f,

6
PRIMARY CHAIN
6EAREOX REAR WHEEL
ENGlrrE CENRAT.R \eCo*Oo*, a"o,*
Fig. i. hrrangement of motor cycle drive.
*=F.\-A--+-
olor r
H
Hlrot Dl{
,
f-l
'\
,( 2\
/a\ I
'--l-
nr
oi--f--f-
Fig. 11. Forces on gearbox output shaft
:t:i::iiii:ij:;i:Iiiiiiii;i:!!i
F
{1 IG U[, of metals is rlready an cmpirically fairly u.ell
I
t(n(\\!n
nhenomenon. Frilures ere frcquently diagnoscd
correctly, but should not occur if the design is correct.
llerer, c'f course, lies the difficulty. Only a bare minimum of
data are available to the designer, good examp)es of which
are prcsented by Heywoodt and Forrestr. Above all- the
eflects of geometrical stress concentrations and surface
linish, particularll, in combination, can only be estirnated
rvithin rvide limits of accuracr.
Stresses in components can bc calculated fairly accurately,
using tlre stress concentriltion factors collected by
peterson3.
These are valid, providing that the maximum stress remains
belorv lhe limit of proportionality
of the material, when the
load is not subject to variations. When either of these con-
ditions do not apply, the average stress on the component
rt rr lri,-'h failure hy fracrure occurs cirnnor t\e crliuhred
according to any simple theory. Nevertheless, pcterson.s
worh l.ras proved useful, although the presentation of tltis
data is not in its most convenient form. Rcadins errors are
frequent. rnd interpolalion is often ditlicult. Foitlris rerson
the author has re-plotted nuch of this data into nontosrant
lbrrrr. ;rdding some of lnore reccnt origin.
Tile method proposcd herc for dealing rvith fatigue prob-
lems is adapted from Sines and Waismanr, with considcra-
tions after Frosts, and is summarised in Table 5. Resolution of
stresses into principal stresses, and stresses arisinq from inter_
fercrrce firs, lre summarised in Trbles 6 and 7 (pari l). To ijlrts-
trate the metltod of calculation consider the follorving example.
Initial Design for Maximum Loads
A gear box for a proposcd new model of motorcycle is to be
designed. The engine rvill deliver t5 b.h.p. at 5,700 r.p.m.
and 14.8 ft. lb. at
.1,500
r.p.nr., values typical of a 200 cc.
two-stroke unit. A printary chain drive ratio of20 to 43 (i,, :
l l5r hrs been determined [o ilccommodnle the clutclr. Thc
three-speed gear box should, according to prccedents
set by
rhe -ornprny, have one input and onc outnut shrrfr. uirir
prir:Irrv and second:rry cltlrins at opposite si,j.,s, lrt rrrriltc-
mcnr that permits a more comptct engine getr box rrnit. lhc
arrangcntent of the gears (Fig. l) is choscn to qive
a more
eren lording of the ourput shalt bearings.
;nit,""itiioiil.,unrmit,c:,,tne"-,rs,",,i"".
528
FATEffiWE
mg$Effiil'$ :
p&ffiT
f
by W. E. EDER+, tng. (Vienna)
This article introduces to designers o procticol
oppreciotion of the underlying principles of
fotigue. Several design exomples show the
woy this type of problem should be opproached
some
tear currht equipm.ni ii only crprbte of p.oducint one !rrndrrd hetir .^rte
r.c. rr oeB'.Fj. In wh,.h .are rhe cear..i dirrrnceot cear I s,il have to bc rd;ur(.d
by i o,r(h line currect,on. T\;r pro(edrre a,rers rhe cff.ctiv. p,"rru." ,.ri"
".; rherelo' e rhe rc'(es (2) lnd (J) in T!br. 2.
The torque in the input shaft of the gear box is then:
|vli
,
M.ip -- 382 lb. in.
ni
-
nlip
--
2,095 r.P.m.
Required gear ratios should be about l, 1.6 and 2.6,
this being nearly a geometric progression, with the middle
gear somes,hat low to provide bctter acceleration. A Ni Cr-
Mo nitriding steel (DTD 228) of 55 t.s.i. tensile strength,
18 per cent elongation and a Brinell hardncss of 248 to
293 kg./sq. mm. (oil quenched), 564 to 6l I kg./sq. mm. in the
nitrided state, will be requircd for the gear wheels. The input
side rlill always be in grcater dangcr of sull'ering from pitch-
line pitting of the gear flanks, unless the output gear flanks
have a softer surface, such that their (k) factors, Fig. 5,
arc equal to those of thc input gcars. Then. assuming lires
of 2,000 hr., about 6,q)0 ntiles at rnaxinturn torque, in 3rd
gcar, 1,500 hr. in 2nd and. I,000 in lifst, the values obtlined
lion Fig. 5 are:
trr..- 2 88 kg."sq. rrnr.:.1.09 x 103 p.s.i.
k: :
?.36 kg.,/sq. nrnr.
.-
3.36 X 10" p.s.i.
ancl
,tr :
1.95 kg./sq. nrm. =. 2.17 x 103 p.s.i.
@
Gear I ll lll
Life hours I ,000 1.500 2,000
Teeth z, and z" 17:44 18:43 40:41
Tooth sum 61 7l Bl
D.P. t2t t4 t6
Gear ratio (r) 2.590 1.540 1.025
Gear centres in. 2.625 7.625 2.625
Helix angle 14" | 5. I 5"
(k) p.s.i. 4.09 x tO! 3.36 x tOs 2.77 \ tO3
Width'ratio (,\) 4.83 4.t0 4.37
width (b) in. 0 591 : ,". 0 401 -. ,'. 0.344: !
Wheel (l) p.c.d. in. | 460
-
2 O7O
-
2 595'
Wheel (2) p.c.d . in. 3.790 3.180 2 655
Root dia., wheel 2 in. 3.5970 3.0146 2.5104
Tip dia., wheel 2 in. 3.9566 3.3228 2.7gOO
Engineering Materials and Design
Tabie 1 shows the results of gear calculations, using un-
con.ected inlolute gearing of 20 degree pressure angle and
appror{imately l5 degree helix angle. The practical mininrum
of i 7 teeth in any gear dictates these results to some extent.
The value for ()) was calculated by transformation of the
formula for minimum module (maximum D.P.):
I
6.2s.M i
.l-
1\'/r'
Dr4-\fl,
: I
'I'orque
transmitted from whcel (l) to wheel (2) in each
gear gives rise to forces and moments shorvn in Fig.2,
which must be resisted by the bearings (,4) and (A).'A rough
layout of the gear box, using an output chain sprocket of
17 tecth for a
f
X 3r
in. roller chain (3'401 in. p.c.d.) should
nolv be tirawn to obtain the distanccs betrvcen bearings and
gears and to determine the functions of all components.
This v;jll already look sonrewhat similar to the final drawing,
Fig. 3, although much detail rvill still have to be determined.
The calculations involved in dctermining the size of the
bearings necessary for the output shaft rnay be follo*ed
frorl'fable 2.
In second gear the axial forces produced (force 3) are
laken up by the gear change fork, but a couple (moment 5)
renains to be taken up by the shait as a bending moment.
f-hc forces detailcd in Table 2 now permit calcuiation of
thc minimum dimensions for each section of the output
slrrlt of thc gcxr box. i.n24,a I
I
percent Ni Cr Mo through-
hardening steel, hardened at 820 to 850 deg. C, oil quenched,
anci tempered at 620 to 650 deg. C to rcach tensile range
(Ul u'ill be used. The properties rvill then be: maximunt
tensilestrcss 134 X 103 p.s.i., proofstress (0'2 per cent limit)
on 103 X 103 p.s.i., elongiltion I 7 pcr cent, Brinell hardncss
269 to 321 kg./sq. mm.. and dircct-stress (tertsion compressjon)
fatigue limits of o1u =.- 5l x 103 p.s.i. alternating (zcro mean
strcss), and or: 90 )( 10i p.s.i. fluctuating (zero mininrum
stress, i.e. 45 X 103 I 45 X 103). This materjal does not show a
definite yield linrit, but yield faiiure sets in wltcn a shear
strcss given approximately by the rlaximuln shear stress
theor),is reachcd. In the tensile test this linriting shear stress
is numerically equal to one-half of the tensile proof stress.
