Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brill Introductions to
Indo-European Languages
Series Editors
Michiel de Vaan
Alexander Lubotsky
volume 1
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/iiel
Manuscript J2, 478v, Yasna 43.6 (end) Yasna 43.8 (beginning)
Introduction to Avestan
By
Javier Martnez
Michiel de Vaan
Translated by
Ryan Sandell
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vaan, Michiel Arnoud Cor de, 1973-
[Introduccin al avstico. English]
Introduction to Avestan / By Michiel de Vaan, Javier Martinez ; Translated by Ryan Sandell.
pages cm. (Brill introductions to Indo-European languages ; Volume 1)
Published in Spanish by Madrid : Clsicas, 2001 as " Introduccin al avstico".
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-25809-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-90-04-25777-1 (e-book : alk. paper) 1. Avestan
languageGrammar. I. Martnez Garca, Francisco Javier, 1965- II. Sandell, Ryan, (Translator) III. Title.
PK6103.V3613 2014
491'.525dc23
2013040365
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Contents
Translators Note ix
Preface xi
Symbols and Abbreviations xiii
1 Introduction 1
1 Avestan; the Iranian Languages 1
2 The Avestan Texts 2
3 Writing System: The Avestan Alphabet 4
4 The Transmission 5
2 Phonology 7
5 Alphabet and Phoneme Inventory 7
6 Historical Phonology 9
7 Vowels 10
8 Epenthetic Vowels 17
9 Anaptyctic Vowels 18
10 Diphthongs 19
11 Consonants 21
3 Morphology 39
12 Introduction 39
13 Nominal Inflection 39
14 Case Endings of the Singular 43
15 Case Endings of the Dual 44
16 Case Endings of the Plural 44
17 Inflectional Classes 46
18 Consonant Stems 46
19 Vowel Stems 53
20 The Adjective 64
21 Numerals 66
22 Pronouns 69
23 Prepositions and Preverbs 77
24 The Verb 78
25 Component Elements 78
26 Present Stems 80
viii contents
27 Aorist Stems 82
28 Perfect Stem 83
29 Moods 83
30 Personal Endings 83
31 The Augment 87
32 Paradigms 88
33 Non-Finite and Nominal Forms 96
4 Syntax 99
34 Syntax 99
35 Number 99
36 Case Syntax 100
37 The Use of Verbal Moods 101
38 Clausal Syntax 103
39 Negation 104
40 The System Changes 105
5 Texts 107
41 Introduction 107
Bibliography 119
Glossary 123
Word Index 131
Topical Index 159
Translators Note
Like any dutiful translator, I have at all times striven to obtain an accurate and
clear rendering of the original Spanish text into English, while still maintain-
ing as muchof the original phrasing andstyle as possible. Giventhe objective of
this book, tointroduce the facts concerning the historical andsynchronic gram-
mar of Avestan, I have prized clarity above all, and therefore have occasionally
added additional explanatory clauses where I felt that a merely accurate trans-
lation did not convey the intended point. Similarly, the availability of a more
extensive number and gender agreement systemin Spanish often necessitated
that I restore full nominal referents in many places, again for the sake of clarity.
For technical reasons, the files in which the original Spanish manuscript was
composed were not usable. To produce the translation, I therefore retyped the
entire book froma printed copy of the original 2001 Ediciones Clsicas edition,
and typeset it using , in order to take advantage of direct Unicode input.
First thanks go to the authors, Javier Martnez and Michiel de Vaan (who,
incidentally, taught the first course of Avestan in which I sat, now almost
five years ago), for having entrusted me with this project. Chiara Bozzone
kindly read various portions of my text, suggested better translations, and
offered moral support whenever necessary. I owe a considerable debt to Jesse
Lundquist, who read a draft of the manuscript through the portion on nomi-
nal morphology, and thereby saved me frominnumerable typographical errors.
