Abstract--This paper introduces a theoretical study of the

significant factors that affecting the dynamics of wire particles in

a horizontal coaxial gas-insulated transmission line (GITL)
and/or gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) systems. The dynamics of
the particle is investigated using a computational algorithm and
under different voltage waveforms, gas pressures, and coating
thicknesses. The simulated voltage waveforms are the 60 Hz ac,
single and successive switching impulses (SI), and bipolar
oscillatory and damped impulses. All the applied voltage
waveforms are simulated with and without the dc prestress,
except for the ac case. These voltages represent the actual
waveforms that occur in practice. The present work highlights
the dangerous situations of the particle dynamics and their
methods of mitigation. Moreover, the investigated dynamic
behaviors of such defect under ac energization give excellent
signs for the recognition by the acoustic detection technique.

Index Terms--GIS, GITL, Mixed Voltages, Particle Dynamics.

I. INTRODUCTION

ITL systems of ratings up to 800 kV, 8 kA, 4 GVA and
100 km are in service for high-power and long-distance
transmission [1], and the development programs are in
progress to increase such ratings. Also, GIS systems of
ratings up to 800 kV and 63 kA (rated breaking current) are in
service [1]. Both GITL and GIS systems are often used
without maintenance during the whole lifetime, reliable and
economical. There are two types of the fine contaminants in
both GITL and GIS systems, either insulating or metallic
particles. The former causes relatively innocuous effect, while
the latter drastically reduces the corona onset and breakdown
voltages of the system [2]. The sources of fine metallic
particles are the mechanical abrasions, incorrect assembly,
conductor movement under load cycling and vibration during
shipping and service [3]. On the other hand, earlier literature
[4] reports that inadvertent failure of HV GIS and GITL is
traced to a seemingly innocuous mechanism in particle-
induced breakdown. Several methods have been used to
reduce the effect of such particles, including particle traps and
the dielectric coating of conductors in GITL/GIS systems [5].
The latter improves the dielectric strength [5]. This is due to:
(1) improvement of the conductor roughness and hence
decreasing the high local field [5], (2) coating resistance
reduces the development of predischarge in the gas [5], and
(3) significant reduction in the particle charge during impacts
and increase in the lifting field with the increase in the
coating thickness and/or gas pressure [5,6]. Adhesive coatings
can also be used to adhere particles to a certain surface.
However, no method has yet been found that completely
solves the problem of the particles [7]. Wire particles
approximately correspond to the type of particles encountered
in practice [7]. In practice, both ac and dc equipment may be
stressed by surge overvoltages superimposed on the working
voltage for a short period of time [8]. Therefore, it is of
significant importance to investigate the behavior of such
metallic particles in GITL/GIS systems even if the conductors
are dielectrically coated. The effect of dc prestress (due to the
trapped charge left on the load side after interruption of
capacitive currents and/or during disconnector switching [8])
is simulated to study how these superimposed impulse
voltages will affect the particle dynamics.

II. CASE STUDY AND ASSUMPTIONS

The system studied corresponds to the dimensions of a 138
kV GITL system. The inner and outer diameters of the
coaxial system are 70 and 190 mm, respectively. The
aluminum wire particle selected for study has a diameter of
0.45 mm and a length of 6.4 mm. It is represented by a
longitudinal cylinder, hemispherically terminated ends. The
randomness of the angle of incidence and the modes of
motions, i.e. the spinning of the particle and the rotation of its
axis, have not been considered. In addition, the possibility
that the particle can change its shape during impact is not
taken into account. A computer program based on the Runge-
Kutta method is written to compute the particle motion. These
singular values result from the successive particle impacts
which, in turn, make the equation of motion to be multi-
valued initial conditions. Therefore, special treatments of the
particle motion during impacts have been considered in the
computations. The particle equation of motion is given by
mg F F x m =
d e
& & (1)
where m and g are the particle mass and gravitational
acceleration, respectively. The particle acquires more charge
when it is elevated from the horizontal position. Therefore, it
requires a lower electric field to remain erect on the
enclosure, and can remain active in the inter-electrode gap at
Characterization of Metallic-Particle Dynamics
in Compressed SF
6
-Insulated Systems under
Different Voltage Stresses