As this stress results in.failure by yielding, the maximum
luru:t 1961
Fig. 3. Gear box assembly.
permissible stress must be lower by a factor of safety chosen
according to the future use of the componcnt, an appro-
priate range of such flctors is suggested in Table 5.
Considering the part of the output shaft holding the
chain wheel, the cross-section at the centre of the bearing is
stressed in corlbined bending and torsion. The worst con-
dition is in first gear (force 1 and torque 6) of 581 lb. at
l 5 in. bending and 990 lb. in. torque. Then, assuming a
factor ofsafety (r):2:
^
lj l7D7-\t.l----w
-
7mr_r
ll:l
.'r'-
ll-
-l
il
-l
Z.il
^v
\l' N \t.n.a"/ \n.4" /
and solying, G0: 0 645 in. is obtained. But the diameter
at this point has been defined, the bearing diamcter being
30 mm.
:
l l8 in., therefore this diameter is statically safe.
A body of constant strength against this combined load rvould
bc a rotary paraboloid superimposed on a cylinder, that means
the diameter may be reduced as the chain wheel scat is
Table 2
Gea.
Torque 6
Tansentlal 4
Axial 3
Ridial 7
Momenr 5
(axial i PC rod)
Moment s (horiz.)
Fo.ce4(vert.)-v
sum or (r,2 & s):
I
Rei!lrant Ir
, Y'
Equivalent load
Bearing
tb:
lb.
I ll lll
| 895 | 59 1.3275
807 |.l6J 2,045
990 589 392
521 370 295
| 30 (99) 79
196 140 lll5
58r 316 131
a46 99.( | 59 lO5
I 125) : 46
ABABAE
757 t76 450 t04 100 69
44 t51 8t 59 A9 11 5
130 0 0 0 19 0
49 49 91 9a 11 1l
I t8 &4 205 165 a36 s9
l
960 71 5{ 54 489 67 5
987 5 4t4 5 513 172 S 543 A9 7
equal to rei!l!ent above. axial loads !oo small
to be sienincanr lor bearins load calculaiions
0;79 (300 hr.) | 00 (500 hr.) l 19 (1,000 hr)
'
3o9 365 45
2,415 t,010 2,170 631 1.135 448
A 7,320 tb. B 2,089 lb.
Two-rowahs!iar con- Cased needle bu3h.
.ict brll bearins, l0 l6 mm. i.d., 22 mm.
frm.
j.d.,72
mm. o.d., o.d., l6 mm. lon8.
30 2 mm. wide,2 mm.
519
radius of the contact face, (r) the screrv pitclr, and (p) the
flank angle, then using
f:0.15 as friction coefljcicnt,
lrfr :
f.F.R. i f'.F.r.
+
ar.ran y
-
F(f.R l.
Fig. 4. Forces during rssembty
-i'f.ricos pi2
| tl2n)
or raper ltt.
and using the dimensions for a
{
in. BSF thread,
approached. To prevent scoring of the seal diameter on
assenrbly of the bearing, a seal of I
.l
25 in. i.d. will be specified
and stepped dou'n again to I in. dia. so that onlv a short
lcngtir of shafr needs to be very smoorhly llnis'hed. Thc
chain sprocket may now be mounted on a taDer. sav I in
l0 orr diemetr'r. Tlre effective mcen diamcrcr of rhe ttDer
is th,-n r/. .1{l
-
-r,).
,Calculations
are for transmission of all torquc by friction
onll: if, then a Woodruff kcy is added, tbeie is i grcarcr
degree of safety. Then n.Mlr :
f.pnt!^.1. and asvming
that the maximum contact pressure (p) shall not be ereatei
th:rn dp 6, the friction coefficient
/ 0.1 and the fector of
srlct) /r :
2, the equation can be solved to obtain /
.=
0 5gE.
i.e.1llin.
t]n assembl!', there must be adequate contact pressure.
Thc rnosr conrenient ntcthdJ in rhis crse is by tiglrrening
tho s)otted nut on thc threaded stub of the outDut shaft.
Rcferring to Fig. 4, rlre axirl lorce (F)
necessar) ro pro.luce
a normal force (P) between the faces of the tarrers is eiren
br'.
F :
P(sin o 1./,.cos a) : pn.dn.l.(sin c -f
/o.cos
ry)
r
:
l'640 lb.
This must be applied by means of a spanner; the torque
Jpnlied is transformed into axial force, and llrerefore aiso
friction at the nut face and on the thread llanks. Lct
(r)
be tlr-'effective radius of tlre scre\\'thread, (/l) lhe rneln
,1.1": 138
.i
97 | 21.8
-
257 tb. in.
The first term is the friction torque bct\yeen nut face ancj
sprocket, thc second is the friction torque in the screw
thread rvhich $'ill stress the threaded stub in torsion, the
third term only is active in producing the axial force (F)
required.
The friction coeflicient used for this calculation can, of
course, vary within rvide Iimits and this *ill alter tlte stresses
and transmissible torque. lf 260 lb. in.. is specified as spanner
torque, and (/) is 0.2 maximunr and 0.07 minimum, the
actrve component of torque giving rise to (F), can vary from
44 lb. in. (atl:0 07) ro only 16 lb. in., altering the axial
lbrce (F) from 3,3l0 lb. to 1,205 lb. and the rorque thar can
Table 3
:t'
r96 I t96
:s s- ls-s
I ttt.5
t t05
r.2r5 rr.2t5
:: |,295
:976
::1,670
I 2,620
:L 5,950
rl 5,5t0
i 23.200
: ?.810
ti i +zg+i
I 370
0
:f 140
l:346
1,8201 1.820
0
i 568
, t,210
r 5,500
i:3,280
:l 7,000
:l 7,730
J 22,600
:! 4,250
+ls :+i
: 572
65 :65
l:581
_446
3,060:3.060
94194
I 1,010
L |,740
:1 4,610
l: t4,000
I | 5,080
1 s1,850
| 7,460
4
Fig. 5. Design nomograms (nomogram on Iefr
based on photoelastic tcsts by Dolan and
B rog hamer6).
/ .a14
l-,q,
/1 ,.. /
J
L
400
)000 I i: IOO
'.n:
--
- Gt
,2oo l,rooo
L',ru.rq/mm)
i lq/,_t
!0t
I
|
-
1.co-+i(o
L,j9o
:r
iou
io!:lroo i'e o
.'.ieo tl:
2C0 - 7C l.:
'"
l:60. : 30
,
T:t!S:LE
' ,^
- Slk- lNGTts I
' '
ICC:(cpp:ox) -f
".
: tor steel) i
'" i.
t0
l'3
FROV OUBEEL(7) I !
l.l
ER]TLL
tsARDNESS
H3
I.SE' ON DATA
5000 J
3ooo:
.
2000:
:
looo
i
30 o:
n_:
REVS 3oO
i
/MlN
266,.1
.