Los Angeles, June 2013
RS
Preface
Around the second millennium bce, at the same time that Judaism was tak-
ing shape further to the west, another monotheistic religion, impelled by the
prophet Zarathustra, arose among the Iranian tribes that inhabited the area of
present-day Eastern Iran and Western Afghanistan. Zarathustra incorporated
the old Iranian deities into this newreligion, and he reorganized themwithin a
dualistic system characterized by the battle between Good and Evil. The Maz-
dayasnian creed attained dominance in the Achaemenid (559336bce) and
Sasanian (ca. 224651 ce) Persian Empire. Later, following the Muslim inva-
sion, the Mazdayasnian religion was nearly annihilated; nevertheless, in spite
of everything, Mazdayasnianism survived until the present day in a couple of
Iranian cities, in the west of India (Bombay [Mumbai], Gujarat), and through-
out the diaspora (United States, England).
Of the totality of texts belonging to the canon, which was formed in the first
half of the first milleniumbce and was successively transmitted by priests, only
a tiny fraction has survived, transmitted in manuscripts since the Middle Ages.
Withthe acquisitionof a goodportionof those manuscripts inthe 18thand19th
centuries, the academic study of the Avestan language and the Mazdayasnian
religion began in Europe.
Presently, grammars and monographs on Avestan exist in various languages,
but anupdated modernintroduction, mainly intendedfor students of Compar-
ative and Indo-European Linguistics was still lacking. In view of this gap, we
first published in 2001 an Introduccin al Avstico, which was quite successful,
and rapidly sold out. Limitations owing to the original language and the small
size of the first printing made the book a rarum.
The start of the new series Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages
allows us to seize the opportunity to produce an English translation based on
the Introduccin, as many students of Avestan and Comparative Linguistics
requested since the Spanish book appeared.
Considering the growing number of scholars interested in the study of
Ancient Languages and Cultures, the present grammar has a dual objective.
In the first place, it aspires to be a clear and concise manual of Avestan for
those who wish to study the texts from a historical and cultural perspective,
but it also intends to bring out the history of one of the oldest and most archaic
Indo-European languages.
On the whole, the aim of this new edition was to change the text as lit-
tle as possible, because of both the positive feedback received after the first
edition and in order to maintain the concision and handiness of the original.
xii preface
Nevertheless, we have taken advantage of this occasion to correct typos and
other minor errors borne inthe first edition, andwe have also addedsome titles
to the bibliography.
Academic works are always subject to revision and the present book con-
stitutes no exception. After a period of further study, the historical grammar
of the languages indeed requires new explanations as well. Real progress has
been made in Avestan philology over the last decade (in particular, the results
of studies made by Jean Kellens and by Alberto Cantera and his collab-
orators), and the current text has consequently been updated. In matters of
historical phonology, M. de Vaan has, in a number of instances, modified our
previous views in agreement with the findings of his 2003 study on the Avestan
vowels and other subsequent papers.
We would, at this point, againlike to remember the teachers who introduced
the study of Avestan to us: Helmut Fischer and Ralf-Peter Ritter on the one
hand, and Robert Beekes, Alexander Lubotsky, and Jochem Schindler on
the other.
Other friends and scholars also deserve our gratitude for their advice con-
cerning this book. Carlos Jordn Clera (Zaragoza) revised and gave many
comments on the original Spanish version. Alberto Cantera (Salamanca) has
given graciously of his time and has likewise offered many helpful comments,
and Douglas Fear (Heidelberg) was able to untighten his schedule and read
the final manuscript. Lastly, we are deeply grateful to Ryan Sandell for will-
ingly entrusting himself to the translation of the Spanish text, and for being a
patient and solicitous assistant at every stage of this work.
A considerable number of the textual materials used for the revision and
updating of the present book, such as the frontispiece image of the Ms. J2, have
been extracted from the corpora belonging to the TITUS Project.
Oviedo / Leiden, June 2013
JM & MdV
Symbols and Abbreviations
as a ligature of + [ + ] or
in its two variants and ).