I.A. Metwally and A.A. A-Rahim
G

I.A. Metwally is with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. 33, Al-Khod,
Muscat-123, Sultanate of Oman (e-mail: metwally@squ.edu.om)
A.A. A-Rahim is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 35516
(e-mail: a-rahim@mans.edu.eg)
0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 2003 IEEE
Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy
voltages lower than the initial lifting voltage. Also, it is
assumed that the particle impacts on both the inner and outer
electrodes are not perfectly elastic. The restitution coefficient
R
c
, for both the inner and outer electrodes, is defined as the
modulus of the ratio of the particle velocities after and before
impacts. The electric force F
e
= qE, where the electric field E
is a function of both the time t and particle position x, and the
particle charge q depends on the particle dimensions (length
l
w
and radius r
w
) and the coating condition. The lifting charge
is given by [3]
1
2
ln
w
w
l
2
w
l

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
l
E l
q
o

(2)
where
o
is the permittivity of free space. For uncoated
enclosure, the particle charge depends on the instantaneous
electric field at the instant of impact. For coated enclosure, on
the other hand, it is assumed that the free charge on a particle
resting on a dielectric coating is due to a partial discharge,
then it is possible to estimate the field necessary for lifting off
E
l
[5]. The particle charge according to the discharge
mechanism is given by [3]

>
<
0 < E q = q
0 > E +q = q E
+q = q E
E
o
o l
o l
(3)
where q
o
is the particle lifting off charge for coated enclosure.
The variation of both the lifting charge and field of the wire
particle with the coating thickness at different gas pressures is
taken from [5]. The absolute pressure P is taken as 300 kPa
except where it is specified. The drag force F
d
is taken into
consideration according to [9]. For fully erected long
cylindrical wire particle with hemispherical termination, F
d
is
basically considered to be viscous, and pressure drag is minor
except at relatively high density gas. Also, the variation of
pure SF
6
density at 20C with the pressure range from 100 to
500 kPa is taken from [9].

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. AC Voltage

In case of ac voltage application, the frequency is taken as
60 Hz. The return of experience shows that the majority of
dielectric failures in GIS ( 61 %) occur under normal
operating ac voltage [10]. Therefore, it is of significant
importance to investigate the factors governs the dynamics of
metallic particles under ac voltage. The significant reduction
of the maximum height x , compared with uncoated case, is
due to the occurrence of pseudo-resonance (having fixed
frequency f
r
) of the particle motion as can be seen in Fig. 1.
This phenomenon occurs because of capturing the particle
very close to the enclosure, leading to pseudo-resonance
condition [3]. In Fig. 1(a) for uncoated enclosure, it is seen
12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5
Time, s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,

m
m
Uncoated, RC = 0.80, V = 50 kV (rms)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Time, s
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,

m
m
Coated (5 um), RC = 0.80, V = 50 kV (rms)

Fig. 1 Section of the simulated window of particle motion at U
ac
= 50 kV
(rms) and Rc = 0.8; (a) Uncoated and (b) coated (5 m).

that whenever the particle hits the enclosure, it rebounds and
reaches a new larger height with random movement if the
rebound velocity is substantial. After ~ 12.8s, every time the
particle hits the enclosure, the rebound velocity decreases
sharply. Therefore, the particle does not reach greater heights
and gets captured very close to the enclosure. This
phenomenon is clearly seen in Fig. 1(b) for coated enclosure
because of decreasing the lifting charge and increasing the
lifting field [5]. Hence, the pseudo-resonance occurs when the
particle velocity during hitting is synchronized with the point-
on-wave of the applied ac voltage [3].