100:
::]
I
30:
20 :
:l e
t0 l
f 25
I
L
l.2L
Ix.
t'
f"
I
a22
E
t,,
t-
i
r20
Frs
l:
|''
itt
VALID FOR UNCORRECTED ]\VOLUIE
CARS CF FULL CR 5]U8 DEPTH
FREE Of UNDERCUTI]I]G
2a1
6
t
(dD
=
14 5") (a,
=
0r"1 I01
o?.1 |
- n3 i 02
^1103
o {
l\,05
o5 i\
o6ll
" 0'7
I ! w
-'l
:
^ "-l
:
:-
l
v:
o6,1
.l
:
l
0 5:
l
I
l
l
01l
l
0 35-j
't
r8 05 04
,-i
li::i. l:lf
4:
FCRM FACIOR C,
a^
'
20', COIPP ?
'i'-l
fi_: .I
2a 3 3:
1-l
"-i'i-rr,r-''
1
r.rn'
f,,
530
lt tg i t ttt r i rrg,)f o t L, r iu Lt ar il Dt'.t t y t t
L,e trrnsnritted by friction from 4,000 lb. in. to 1,450 lb. in.
l-he lour:r linrit is still safc by a factor of I
..16.
With this uncertainty of the Value ol (/), rhe load in rhc
undcrcut of thc scrcw tlrread can also Yary bctu,ccn lre
ljnrits 1,105 lb. tension plus 130 lb. in. rorsion and 3,310 ]b.
tcnsion plus 45 lb. in. torsion, tltc torsion componcnt being
the cquivalcnt of the second tcrn in the result tbr (,1.1")
found above. Thesc conbinations may be checked for failure
by yiclding (maxinrum shear stress thcory, sce above) and
rvill be found statically safc for a
i
in. dia. undercut.
Corrsicier now the othcr end of the shaft, the diamctcr on
$rhich tlle first gear rvheel runs. This is stressed in pure
bending by a nraximum force of 414.5 Ib. (see Table 2,
gear I, bcaring B, resultant) at a distance of 1.125 in. (see
Fig. 3). Applying the maximum shear stress theory of yield
failure as before, a minirnum dianreter of0.452 in. is obtained,
but as the neeclle bearing requircs a shaft diameter of 16 mnr.
== 0 630 in., thcrcforc the wheel bearing must be 0 6875 in.
(i*); this is statically safe.
Finrrlly, the splined portion of the shaft must be checked.
The danger point is always under the sliding gear, the stress
system being combined torsion, compression and bcnding.
The forces and momcnts involvcd are:
in lst gear: torsion Mr
.:
990 lb. in.,
compression P: 130 Ib.,
bending ,11, :
368 lb. in.
in 2nd gear: torsion lfi :
589 lb. in.,
compressionP:01b.,
bending
';1rlr,
:
496 lb in'
in :lrd gear: torsion Mr
'-
392 lb. in.,
comprcssionP:0lb.,
bending,L/,
:
291 lb. in.
The bending moments are found by taking monlents about
tire ccntrc of the sliding gear rvheel, using the resultant
forcc on the needle bearing. In the case of first gcar this
value nrust be reduccd by the resultant bending nroment of
the tangsntial and radial forccs on the first gear wheel.
The minor diameter of the spline is limited by the wheel
6r
k9 /mm2
SURFACE FlNl5H FACTOR, ds
l
.. portsgrol
Nor APPLIcABLE To
B GROUNO j CAST STEELS.
C
..'TURNED,
SHAPEO, 0.,'NOTCHED
E
.
Mo - SPRAYE0 F HOT R0LLED
G "-FRESH V/ATER CORROSION
H., SALT WATER CORROSION
CAST SURFACE: ds - 1 05 x ds FoR CURVE F
Fig. 7. Design nomogram.
,,1 />
/'-t
al
'
la
, "l
iv
bearing, tirc smallest availabic spline to BS 2059,1953
being the
I
in. deep spline, Fit 2, lith a'minor diameter of
0'7405 in., a spline depth of 0 0672 in. and a spline width of
0 2145 in. Using the minor diameter as (r/), thc incquality
that must be satistlcd follows fronr the maxinrum shcar
stress thcory, namely:
0 0r 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
:
-\
:
i:
!:
t
i25
I
i,
I
r-
05
j
l
l
0"
]
I
I
l
o,:
I
o 25-]
l
o'
j
,
o:a-]
A ais:
014
]
i rz
]
o ro
l
I
c c8
]
l
o 16
i
o os:l
l
ocl I
o o,a
o o,
I
l
l
j
r or j
F
Fig. 8. Dcsign norn03ram Fig. 6. Design nootogram
g
t
t""
I"^
"
I
:0'6
I
']-ot
I
--ta
A
:
j-c g
T
T
'lo nu
i
i
r,
I t.'
| \r/ | ?
EMPTRTCAL orra ron j < c
AFTR PTERSON (3)
lENSILE 5i?NGTH
6r
(
oli". !
-'
o.t 2:l- r
0 10-+
o o8+2
f
0 06{
{
o oail
f
t
"l
0 02-J-0 5
io'
f- o.j"
0 0r+
io,
o oos{
r0r
[''
- BEIi D]NG
+i
I 0c5
'
)--
-
.
; RS:.N
I 0l'
r t03 tb/rn. lq/mm'?
6o_1f
50
soa60
nC+
i0
------'-
. -^-F 80
14o!F
9o
,_ rtaj
,oc|_ttn
taof tz6
,^- f-,J0
-", +lt0
"'"1,::;'i$'li'j''
STfELS: f,URVE5 VNt;D
Al-ALL0Y5: USE Gi
=
3:IENSltE 5TRa!GTH 0FALLOY
CAST ]ROilS
(FLAKE GRAPI]TE) ! - O
ALL VALUES FCR g SUBJfCT TO I 15'/. 5CATTtR
t=;"a,
iit, ,
tJ
/ltqu.\l l')AJ
i, itl
*r+ffi)
)*
Table 4
Tension/compression stepped shaft Dr/d : 1.26 Kt:2.44
srepped shafr D/d
-
1.53 Kr : 2.68
Torsion stepped shaft DJd : 1.26 Kt
-
1.78
stepped shaft D/d : 1.53 K
: l.B4
Bending stepped shaft Dld : 1.26 Kt :2.24
stepped shaf! D/d : t.53
K
-
2.36
shoulder on
shaft D/D : 1 53 Kr: l.86
This rreed only be checked for gears (l) and (2), yielding the
vaiues 25,750 < I 3,300 and 25,750 < 9,730, both of rvhich are
satjsfied, proving the spline to be statically safe.
In addition, thc splines thcntselvcs can fail by shcaring,
failurc occurring along a Iine at 45 dc,qrees uprvards front the
root of the spline. Assuming that onl!' three of the six splines
carry the total load. justified
by considcrins tite lolcrances
involv,:d, and :rgain using n
:
?, we obtain:
oyl2.n -: luIrlr.3l.t.12, frorn rvhich /: 0.j64
jn.,
rlrc splinc in rhc sliLlint
-qcrr
is 0 4.115 in. long, rnrJ rhercforc
staticaily safc.
Stage I of' thc proccdurc outlincd in Table 5 has norv
been concluded. Stagc 2 consists of detcrrninins all othcr
dimenr;ions of the shaft, rvhich wili now be someutat sinrilar
io the one sho*n in Fig. 12, but rvith a sntajler spline anci l
snrallc:: bearing dian)cter for the third gear rvheel.
--,,.
.,1.,.\
\ril t. {..,il,il rtrrn,: .. Pt,t 2.J th...tt. ..
(to
be contiilue.l)
532
TABLE 5
ProG.turc tt D.sish al Ensi,.e/ins parts
sLhje(! to
Alt.rn0ting,Str.sres
l. Determine minimum dineD\;ons ro clrry ma\inum anplied lord, assumins
i1 ro ac! under staric condirions.
:. I)etermine orher dimcnsions of fail from consid.!rions of function and
rnrnulrclurc.
l. Dele..rinc posirion! ofcriricrl narure. procced
th.ough rhe f.ilo$ing slcp\
for c..h criric!l poinl in rurn.
