Energy of the stru$ture
Agan nothng $on$lus!e $an be dra+n from ths *gure. #he nternal
energy +as therefore ntegrated to obtan Eg. 120
Eg. 12
#otal "nternal Energy
#hus t s $lear that o!er the duraton of the analyss/ the total nternal
energy =stran energy> of the stru$ture for a shallo+ +ater damper s
22
lesser than that n the $ase of an undamped stru$ture. 7n$e the total
nternal energy of the stru$ture s a measure of the deformatons
undergone by the stru$ture o!er the duraton of the loadng/ t s $lear
that the shallo+ +ater damper results n sgn*$ant dampng.
2o+e!er/ the deep +ater does not $ause dampng. @ather the
stru$tural stran energy s hgher at the end of e1$taton and the
stru$ture s n dstress.
#o understand the reason for ths the KE of the stru$ture and the +ater
for the shallo+ and deep l-ud $ases +ere plotted0
Eg. 13
Knet$ Energy of the stru$tures +th shallo+ +ater damper and deep%+ater damper
23
Eg. 13
Knet$ energy of the l-ud n the tan, n shallo+ +ater and deep%+ater damper
#he KE of the stru$ture/ the +ater and the stran energy are all larger
for the deep +ater damper $ase. 2o+e!er the total energy of the
e1$taton s the same for both the shallo+ and the deep +ater damper
are the same. #hus t $an be $on$luded that the response of the deep
+ater damper s unstable.
#o $on*rm ths a EE#
2
analyss of Koyna e1$taton +as $arred out.
2
EE# D East Eourer #ransform
23
Eg. 14
Koyna a$$eleraton data =tme hstory>
Eg. 1;
Ere-uen$y Doman
Erom Eg. 1; t s $lear that the Koyna e1$tatons $ontan sgn*$ant
spe$tral densty n lo+ fre-uen$y bands $lose to the natural fre-uen$y
24
of the stru$ture. Fhen the shallo+ +ater damper s repla$ed by the
deep +ater damper/ the addtonal mass of the +ater results n a
redu$ton n the natural fre-uen$y of the $omposte stru$ture%damper
system. "n the present $ase/ +hat appears to be happenng s that the
redu$ton n fre-uen$y of the stru$ture%damper system results n near%
resonan$e $ondtons/ sn$e no+ sgn*$ant spe$tral densty s present
at or near the natural fre-uen$y of the stru$ture. #hs results n energy
gro+th or Pnegat!e dampngQ that results n unstable response.
#he e5e$t of n$reasng the number of #9Ds/ +th fre-uen$es spannng
a range of fre-uen$es/ +as studed by atta$hng t+o #9D s to the
stru$ture.
95( Sub;ectin- t"e structure to El-Centro base e<citation
#he undamped stru$ture and the damped stru$tures =+th shallo+
+ater tan, and deep%+ater damper> +ere sub'e$ted to El-Centro base
e1$taton and analy6ed. #he follo+ng results +ere obtaned0
Eg5 1&
Dspla$ement =of the topmost node> !s #me
2;
.oth n the $ases of shallo+ and deep +ater dampers dampng +as
obser!ed.
Agan the nternal energy of the stru$ture +as e1amned to get a more
a$$urate estmate of the amount of dampng.
Eg 1A
#me 2stores of the "nternal Energy of the stru$ture
#he tme hstory of the nternal energy sho+s that the nternal
energy of the stru$ture n the damped stru$ture =both shallo+ and
deep%+ater damper> s $onsderably smaller than the undamped
stru$ture.
#he total nternal energy presents a $learer p$ture0
2&
Eg. 19
#otal "nternal Energy
#hus both the deep +ater damper and the shallo+ +ater damper/
tuned to the stru$tural fre-uen$y/ damp the stru$ture $onsderably.
EE# +as performed on the El-Centro e1$taton +th the am of
desgnng a damper tuned to the domnant e1$taton fre-uen$y and
studyng ts e5e$ts on stru$tural !bratonal mtgaton.
Eg. 20
El%Centro a$$eleraton data
2A
Eg. 21
Ere-uen$y Doman
#he deep +ater damper thus modeled tuned to the most domnant
e1$taton fre-uen$y ho+e!er dd not e1hbt any sgn*$ant dampng.
Eg. 22
Dspla$ement of topmost node !s. tme
29
Eg. 23
"nternal Energy of the stru$ture
95( Sub;ectin- t"e structure to periodic #sinusoidal) base
e<citation
#he undamped and damped stru$tures +ere sub'e$ted to perod$
e1$tatons +th fre-uen$es e-ual to the domnant fre-uen$y of the Koyna
and El%Centro e1$tatons. #o study the n:uen$e of nonlnear =e1$taton
ampltude dependent> e5e$ts/ three d5erent ampltudes +ere used for
the snusodal e1$tatons. #he ampltude A +as ta,en as 0.02 L
3
/ 0.03L
3
and 0.04L
3
respe$t!ely/ for these smulatons +th !aryng ampltudes.