Fig. 2 shows that the frequency of the pseudo-resonance
decreases with the increase in R
c
. In other words, the pseudo-
resonance is associated with a lower value of R
c
, which
reduces the rebound speed and hence increases the frequency
of the pseudo-resonance. This phenomenon is inhibited for
higher values of R
c
[3]. During the particle flight with
constant charge, its time-varying velocity is decreasing under
40 50 60 70
Applied voltage, kV (rms)
0
10
20
30
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,

H
z
Ucoated
RC = 0.80
RC = 0.85
RC = 0.90
RC = 0.95

Fig. 2 Influence of the Rc on resonance frequency for uncoated enclosure.

the action of the gravitational force F
g
, with a frequency
equals to that of the applied ac voltage. The particle
movement is random until the occurrence of the pseudo-
resonance phenomenon. Under such resonance conditions,
particle impact with the enclosure occurs when F
e
is
maximum, i.e. at positive and negative peaks of E(t) to fulfill
(3), where F
e
assists F
g
. Therefore, the ratio f/f
r
is usually
equal to an integer number plus half. At increasing the
applied ac voltage, the particle acquires greater momentum at
the beginning of the resonance period leading to higher F
e
/F
g
.
The disappearance of such resonance phenomenon at some
voltage ranges is due to the unfulfillment of the
aforementioned condition of f/f
r
.

Fig. 3 illustrates the effect of ac voltage on x with and
without coating. It is clearly seen that coating drastically
reduces x . Under coating conditions, meanwhile, x does not
necessarily increase with the applied voltage; sometimes it
decreases. This is due to x depends on the point-on-wave of
the applied voltage at which the particle hits the enclosure.

40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Applied voltage, kV (rms)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

h
e
i
g
h
t
,

m
m
Uncoated
Coated
Lifting off
Coated, RC = 0.80
5 um
10 um
30 um
50 um

Fig. 3 Effect of enclosure coating on maximum height at R
c
= 0.8.

Therefore, the use of dielectric coatings is a means of
immobilizing the metallic particles [7]. In addition, in case of
coating the restitution coefficient R
c
becomes much lower
than that for uncoated enclosure [3]. Other results show that
the increase in pressure drastically reduces the maximum
height x due to the significant reduction in the lifting charge,
and the increase in both the lifting field and F
d
[5]. In
addition, increasing the gas pressure leads to the occurrence
of pseudo-resonance at higher voltage. This is also attributed
to the decrease in lifting charge and the increase in lifting
field when increasing the gas pressure [5].

For coated enclosure, the voltage at resonance initiation
increases with coating thickness, but decreases with R
c
as
illustrated in Fig. 4. The former trend can be explained in
terms of the decrease in lifting charge and the increase in
lifting field [5]. The latter trend is attributed to the lower
momentum associated with the particle after impact at lower
R
c
.

5 10 15 20 25 30
Coating thickness, um
40
60
80
100
120
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

a
t

r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e

i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
o
n
,

k
V

(
r
m
s
)
Coated
RC = 0.75
RC = 0.80
RC = 0.85

Fig. 4 Influence of coating thickness on voltage at resonance initiation.

40 50 60 70
Applied voltage, kV (rms)
10
20
30
40
50
60
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

h
e
i
g
h
t
,

m
m
Uncoated
RC = 0.80
RC = 0.85
RC = 0.90
RC = 0.95

Fig. 5 Dependence of maximum height on ac voltage for uncoated enclosure.
R
c
=0.80
R
c
=0.85
R
c
=0.90
R
c
=0.95
Uncoated
R
c
=0.80
5 m
10m
30m
50m
R
c
= 0.75
R
c
= 0.80
R
c
= 0.85
R
c
=0.80
R
c
=0.85
R
c
=0.90
R
c
=0.95
Fig. 5 shows that x increases with the increase in the
applied voltage and/or R
c
. The latter effect is due to the
increase in the particle velocity after impact when increasing
R
c
. Also, higher R
c
leads to the particle to cross the gap at
lower applied voltages. Other results indicate that the crossing
time significantly decreases at higher voltages and nearly
becomes independent of R
c
. The probability of breakdown for
such elongated particles is higher when the particle is located
close (2mm) but not in contact with the inner conductor [7].

For uncoated enclosure and at a constant applied ac voltage,
the peak value of the number of impacts decreases with the
increase in R
c
as can be seen in Fig. 6(a). Moreover, for a
constant R
c
, the peak value of the number of impacts
decreases with the increase in the applied voltage as
illustrated in Fig. 6(b). The trend of the results in Fig. 6 is
attributed to the fact that higher R
c
and/or applied ac voltage
leads to higher x , as given by Fig. 5, where a greater part of
the momentum is maintained throughout the impact leading to
the increase in both x and the time between two consecutive
impacts. At pseudo-resonance condition, Fig. 6(c) shows a
remarkable increase in the number of impacts.