I Cr rr1.,k n..,'i r'un
'r.,.
r:,irse ^.. r-J n).,\'r,un,r-"rirh reJu.r.on t,cr,,r
n.f ,r''s.'ilr!.r.,.\\ (lo
hL u.rd
"1tr
in n,,.,,oil, J.r!.iln,o\_
(.
D tc-n.:r'+.r.,ri. I, rd.:, r,nj.n
r,,jr,,1 ., iF...n cilrr(.,t f^\rlr^,r (i (. r,c.rn
,rr(\. ut llurr!Jrrn! l!.idr
-
i
,:',.1,',':.r
ri ri- r, ilue r^,5, u.iilc (jrne..:^n.,t,.,ilJ
L:).
,,' \ru,r.t t\ 'lJr'- t.e. <.
.\
h.
.rrur,
.^rrr<rrrr...i,- r,ritn- A. .reDr.rri.rre
r ,..r,.* ro.rlr ;.
r.n J t\ J.rcfitc i:,.rr..r.. tr\ct\ t,, sr\.,.c ,,, ., rl,,nii
_
r,.r ,ir \ ltiil' ,.
t" ,r rr,,(u,c
,..-de ,,t .t rrtl
. ne,,t\(I1r,, a,rtr,
firJ,,t1....,n,1 .il- t^rJnIthreccrll_
\ cnrenl orlloconal !\rs
8. Dekrilr;ne.Jlierntrling loids xcrixg on nrrt rs rhc cholen criticrt posilion
(' c hrll ol lord ruil!.).
.q.
i ._.,1.r'c rlrer:.,,,'( .ilc..(s duc rd (Fr u\rn! Jin)cr,ion\ tt, :.rJ r2r.
ru.\t trjr\ rlt,:rr'r,r\'(,\(.to b-\\1,...jo-..cnlrJlron,Jct^rA.,urKrr,i\
rJ e . r",1 c ,rt t,ot.r..te to.trerj.
'L
R,.. a(.,,tar tu r.c,r t.,:,r.,ljl
"ir-,n.rr:Ig.0c\.e\ r,. f?.
p.
I I r'c .ho{.n r..Jtcr .,t l\ ,,ril,hcd.
\on-trotrgalirS.rrcks: tr/,,
Thcoreti!rl slres\ concerrrrrion tucrof I u,, -
, (,\" r) r r
r' : b fo. dirct strc$es, r, : b
for sn*r *rcsss
Frilu.e critcrir: seling t, r, I, :- /!
f-r l.r\e (,.rr l,rrF (.\r ,!^.s .,ilJ orhe- hriUle r.reri.,ls,
r, r. 0/d'ilir,go,(h.rlt:.)Lteof,t.e..)
,':."+- (a ,)c,,,",."i
/-'^J:'e' rrJ\ frin\rn.,l \rrc\, .rileri^nr
tu t') U $hLLr r, 0
r, ..t.
r
,
.
! ('" r),,, ,, ,.;
/
(nrodified mr\. norm!l struin criterion)
lbr high streilglh nrrrer;rls, e.g. ltects ovc. 8J tonlsq. in. U.T.S.
\ l
, r-, tr: r,1. \r, r,1,
I tc
"
.\
=-
:;
-
2\;-'l(ir
: rY r'r:)
(nrodified nrx\. she!r strcss crilerion)
lbr trll other narcrirls
rir, r'- .r,
r',
,r,
r,, r:a-r/:(9: r).
n \ott /
fi (J. + se r r..)
('nodilicd ma\. oc(ahedral srress crirerion)
N n
-.
^lr('n..r:ns
.rr(.\c\ r . r., .nJ f, InI.r bc \ub\rirured jl
t\c crireria q.irh
rhu\. .;. . ,
'
\ .\1.iJh Jnfl\ ldfir,f rhe hr f-ct.lc in \hrJh
/,r 0 ti.e.
I:r.tors of \rfety:
n .- I 2 1.5 for iircrrfr
I 5 25tbrrondvehicles
: I lbr rril vehilles
I 5 1'or sriric mrchines
first r3lues for normal trds, lrr( lrlues fo. nrils lhnt could endrnser humsa
lires if frilure occurs
I . cfuck lcnsth, also norch dcprh if crnck lenglh propcr is ncstisibl
conr!ilrcd ro nolch dcprh.
C : ilriterirl fhct)r: 5 5 lirr rnild steel
5.5 lnr C. n\i rlloy steel
0 2 for 1l per ceni Cu Al llloy
0 5 lb..opper
: frtisue linrit fof Tero
'rcan
load ;r rensionicompression
Geni
-- tutigue lin)jt for zero miniDum lord ;n rensionicompression
Gemi-
allernating strcss !i \hich c.lcks ot lcngth / *ilt not frotrgnte.
'.
thco.elicrl st.crs conccntrrrion luc&)r.
-. nrodificd !hcoreticnl slrcss concenrririon frctor.
il.r\rnum rc!r!e strc\s .onaentrrtron lrclor.
.o!ch s.ilsilj! rty f!cror-
.- surlrcc tinirh lxctor.
. xltein!ting frircirrl \rr.srcs (senri-rrnge)_
: \!:ttr. ortIo,:.]n!l streJ\cr.
: Irfi!son'i r^tio.
. lretof ol sxItr.
lii
F.
F,,
Ln,
f,
t
t'
J
il
3
\ooui
\.(TENsroN)
lv.41
o os/5",- -
-----'-"\.
.o,
01. Y-
r-o
ak.o
,/>- \
'
^tx
02
\
o os'D:'ro
:'
01 ,7h
r a.2
l
d "'
(TO RSION)
nomoS ram.
)1
l-rq.lt
ETER d,
\00si
\.
rre
\n.
o.os).
OJ
0
0 05
0
!
o
(T0 RSII
mo8 ram.
r'
I 14
:]1"'',*
o'o"
,l\'
N
.-tl\
/t)
D'>1
1,"/
1'J
'ta
.9. Design nor
NOMiNAL STRSS : S'
MAXIMUM SIRESS A]
101
142 /
tl/
:i 105 v'
IENSION)
Z
".y'
101 ,
.vY
'r:rr
,0, /
',y
l1
-r 1.05,\
r3-- \ ,
I
^
r,i--
J U "{
r-l a
,21
"_]
(8EN0ING)
1.sl
-1
a
:
^=
-\
,_l
:1 1
2-1
t-l
''l
"l
Fip-
t.
i""'
Fiss.5 to 1 | irt lr\i\ t. t.ill Tilbl(t 3 1.8 ur. takcn fr.nt a baok .ntitt.d ,\r.(huni.al
Jr (.rrr ,.ris, r! lr'. E.
jlti.r
drl ll'. Gosling to b. trblislrctl in the Conntonn.dlth
tokt trt.rndtiolt.l t ibrutr ol .\i(tr.t, Tt. hrt,los\., L,tir..rins ont Lib.rat Studn,s bt,
! \t . tl , l .l . t
'l
Eng i nt'c ri n g Nl o te r io Ls a n rl D e.si g n
,A ['
.//il I
,r-/
l\
I
.--
/'I
\
/
-{rr4i-
/ _/ 1 l-,, rA
ll.i
i.lr
'----1-
i-----\-
i--t-J \ ix'
!-
/
"
I
oo5_\
L
/
.1
a, L
"
NoMINAL STRESS
=
/ \
j
, i i'
sTRESslNolAvETERd
/ " I
a i^
i
MAX:MIJMSTRTssAT'
,
':]o'11
\ \f
''\ ,;I\','
0 5-..\.1
r' /4
,Llc1 , At /2
../
Fig. 0. Design nomogrem U",.a on a"l"
of Fig. B and Eder & Goslingr
assuming proporrionali!y:
_Kr
groove -- |
,(r edge norches
-
i
K, shrft shoulder - I
K, bar shoulder
-
|
K, 3-dimensional
-
l
rki,2-dimensional
-
I
[-]
-'- t-
-
-.1'1'o,
t-
ElENry DrsTRrsuTED roao ron
|
'
r. r j
-
f.] ,
'
f l-il
' Lrre ioro ron
$ =
r.rf rs ,r- ?o
rl/ ,Fr,
, f'^h r+ t .,)
^
r.'' .