95(5'Sinusoidal e<citation ,it" frequency equal to t"e most
dominant frequency of Koyna e<citation # = > 8 ?@)
95(5'5' AAL >$5$(
3
AD Ampltude of e1$taton
9D9ength of the tan,
30
Eg. 24
Dspla$ement of the topmost node !s. tme
Eg. 2;
"nternal Energy tme hstory
31
Eg. 2&
#otal "nternal Energy
95(5'5( AAL >$5$&&
Eg. 2A
Dspla$ement of the topmost node !s. tme
32
Eg. 29
"nternal Energy tme hstory
Eg. 30
#otal "nternal Energy
95(5'5& AAL > $5$1
33
Eg. 31
Dspla$ement of the topmost node !s. tme
Eg. 32
"nternal Energy tme hstory
33
Eg. 33
#otal "nternal Energy
95(5(95(5( Sinusoidal e<citation ,it" frequency equal to t"e most
dominant frequency of El-Centro e<citation # = > '51
?@)
95(5(5' AAL >$5$(
34
Eg. 33
Dspla$ement of topmost node !s. tme
Eg. 34
"nternal Energy tme hstory
Eg. 3;
#otal "nternal Energy
3;
95(5(5( AAL >$5$&&
Eg. 3&
Dspla$ement of topmost node !s./ tme
Eg. 3A
"nternal Energy tme hstory
3&
Eg. 39
#otal "nternal Energy
95(5(5& AAL>$5$1
Eg. 30
Dspla$ement of topmost node !s. tme
3A
Eg. 31
"nternal Energy tme hstory
Eg. 32
#otal "nternal Energy
95(5& Bercenta-e dampin- for all t"e cases discussed abo2e
39
Type of
e<citation
4a< Internal Ener-y C dampin-
9
Dndamped
#')
Damped
#S"allo,
,ater)
#()
Damped
#deepE
,ater)
#&)
S"allo,
:ater
Tan+
DeepE
,ater
Tan+
Koyna
E<citation
3.24110
3
2.4110
3
3.24110
3
23.0& %30.&&
Sinusoid
al
#=>8 ?@)
AAL
$5$(
3;.194110
3
29.;;110
3
3;.32110
3
1A.04 %0.;2
AAL
$5$&&
1A110
3
13.&4110
3
14110
3
23.;1 1;.;&
AAL
$5$1
34.3110
3
29.9110
3
30.9110
3
14.43 12.&1
El-Centro
E<citation
0.2110
;
0.03A110
;
0.0394110
;
&; &4.24
Sinusoid
al
#=>'51
?@)
AAL
$5$(
4.3110
3
2110
3
3110
3
;2.9; 33.33
AAL
$5$&&
13110
3
3.9110
3
;.4110
3
;4 43.4&
AAL
$5$1
2&.4110
3
10110
3
13110
3
;3.;3 42.&3
15 Conclusions
Cass rato has a sgn*$ant e5e$t on dampng. A small !alue of l-ud
mass resulted n !ery lttle dampng. 7gn*$ant n$rease n dampng
+as not$ed on n$reasng the mass of the l-ud.
Erom the present results t +as found that n all the $ases a shallo+
+ater tan, resulted n more dampng than a deep%+ater damper. #hus
n$reasng mass rato does not result n n$reased dampng beyond a
lmt.
A shallo+ damper/ +th the sloshng moton of the l-ud domnant/
$learly has more dampng e5e$t than a deep +ater damper.
E5e$t!eness of the damper n$reased as the rato +as n$reased
from 0.02 to 0.03. .ut further n$rease n ampltude of e1$taton dd
3
G dampngD 1100
30
not bear out ths trend0 the per$entage dampng de$reased as +as
n$reased to 0.04. #hus the n:uen$e of the ampltude of e1$taton
does not appear !ary monoton$ally.
31
References
1> A.AHI7 ;.9 Jnlne Do$umentaton.
2> Dorothy @eed/ 2arry Keh/ <n,yu (An "n!estgaton of #uned
9-ud Damper for 7tru$tural Control).
3> <n%Kyu%Ku/ #oshhro Fa,ahara and Dorothy A. @eed =1999> (A
?on%9near ?umer$al Codel of the #uned 9-ud Damper).
3> Ahsan Kareem/ 7+aroop Kalla/ and Cegan C$Cullough/
(7loshng%7lammng Dynam$s%7
2
% Analogy for #uned 9-ud
Dampers).
32