B. DC/Single SI

The simulation results for uncoated conductors, and under
dc prestress voltage U
dc
and superimposed single switching
impulse U
imp
(dc/single SI) are shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Also,
it must be noted that all the computations are carried out for a
constant total peak voltage
l imp dc
20

U U U = + , where U
l
is
the particle lifting off voltage, i.e. at 543 kV 4.8 pu, and
during a time duration of greater than 28 the tail time of the
slowest SI. During this duration it is sure that the SI wave has
completely died out.

Fig. 7 shows that the distance traveled by the particle
"height" is larger in the case of dc prestress/SI than that in the
case of applying SI only. In other words, the dc/SI is more
dangerous (risk of failure) than a pure impulse only because
the particle can cross the gap in a shorter time for the dc/SI
case. It is clearly seen that for a constant front time of 250 s,
the longer the tail time the higher is the height. This is due to
the fact that most of the particle momentum develops under
the decaying part of SI tail time.

Fig. 8 plots the crossing time vs. the percentage dc prestress
voltage ))

/( (
imp dc dc
U U U + for different SI of a constant
front time of 250 s and various tail times. It is seen that as
the percentage dc prestress voltage increases, the crossing
time decreases. This is attributed to the fact that when U
dc

increases, the particle takes a minimum time to lift off and its
velocity significantly increases. Consequently, the particle
crosses the gap faster, and this effect augments with SI having
longer tail time.
0 40 80 120
Time between two consecutive impacts, ms
0
100
200
300
400
500
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

i
m
p
a
c
t
s
Uncoated, U=40 kV(rms)
RC = 0.80
RC = 0.90
RC = 0.95
0 40 80 120 160 200
Time between two consecutive impacts, ms
0
100
200
300
400
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

i
m
p
a
c
t
s
Uncoated, RC = 0.85
U = 45 kV (rms)
U = 50 kV (rms)
U = 55 kV (rms)

0 40 80 120 160 200
Time between two consecutive impacts, ms
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

i
m
p
a
c
t
s

a
t

r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
Uncoated, U=48 kV (rms)
RC = 0.80
RC = 0.90
RC = 0.95

Fig. 6 Distributions of the time between two consecutive impacts; (a) Uac =
40 kV(rms), (b) Rc = 0.85 and (c) Uac = 48 kV(rms) resonance condition.

C. DC/Successive Impulses

Re-strikes of circuit breakers during the switching of
capacitor banks, or unloaded transmission lines, can lead to
voltage escalation on the line side of the circuit breaker. This
is resulting in high values of trapped and line-side voltage;
R
c
=0.85
U
ac

Uac
Uac
U
ac
=48 kV(rms)
R
c
=0.80
R
c
=0.90
R
c
=0.95
R
c
=0.80
R
c
=0.90
R
c
=0.95
Uac=40 kV(rms)
(a)
(b)
(c)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time, ms
0
20
40
60
H
e
i
g
h
t
,

m
m
250/1500 us, Udc = 0
250/2500 us, Udc = 0
250/3500 us, Udc = 0
250/1500 us, Udc = Ul
250/2500 us, Udc = Ul
250/3500 us, Udc = Ul

Fig. 7 Dependence of particle trajectory on SI tail time with (solid curves)
and without (dashed curves) dc prestress for uncoated enclosure.

0 1 2 3 4 5
Udc/(Udc+Uimp), %
40
80
120
160
C
r
o
s
s
i
n
g

t
i
m
e
,

m
s
250/1500 us
250/2500 us
250/3500 us

Fig. 8 Crossing time vs. percentage dc prestress for various SI tail times for
uncoated enclosure.

especially some types of oil CB which cause overvoltages to
ground of up to 8 pu [11]. Three similar (250/1500 s)
successive impulses having a time interval of 13 ms and a
constant total peak voltage for each impulse
l imp dc
20