LF
-
i l- i l r"
'l.t;'-..,
1. ,':",i
.'' )1.t , tt
,,,,
,!1._
t;..-\..:"
";1t"'!
1;:r:
l'a
.=!--
t.,r.,,
"::l'i
..;
tt;a/,/"zz
N
Fig. I I. Design nonrogram: Flat bIr
vrlres based on photoellstic tcsrs b7
He!enyiti. Round bar values obtained
by proportionalit/ conversion as for Fig.
10, corrected for proximity effects by
esrimation frc,m data by Her6nyi.
\Z
o!'&
\oosr 6::s
i#Ji:ifrnri*r ,
", ,,
:iit*
"jrit77"
-d
tT'*
'
":1,
o 5b
,'r'^"
'
'i'u
--!::Z!
4
2 71! In
_\624
1=i==
,--.+.1__
b
Fig. 12. Dcrail drawing of output shaft.
.,1,rtittst 1961
'lo
in. DIA
1i2 in.
R
't6 lh
I
.q
BASIC TAPER PER INCH
0N DIAMETER 0 l0 in.
I
s
,S9
5jj
F:ltigue Check
lr
llF criticrl points (stagc
3) of the proposcd proccdurc
A
rre dettn(-d rs 'rn)
nrnid change of cross_scction \hcre
varling stress can initjatc a fatique fracturc.. Each such
position ntust be chcckcd individuaily, takine into account
thc naturc of all thc strcsses involved, thcir itode of varia_
ticn_. rnd thc surfacc gcomeiry
at thc critical point. Thc
metltod of calculalion Ii]l bc illustratcd bv consiclcration
of onll'one of the critical points nriirked h1 Ronrrn nunrcr.Lls
on I--;g. I2*. nantelv point i/.
A,s a rotating shal-r is being consitlcrcd, all forces antj
nromcnts that act across the axis of thc shaft, i.c. bcnding,
an.i rcmain stationor) rclirti\e to thc gear_box housin-s, rvill
calrse stresscs that elternate betu,cen equal linits of tcnsion
anil compression. At ntaxinrum torque in any gear the shaft
is sulicct to a largc nuntber of such alternation cyclcs, irnd
th.rrclorc this rvill be the worst condition. Forccs oimo,r,cnrs
thitt act along rhe axis of the sltaft (i.e. torsion and axial
forccl musl be trcatcd in a sontervhet clillcrent manncr.
becausc titeir ntinitrunl is zcro, and they can risc to a posili\c
rrarirnunt onl1. This :rlso occurs ntan). tjntes tiuring the lile
of thr: ntachine'. lLc11. tinrc rhe nrotor c1.c1e is aci-cicrrted
through tltc gcars.
Thc exact sltapc of thc crtrlc of torclrre
\ s. ti:le is clifhcult to clcterminc, and subscqucnt Fourlicr
anallsis *ill deiircr a tvhole range of frcquencics. A long
lile oi about 2.000 hr. is bein-q considcred rvithin rtjch tin.
most of tltcsc fr-cqucncics rvill have performed sornc rnillions
of c]rclcs. AIso, thc alternatin-g st|rssr-s set up in the slrrft
is bcing conrprrcd r',,ith a fati-quc limit obtained in about l
nriilion c]cles. There is, tltercfore, justification
in rcplacing
the randonr \ariltion by a sinusoiclal variation bct\.;cn tlre
stered iinrits, anrl assurning that l0 milljon cl,clcs ol thrs
ri ili br: imposed.
l"he llrst part of Table 3 shos.s thc valucs of the irrposed
forccs and ntoments treatcd in the abovc sensc. stating th.
mcan force and thc alternating force that to-tether are eqitir,a_
lenl to ti]e Ioad applied to the shaft sho*.n in Table 2.
I'he stresses and stress concentration factors are bascd
on rr :;plirrc dianrctcr of
1
in., tlterefore a third_gcerr }teeJ
rreilnng_drtntetcr of d:
Jir
in., a shouldcr dianteter of
D t
i.,
irr., :r l'.rll l.crring Liirnrcr.,r of /), .lo ntnr. .
l.l{10 in., a shoulcicr q.idth
of L:0.164 in.. anci a fiilet
radius of /--..rr. in. Thc notch sensitiviil. l:lctor r/:0.9i17
(Fig. 5) and thc surface fitish lactor r" :
0 76 (Fjg. 7)
must now be used to ntodify thc stress concentration flictors,
The avaiiablc data
jn
Figs.9 anij l0
l,iclds the values ibr
stress !:oncentration
factors shorvn in Table.l.
Trucr valucs 1or.K1 for the contbined step anil shoulde;
nust lre slight)1, highcr than the Drld : 1.26 r.alues, but
loner fhan for Dld :
I.53. Thc effect of the short shouldcr
is rclalir,cl_v snrall, as a contparison of the lalues in, bencling
bets cen shouldcr and step rvill pror c. lt mr.v lre
"r.u,rr.ii rvith rr:asonable safetl, that the K1 values fori the arran-qc_
lncnt itre tltc ari(hntetic ntcans bctn.ccn thc extrcntes oi.
Kr lbr the t\\'o diantetcr ratios, ntore accurirte valucs are
obtainalrle by nterns of
lhotoelastic tcsts, preferabll. by
photostrcss
coatinst of a prototvpe sltaft.
Irrorn the last trvo ]ines of Table 3 it is obr,ious that lirsl
gear is the ntost highll loaded conrlition for this strcss con_
centration. Thc stalic stresses ntust nou be resolVed into
convenient dircctions, c.g. along the shaft axis (_r), arounc
the.circurrfercncc (.r.),
ancl raclial (z). Thc shcar stress (j.060
p.s.i.), whcn resolved into principrl djrcctions, riclds cqual
and opposite dircct stresscs in ntutuallv pcrpendicullr
ciirections at :+,5
degrces to thc cltoscn (_r) an<l if) dircctions.
On resolution into thcsc choscn dircctions, or on sunllation
gencrally,
tltev ilisrppear. :rnd r,
,.- ,
9.1 p.s.i. (contprcsslvc,
negatt\c), .r, :
.r; :
0 are thc static stress componeltts.
(ionsidering
no\\' the alternating stresses. ciircct plus shcar.
]h9:sglll.
sl bc;esolred into principal strcsses accorcling to
Iir! ) h 12 ilNt t.t)t.s t t" S atrLu, in ilrr S.
613
iFrl ll=i irt llil iF
s uu u !uf,lJE
L,l)TSi.rl"ll'l
" s) l;\:) i! \_; Ll u tr
i, ),.4 illrT
6,)
ti"titrtl
,J
A
by W.E. EDER, Ing. (Vienna)
This orticle continues the design exomples
begun in Port I (Augusr), showing the woy
fotigue problems should be opprooched
Tablc 6, rcsulting in p,
-
+5qj60 p_s.i., p: .-
=910
p.s.i., p, :
0. Note here the signs of p, ind p..
These results, inscrted into the relevant cxtended octa-
hedral stress criterion of fatigue failure (see TabJe 5) rvith a
safety factor n
-.
1.5,
f.icld
1
i5a.-,,9 | tl0rr ..
5d.7/,01 ot0i
-
\ :[51.103,
1.5
-
(51/45 1X_95)1,
i.c. 18,0S-s
:48.100, *hich is ciearlv not satisfictl.
Fi3
A,
-
>
TANLE 6
Ilt.nlili.n nj C.n.tul Srrrrr t:r.rr,r,
T\.alnr.nsio'tu| st r.ss !r5!.nt :
n,
nr:r..r .r'c.\c.. -
?
--,1 i-.--l
_
rt
: I
It-J
':r15t'4
l'rincitrl anslc: trn :d :
2"
l lttr. -tii n.nsi | )nnl st tr \-t sy.tt.ri :
Irrin(itrl slresscs rools of cul'ic e(lurrion I
'r '-
/
' :_r"-_- .-
. 0
N1r\inruil shcxr srrc\se\: j
\(r, p) t-ot rj ::
p).. p,
.tt 45 to /', rrd r. (t\o
rtrne-\)-
'
l, , |
.:'..
r
',
t. -,1 r.,r.r^u, e,rr..rriril.:
(r
: ).cos l, -
'
..o\ d,
'..cos,i.
0
rr r')\,j r
(t t,).cos !1j _r cos di 0
:j...,s,Jr rr co\,J3 i (t 03).cos d3 -, 0
Ilnginacring Muteriuls and Dtsign
'l-hc
iionrinant altcrneting strcss is in bcnciing, riltich is
inr crscll' proportional to (r/:r). Thereforc, (r/) nray bc rrorliilcd
fronr ihc ebovc rcsult, nanrel, rl,, 11
i,'7S.Oliii-1E,lC0
.
I '10 in., proYiding thrt all strcss conccntration laciors for tho
hrgcr ,ljanrctcr are equel to lhosc of the prcvious ralue.
r\ quicl: chcck from Fig. 9 sho$s that the Ji', valuc in trcnding
is, in llcl, slightll- rcduced, but not sulllcicntl)'1o sarrslrt
any- rcduction in shaft dianrcter fronr 1 10 in. This increase
also crertes a lrrgcr strcss conccntration at critical point
V]I.
A c,rrrprolnisc solution *oultl bc to incrcase thc
splinc to I in. o.d., thc shaft nt the \\'hecl berrtng io
l 0(r2-5 in., and proride a fillet of j; in. radius. As this
rlrrangcr)1cnt providcs too smrll ir length of parallel portion
to locate a separate thrust washcr as sho\\n in Fig. 3, eitltcr
a llanged bush could be used or, chcaper and sirlplcr, thc
{lllet cculd bc undcrcut into the shoulclcr. The resulring
shal't is thcn rs sho\\'n in Fig. 12. Altcrnativell', a fillct of
,t"
in. radius on a 1 0625 in. dir. shaft could bc specifled il a
s:lfcty factor of l 3 against latigue fracturc is considered
sutlicicnt.
Ol course, all other critical points should be checked in
TAT]I,E ?
srr.s\e, Ji.e !u Intcrf.f(rL.r fit\
F,7, A"{
; 0 001.,/.
r)'',
''
L/. L.l .1.'t t .\,t ' d r lt t I
where
'i
: inside dirnteler oi inncr nreNber-
./. J.,ilreter
,i,
-
outsidc di!r)rcter ol outer mtnbcr.
t ., io131 inte.lir.ncc of conl!cr surlx!..
f,r, f. Youns s nroiulus ,)f inner rnJ ou!e. Inet,)bef.
, i. r, . Poisson s raiio ol inncr rnd our.. nr.iltber.
r. - arcs\!re rl.ont!c! surl!.c (nornr!1 ro .ortrel surlirce)
tlntr lerence correc!jo. nli$ llolisler (6)l
1.,..i.r.r,..1 r,.. .Ll( ',.,
': t',. .
"
.\r'iic t.. 1
Toorh pirch no.nrrl r.
-
,.,r',, txNE.rli!l 1,
'
rr
C.rr rrrio i
,4
: l, Pit.n.i,.le.ti.,,',"r"r rt,
':+
\\'jJlh .rrio r
-
]-
'
lr.e c;r.te diriilcrer ri r ij, .o\ ar
fip ci,ile di.Lnrct.r./', -. J, I :(.,r,,, Cut(cr lip..rdrus | " r',r'
Root cirrle dirmelef ri, /, 1r.,r,, 111\otul. irn.lior ril!1 - lin 1 'z
Equi!rl.rIr nunrbcr oflee!h on os.rlltins cir.le 2., ,'H
'
/'
'
'r..!JlL,,rrn'rl.'.r'r.
L
r iu'..rriilr , -*
' ..1
Iiquival.n! bn!e.ircl../r", - d.,.c.rs .,
rirconlx.lrrdiusr", :
-"
t+
I r." 2.,.r,..;"',,]"
,
11'
, ,, /
1., ;t f
,.
';t'1"
/.
,'
ift,,
z. ,
-
(tu-.k)
i,.
.;;:
Root ind lip Foth rngle cos 7L
.- !..
-
."'", ."' ;,
-
*+, ^,'
cililirr\c.)ens,h/L =-, (? - ,X'
;,
itrv',,
'
i"";,)
ch..rJ'rf rrr.;.^,c,., , ,,(.1..:
"',
'
)
Nonrinxl slreis rt roo! oi tooilr (t-or bendirtg strength !ilJ l.rtigre)
l\1 :\/
-
,Lr.J\s
't'
'
;. 1,.'
I tuf conrr.e!iion siJc, ror r.n5ion siJ.,
C.Lnrilcrer irrrorl',
-
!, nat* r*.,u* r , f;..k."",
IlidiDrunr n)idulc (for r ccrtrin liic *i!ho!! tirtins fuilufe trlon8 pilch lin.)
/6:i.1/ i
!L\irr
"'" \v': x'
'
)
Crug. dijt.,r.e a;' )n,,la\/jt 05) r Z,,.rnv1,l.ns1" liLNcD oYr
/, 1, u:(,....!,.t,,.l r"r...rrrr"l{r'.,11',
Sl.rnd!rd ilrodule scfi.J,,,,, (.,1ter DIN r-S0):
,r,inrn.l 0 I l, I 4,4'7, 1.16, l{.11,:4 45, i5 75.
sreps 0l 0:505 I : I 5
Stlnd!rd dirmctrli pil(h s.rics, D.l'. (!fter nS al6: l'140):
D.I'.ll'ii.l i) ,\- l. -11.4 :0, l0 -'0.
slrrs 015 05 I l
Sta.Ja'J press!re rn-t1cs,7,.i :0 (trclifreJ). li 5 , l5', ll -5 -
RccoDrnrcrJc(t Ni.1rn rltio.,r: l0 ior.ul 1..!h, sttxratc bc]r,ng!l lj lo 40 ril
.!! tecth. be.!rinE\ built inlo gdrr-bo\; ut lo 100 lor sround of \h.'ved leelh,
rj(id shrats and b..rlrss.
Strndrrd tlcd.!durn trcl;r..i i 0l5 lo. B.S. trolile, l tur U.S. rnJ I.S.A. f!ll
ret r\ (f. rl , r
a.f .rub tc rh
Strndtird dcljcndun firrtor, d: l 4l lif B S. !ro!r,J l$th. 1 :: 1ir ts.S. .u!
1ee1h, I I fo. LS.A. iuil snd U.S. stub rrcth, I l5l for U.S. fuil d.tlh t.e1h.
Tlicsc rr. nrinimum !3luls.
Cuher ,lrlius 1x.tor, /: 0 :95 aor 11.5. lTiunJ 1c.rh,0 i9 iif Il S. .ul l.eth.0 l35
(min.) lL. U.S- iuil l0 recrh, 0 :09 (nin.) ior U.S. lirll ll -5 1.rrh, 0 10 (nri^.)
li)r l0' stub t.e!h.