U U U = + are investigated. Fig. 9 shows a similar

trend of the results given in Fig. 7. The effect of successive
impulses gives higher height reached by the particle. This is
due to the successive gained momentums by the particle. Fig.
9 illustrates that the crossing time increases linearly with
increasing the time interval between the three consecutive
impulses but it decreases by the increase in U
dc
. The former
effect is attributed to the fact that after a certain time of
application of the first impulse, the particle is decelerated
although it is traveling upward. Similar effect is observed for
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Time between three consecutive impulses, ms
40
50
60
70
C
r
o
s
s
i
n
g

t
i
m
e
,

m
s
Udc/Ul = 0.5 pu
Udc/Ul = 1.0 pu
Udc/Ul = 1.5 pu
Udc/Ul = 2.0 pu

Fig. 9 Crossing time vs. time between three similar successive impulses
(250/1500 s) having equal time interval of 13 ms and constant total peak
voltage of 20 U
l
for various U
dc
/U
l
ratios.

the application of the second and third impulses. Therefore,
the second and the third impulses enhance the momentum
acquired by the particle. The latter effect can be explained in
accordance to the reasoning for the results given in Fig. 7.

D. DC/Oscillatory Impulses

Switching overvoltages may be oscillatory or non-periodic
[12]. Most commonly, however, their waveforms are of
damped oscillations with frequency of oscillations depends on
the circuit parameters (L and C), and their amplitudes
extending from 1 pu up to 4 pu [12]. Fig. 10 plots the
dependence of particle trajectory on the frequency f of the
bipolar, oscillatory and damped impulses with dc prestress
voltage. The waveform is represented by
) 2 sin( ) exp(

) (
imp dc
ft t U U t U + = (4)
where is the attenuation constant. It can be noticed that
when increasing f, the particle crosses the gap in a shorter
time. Increasing f leads to successive enhancing of the particle
momentum. Further increase in f shows little decrease in the
crossing time. This is attributed to the shorter time between
the positive and negative impulses. Therefore, the net force
exerted on the particle in one cycle unchanged remarkably
with further increase in f. Also, the time taken by the particle
for lifting off increases with the decrease in f. Other results
reveal that for a constant f, increasing leads to longer
crossing time. This is because of decreasing the momentum
acquired by the particle due to the quicker decay of the
oscillatory impulses.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

Under 60-Hz ac energization, the results reveal that for
uncoated conductors, the increase in R
c
leads to the decrease
in the frequency of the pseudo resonance. For further increase
such resonance phenomenon is inhibited. The crossing time is
s, U
dc

s, Udc
s, Udc
s, Udc
s, Udc
s, Udc
U
l

Ul
U
l

Udc/Ul = 0.5 pu
U
dc
/U
l
= 1.0 pu
Udc/Ul = 1.5 pu
U
dc
/U
l
= 2.0 pu
s
s
s
U
dc
/(U
dc
+
imp
), %
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time, ms
0
20
40
60
H
e
i
g
h
t
,

m
m
f = 0.5 kHz
f = 1.0 kHz
f = 2.0 kHz
f = 3.0 kHz

Fig. 10 Dependence of particle trajectory on frequency of bipolar oscillatory
and damped impulses having = 30,
l imp dc
10

U U U = + and Udc =0.5Ul.

significantly decreases with voltage and/or R
c
. At pseudo
resonance conditions, the number of impacts is about two to
three folds of that without such resonance. For coated
conductors, increasing the coating thickness drastically
reduces the maximum height, and for further increase in
coating thickness this reduction becomes insignificance and
no pseudo resonance occurs. Increasing the gas pressure
causes higher voltage for the occurrence of the pseudo
resonance, while its frequency and the number of impacts at
resonance are unchanged. The results of superimposed single
SI on the dc prestress highlight that for the same voltage peak
and SI front time, the longer the SI tail time the longer is the
distance traveled by the particle, even if the dc prestress does
not exist. Existence of the dc prestress dominantly increases
the height and decreases the crossing time. The effect of
circuit-breaker re-strikes indicates that the longer the time
interval between the successive impulses the higher is the
crossing time, which drastically decreases with the dc
prestress. For oscillatory impulses having constant attenuation
factor, the higher the frequency of oscillation, the higher is
the particle height and the lower is the lifting off time. For a
constant frequency, increasing the attenuation factor has a
negligible effect on the particle trajectory.