Iliniilrunr nunrber ot- tccth on tidi.r tD !\ oid unier.ullin!, Z"
',i,,:
2,,,.,,..- 1t sja' t
(11 for :0 siriigln sru. scJrs).
Rc.onrmcod.d \Jlues of p.rnrissiiie .oNrprcssr\c s!rcss rl root, d.:
Stcels rppror. 0: :i tensild .tr.ngrh. .rsc h.rtulencJ slc.l l8 ls.lrrtnlj, phos-
phor bronze S ks.lmn:, cloLh lxnrirrt.s 3 5 ks.,rnn'.
For helical serrs
(( i 15')r a" rnd
^
nry be iD.rclscd by l5 fcr.eit.
At
/1 .-
l_ansciltirl \1.e\s.s
on /., inicr membef
force rcquired ro r!\enrble: r" -. i.n.l,.L.r,
l.t,.r.ll.L
I orou< l!.il1\ri.rr,rnk :
shere l:,. - rrill 5r.e, lb.
? .. torquc trilnsilri(cd Ib.-in.
/.
-
nonrinrl di!D.ter of.onlrcl surfl.e, in.
I = coeillcient oi frjclioD.
l- Iensth of ou1e. m.nbcr.
,. - conliict Diessure,
r. {rd trngen!i.l sresses linrilcd by eirstic linrit.
Assenrbly ol Shrink Fits:
17--l
A r. l.'l ir'r(rftrcn-(. in.
n .oc,li.icn(.rl line!f r\prrsion, rrer C.
l7 chrnee in tcnrperrlufc, Cl.
/. ditrnrercr of conlrc! 1i..
hcrt hub in llrn!.e or
cool sh3it in liquid air.
\ir.i liquid air nrly bc dxngcrous to firlers not con\ersant $rdr ttr use. Roonl
lenperature must be rcnched again beforc rs\enrbly is p]ssed on to ncrl
Fficrion Corlli.ienlsr sltrlic dynrmic
dry lubri.lted Jry lubrictted
Sle.lonstcel 015 0I 0L 005
Steclo,rCI. bronlc 02 0l 016 005
Corlljcienrr of Linear Exprnsion:
Al 99 5 pcr cenr ll S ri l0'i C
Crsr Al Si llloy l,
alsl l.l ilg :0
alrtAl (u 25
C!\t Al Z.n Cu 14
wroutlhI \l Allo)\ 12 5
Lit1. l',
rin )1
Lerd 29
Br!\s
Ni Nln Bronze
NIs Allors
l8i3 Cr Ni Sldel
In!xr Steel
lS 5 )i l0!i'C
t1
17 5
t1
25
lt
l6
Slre\s Cor.crtrxrion Ir.!or Juc to Inlerl;rcnce F(l
d,,.=l51ol0
N.B. To b3 useci rhcre I'.el1ins is poss;ble.
HiBher !rlues for higher lcnrile stfength and lo\ycr rrlio oflo.rL ronllrt pressure
to strrlice \lre!f slress.
Scptcnbcr 1961
619
{i
DT,lnc?l-:ll
i,, \_r/ t il Lr't.:JU
a sinrilar fashion, and \\hcre interfercnce lits occrrr, c.g. al
tlrc I'.rl l.earinj. trrc si.rtic strcsici
.ct
rrp rrottlri irpf(i,r in
the lailure criterion as (s,) and (s;). lf. at thc sanrc timc,
thcrc is dangcr of lietting corrosion. c.g. at thc cncl of thc
tapcr ti)r thc chain lheei. it is advisrrblc to nrultipl)'{he left-
hantl side alternrting strcsscs of thc frilure criti:rion br l
ffcttjng lactor Kr, lsce Tablc 7t.
Comnlents
Tc' a motorc)clc dcsigncr, this shalt. but particularll thc
bcrrings. uill look far too large. This could, ,ri'coursc. l.e
corrt'ctr:d bl,rssunring shortcr lircs for gerrs ruil bcarings.
lhich would bc
justillcd
on tilc grounds that thc full tofquc
is t--nly used cluring :r rclltivcll snrail proportion of lhe
nrrchin,:'s life. Using snralicr bcarings nral also nccessitiitc x
higlrt:r strenrth stcel for the shafi. although thc snrrllcr
pitch circle dianreters of the gcar uhccls *iil protabiy
relie,.e the strcsses,lithin thc sha{t. Snrailcr tritcir
circlr-s
could also result frc-.m using equal and opposiic corrcctions
to gcar tecth, \'hen,the practical mininrrilr nunlhcr ol lcctlr
in the pinion cor:ld bc rcduccd to as lol as eight \\ilhoui
altering thc clltcti|e pressure anglc of thc rrcshing gear tccth.
The split pin as locking clevicc for thc nut irL)lding thc
chein lrheel is also rathcr crude. If a $'oodrutl kcy is usctl
as sugg',cstcd prer.iousl1., tiren lr tabwashcr is nlofc cl!-gant
(it is also the more usual solution) in con-iunction riith a
r.'.t
'1r,i
,rt )t:r- r'.^
'.c,.n'lrlv Snt.lllcr.
A ccnrplctc sct of calcuiations sLrch ls this can gire a
fairl,v accurate guide to the likelihood of fatigue lracturc.
\{uch depcnds c)n the care takcn during nrlnufuciurt.
Cracks may be introclucecl during heat trcatlrtent or anr-
ncccssar! grinding rpcntions. or a snrall, sharp slep at the
transirion llonr fillct rrdius to paralicl shaft ma) raisc the
locf,l strcsscs far highcr ihan prerlictcd b] thc strcss con-
cantrrltion lactrrrs. Thc onlv sure uay of proting the desigtl
is by' rcsting. initi:rll-v rith photoclrstic coating. then b)
running l
ffotoilpe.
rntl finalll by running a batch ol'
nracirincs nrade riith thc productior iooiirlg. .\n) faults
that erisc clr:ring tiresc tcsts nrrst l't lrlced to (ictermine
tirL' crLlsc. fltcse Iatter proirleitts hrrc rccentll' bcen dis-
cirsscd l.] Plriilips and Frostrr.
RLI IJITL\CES
L D.signing .\g!inst F!tigue. It Il. llciwo!d, Chuln)!n rnJ Il!ll.
: Ii.ri!!!. of \terrls. I).
(;. t.orr.st. .\d(tison \\'c\1ct tn!efnrtion!t.
L Sti(\s Conccn!rtitior De\ign !u(rot\. R. l'.tersdn, \\rlev.
1. \1eli1 I !1isue. C. Sinc\ xnd J \\'.Li\$rn. ll.(;rr$-llill.
5. ,\ ]_!ie o. 1te ll.hr\i.ur ot I'rli:-ric ( rr.ls. \. [. F.o\t. J. \f11h. Plt)r.
\c/il\- l'r61. \'.1. !r, tr. 141 l5l.
6. A I'hfto.flr!!i. Srull ol Str.i\cs i. (ic.t. Io.lh I illels.T. J. Dolrnd xnd
[. I tsr,]:rh.tnrri. t-nL\. iLL,r(irs Il\fl S1.r. ]luil ll5 rl!;:1.
I I)!hb.1s I.ri.hcnhrrrh 1L,r d.I llr'tl,rncrbxr. lltit Lt!., l'. So:s unl (lt-
/r,,,, ir. {ed.l. Sf in!:tr, ll.rLin.
S. l!rritrrrnullril.|.c. l,rd I d., II N.!b... S!rriilge.. nerlin.
().
Ior\i.r.rL Stic!!
( ol!.ntr.L1i..s id Slrrlr\ ol- (-ircul.rr Cros!sc.lion lnd
\',r,irhlc D;rnr.lt., L. S. Jr..i)icn. 7rt5 .!.S..\r.11.. \'.i. ir'(l9lJ), p. 619.
l(1 I.,nirriL!,g lc. FoJ:rrrilllr drr uLrf \crd'eliu.! l-.cxn.rfu.hlcn rbgesclzter
\\'(ll.r rnir llilfc \.n Fci.lciii!tr9\.rc\\!rir.r, i. \\.igrnd. lry'llrrrr-
l:,,, 1,1 . \o1 :0 I 1!4r). f. llr
I l. I;.thr,rj.r1 5ri1c.r\ I)..1gil. \\' E fC.f rDd \\'. Coslitg, Perginron.
l:. So:ft -\ff rf.rliors .l I'tot1,ch\tj.rl, i,L I!ri,n.-(;e,rcii:lor Dcsign, \1-
ll.1tn\i- lr,rJ,. 1.! 1/ It. \oi a1 (1tli{r).
f. {'151.
ll -\ I'r.1('.Lr!:i. ln!r.rr!.,rior .i lhc Sir.\s Dr'tril.r:lioil in Uolaed Sf!r Joints.
(; S. tl.lirr9. \1 s.. Il,.\r{. U.ir (iril. LonJon, \_.\. l'r56.
14. \\l,r D. \\c St,i! (;tt I'.'ri!!c I:rilurcil f. F PhllLits rnd N. ll. Frosl,
.\,.i'.\r;,,rIi\r. \i'i.
jL).
\1,. ll').:lll, Iu\, l116l.
/ir\.5 /, rr it:ti!'i'.. d.rl r,1,lr 5 r. S .J,. Idl.,i lio,l a LooL tnti!!.il
1/r,lrrr1,r,r/ .!,iri,,it 1)'.ri! lL )1. [. n!.1 tttl ]1. !:in\lir! t) b. rtthlit],1
ittlttt,'tt:,,tr!trrti!irirtlltttrrttt!i,)rui li',d,,,,/ l(irl,, t,titilo!,,t:r,t)iqiilrtj-
it!t:.rt | | irt,ti \tr.,!1, \
".
l'rtt:tt r')r l't., 1 tli. O.\t')'tl.
Gl---l-\.\,'-)-l---1
:-' :-
-, -.,",.t'-,,.-.'r,il
Sintered lron. R. J. Good\in presentecl the results of meas-
LiTenrents of the chmping capacity of porous sintered iron
skeictons before rncj atrer inlllLration uith: (a) 90 per cent
coppcr. -i
per ccnt iron.5 per cent nranqancle: (tt) 70 per
cent copper. l0
fcr
cent zinc ; (c) 91) per ccnt copper. I per
cent silict-.n : and (d) leati- Ihe damping capacity
of porous sintered iron *as rtduced rvhen infrllrxted
r ith allovs (a). (b) anrl (c). btrt rignilrcantlv in'
crerseil \'lren inilltrrted rrith lerd.
'I
he sintered iron
irrs e clrnrping crprcitv some tltree to f(rrlr tinles
!rreater
llrrn tlret oi solid mild stccl (undcr these test
condititrns. \ iz.. tor(i(,n. * ith surface shear stresses of
.r.f{X) to
-<.000
p.s.i.).
'l
hc rccliiciion t'f rfunrping capacily ty
thc cr.ppcr rlloys lrs iittril)utc(l to tllc
jnflltrants
beheving
as an esscniirllli elastic
1-.hese
al thc stre\s levels entploleii
in ilris lLrrk.
-lire
increasc riuc to leacl. rrtr lhc other hancl.
.,.,rs
attrihuted lo iis acting as x Vi\cou\ nrateiirl tirat cre3lc\
:r phase tlill-crcncc l..ct\\een slrcss anrl strlin thus incrersin-q
ilrc lr)s',eicsis anrl ihe clenrping capacill.'Ihe dillerence in
1)cha\i()ur slrc$n br' 1\Lr rliB-ercnl irons after inllltrf,tion
lith lcati is rclrttrl 1(r tlre
l)(\rc
fornr urailnblc tLr tlrc lcld
:inri conseqrrenlly lire stfes\ concentratlon.
\'. T. \lorgrn in his
1-'rpcr.
['crnrcahili',r'()f Porous
r\lalerirls. pointed ou', the
fir.lical
inrptrrtlncc ()f the pef
nrcabilily ()f
I)()rous
nretxl\. not only in r fc} specirlised
rpplicrtions strch es lrlttrs. oil retrining hcrrings. ctc.. hut
in tlre prrrrrler rreteliLrrgl'procc\s f,\ l lliole. lltis rvas a
ciear
Jrrc\enllrli()n
lrl rn autlrrrity. hirl ii lrr)rc a\tcn\ivc 1i\t
of rcfcrences (there is onlv one) loulcl ecicl to ilrt rnlue of
tiic p:!pr.
The proccedings of the Slnrptrsitlar lill l,e
IrLrhlr'.hcd
towrrds the encl of the tcer.
i"=itn,
j
I l--rt--
I--;l-: i; ; i-::-;
--.,-.;- -'
rTrfll.
Soci6t6 I'rangaisc de 1a NI[tallur-qie, the Ausschuss
_[-
1'tir Pulvermctallurgie. and tl]c Poudcr \4ctailurgy'
Joinl Group of thc Iron and Stcel Instjtute and the Institute
of lrlet:ls recentlv held a s_vmpc.sium on
iroucler
nretailursy
in Pari:;.
Thc progran. es cljr,idecl into six parts : Thc Prrpara
tion and C'onr1: ,rn of Porvclers; Problcnrs Ilclatin-q to
Solid Phasc Sintering; Problenrs Ilt'lating to Sintcring in tirc
J)resenr:c of r Liquid Phase; Properties oI Sjnierecl
('orr
poncnt5: Applicailons oI Sintererl C-onrponents: and
'I'hernr:rl 'l
reirtnrent of Sintercd Coinponents (a joint
session
rvith Urc lOth Iniernaiional Conicrence on
-fhermal
Trcat-
nlent). Fr()nr an engineering point of \je\\ the last three
\!er(
f
,,q.r'\;\ ,,, a','."'""t..,,,, -'.
In tlreir paper on The EtTect of I{esidual Porositl on thc
I)r(rperties of I{o11-conrpactcd Nickel 51rjp. N..1. \\Iili;anrs
anti \'..A..'l'racel ricscrit'ed an inres'.igatitrn fronr ulrrclr
thev f.und that: (1.) a srnall ainoLurt (ahout 3 pcr ccrt) of
rcriclual porosity had littlc ellcct trn rooilr tcnrne13lure
tensjle strcngth and ductility: (:.) for applrctti()n \\h:re
abortt -l irer
cenl isolate(l porosily can bc xcccl.,.ed. ti)e
strcngtrr an(l cluctilitl' of conr eniional Iy prcrrlucccl u rrrLr-rhi
nratcrirl can l.e reached byr colcl rolling. eficr srntcriiri:. to
rome ilO to 2-i per cent leduction:
(i.)
to lrodrcc slr;.
csscntiallir free from prrro\it). cold roiiin-q to nr('ro iirin li)
pcr cer)t reductjon is neccss:ir1'; ("+)
jntcr\tage
afncaling in
the r:afge.c00 to 1.100 rleg.
(i
rllous repid dcnrilication hr'
sul.seqllent cold-rolling. lrut to linrit the grain sizc reclLiircs
lo*cr annealin-_q tenrfcratLrres (ahout
ji)O
cleg.
()
for thc
final stages. I he paper cnds \\'ilir e r ert illilcqlrrle
hitrliLrgraph).
In'I-he tillect of Inliltrrtion orr lhe Danrprng
('aprcitv
of
620 I') t g i n tt,r i t t g'\ [ ul t'ri a I t ork I Dt.si s n