V REFERENCES

[1] Siemens Power and Distribution Group, Power Engineering Guide.
Transmission and Distribution. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Germany.
[2] A.H. Cookson, O. Farish, G.M.L. Sommerman, "Effect of conducting
particles on ac corona and breakdown in compressed SF
6
", IEEE Trans.
Power App. Sys., vol. PAS-91, pp. 1329-1338, 1972.
[3] K. S. Prakash, K.D. Srivastava and M.M. Morcos, "Movement of
particles in compressed SF6 GIS with dielectric coated enclosure", IEEE
Trans. Dielectrics EI, vol 4, no. 3, pp. 344-347, 1997.
[4] M. S. Indira and T.S. Ramu, "Motion of conducting particles causing
inadvertent outages in GIS", IEEE Trans. Dielectrics EI, vol. 7, no. 2,
pp. 247-253, 2000.
[5] H. Anis and K.D. Srivastava, "Breakdown characteristics of dielectric
coated electrodes in sulfur hexafluoride gas with particle
contamination", Sixth Int. Symp. High Voltage Engg., New Orleans,
USA, 1989, Proc. paper no. 32.06.
[6] I.A. Metwally and A.A. A-Rahim, "Dynamic analysis of motion of
spherical metallic particles in non-uniform electric field", IEEE Trans.
Dielectrics EI, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 282-293, 2002.
[7] M. Holmberg, Motion of Metallic Particles in Gas Insulated Systems,
Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden,
Technical Report no. 312, 1997.
[8] R.M. Radwan, R. Morsi and M.A. Abd-Allah, "Motion of free
conducting particles in SF6 insulated systems under dc switching
voltages", IEEE Trans. Dielectrics EI, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25-30, 1994.
[9] H. Anis and K.D. Srivastava, "Movement of conducting particles under
impulse voltages in compressed gases", Fifteenth IEEE-IAS Annual
Meeting, Cincinnati, USA, 1980, Proc. pp. 1048-1055.
[10] CIGRE Joint Working Group 33/23.12, "Insulation coordination of GIS:
Return of experience, On-site tests and diagnostic techniques", Electra,
vol. 176, pp. 67-97, 1998.
[11] A.D. Stokes, "High-voltage line-dropping switching stresses", IEE
Proc.-C, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 21-26, 1992.
[12] British Electricity International Ltd., Modern Power Station Practice,
Volume K EHV Transmission, Third Edition, Pergamon Press, 1991.

VI. BIOGRAPHY
Ibrahim A. Metwally was born in Port-Said, Egypt,
on Aug. 28th, 1963 He received the B.Eng. degree
with Honor in Electrical Engineering from Mansoura
University (MU)/Egypt, in 1986, the M. Eng. degree
in High-Voltage Engineering from MU in 1990, and
the Ph.D. degree in High-Voltage Engineering from
MU in collaboration with University of Wales,
Cardiff/UK in 1994. He is with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, MU as an Associate Professor
and on Aug. 2002 he has joined the Electrical Engineering Department,
Sultan Qaboos University, Oman as an Associate Professor, too. During the
academic years 2000-2002, he joined the University of the Federal Armed
Forces Munich/Germany as a Visiting Fellow. He is a Fellow of the
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn/Germany and a member in IEC-
TC #78. He was awarded both the State Prize in Engineering Sciences and
the Late Prof. M. Khalifas Prize in 1998 and 1999, respectively. His
biographical profile was published in the Whos Who in Science and
Engineering in 2001. His areas of research include Oil- and Gas-Flow
Electrification, Electromagnetic Transients, Overvoltage Protection, Coronas,
Gas-Insulated Switchgears and Lines, Hazards of Lightning.

Abdel-Rahim A. Abdel-Rahim was born in DK, Egypt, in 1955. He
received the B.Eng. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Mansoura
University (MU)/Egypt, in 1978, the M. Eng. 1985, and the Ph.D. 1990
degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology,
USA. He is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, MU as
Assistant Professor. His areas of research include aerodynamics, transient
and heat transfer.


f = 0.5 kHz
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f = 0.5 kHz