The establishment of a relative chronology for the script is a complicated
issue, and has been a recent topic of discussion. Until now, an inscription in
4 the transmission 5
Book Pahlavi script on a sarcophagus discovered in Istanbul, whose archeo-
logical dating demands a date no later than 430ce, was usually adduced as
important evidence. Some scholars even allowed the possibility that the cre-
ation of the script had taken place during the reign of S a buhr II (310379ce).
At present, the dating of the sarcophagus has been revised, and a much later
date is admitted, probably the 9th or 10th c. Recently, a new approach to the
evidence provided by the Pahlavi books and other sources, like coins, points
toward the existence of a Sasanian Avesta. The invention of the Avestan alpha-
bet could accordingly be dated to around 500ad. It is quite probable that the
pressure of the Arab conquest (651 ce) acted as a catalyzing agent in the Maz-
dayasnian community, and the need was felt to continue the Avestan canon in
a written form. The canons redaction in writing may have materialized during
the so-called Pahlavi Renaissance (9th c.), which attempted to set up a canon-
ical book indirect oppositiontothose that the other great religions offered, and
to the Quran in particular.
Despite its obvious filiation, the Avestan writing system distinguishes itself
sharply from the imprecision that characterizes the Pahlavi system, in which
the same signor ligature allows for various interpretive possibilities, andvowels
are not indicated(a practice inheritedfromAramaic). Avestan, fromthe outset,
assigned a specific value to each sign and marked the vowels precisely. In this
regard, the Greek writing system, which was well known throughout the East,
may have servedas a point of reference for the creators of the Avestanalphabet.
4 The Transmission
The enterprise that sought to commit the Avestan corpus to writing must have
been carried out shortly after the invention of the alphabet, and would have
culminated with the production of a sort of editio princeps of the Avesta, which
is usually given the name Sasanian Archetype. This unpreserved archetype
establishes the beginning of Avestans history of textual transmission. The
transmission of the corpus, however, obviously begins much earlier, with the
very moment of its composition. From here, it is possible to distinguish be-
tween several stages up until the time that the corpus took written form.
4.1. With regard to OAv., the stages are as follows (according to Hoff-
mann1989:51, with slight modification): 1. the original language of the gs of
Zarathustra, the Yasna haptaha iti, and the three sacred prayers (between 1000
and 900bce). The region where the Old Av. texts originated is usually located
in Northeastern Iran (Herat?); 2. changes due to slow recitation appear (here,
the numerous non-metrical anaptytic vowels are introduced); 3. changes due
6 chapter 1 introduction
to transmission in the hands of YAv. priests, who introduced phonetically YAv.
forms into OAv. (the so-called Young Avestanisms); 4. an intentional alter-
ation of the text through the orthoepic diaskeuasis, the aim of which was to
establish a canonical text.
4.2. Once the text of Old Av. was established, the transmission of the Old
andYoung Av. texts was carriedout incommon. The stages that affect the whole
of the Avesta are the following: 1. the original language of the Young Avestan
redactors; 2. the movement of the Avestan tradition around 500ce to Persis
[Fa rs] in Southwestern Iran; 3. the transmission of Avestan in a theological
school inSouthwesternIran(Es t akhr), which is reflected through the influence
of Old Persian and Median, in fanciful pronunciations that are presumably
the work of semi-erudite teachers, in the composition of late (grammatically
incorrect) Avestan texts, and in the incorporation of portions of texts that were
transmitted in other geographical areas.
4. With this stage, the purely oral transmission comes to an end. It is tradi-
tionally thought that, in the 4th c. ce, the alphabet, with phonetic notation for
Avestan, was created, and that the corpus obtained written form (the Sasanian
Archetype). This chronology is presently undergoing revision, andit seems that
this process took place rather in the 6th c. 5. Throughout the Sasanian period
(ca. 224651), the Avesta suffered serious deterioration because of incorrect
pronunciation (the period of the vulgate). 6. Starting from the first archetype
(11th c.?), hyparchetypes, which were not free of errors (cf. the regular inter-
change between s s
, and s , y for y, , and ii, and v for v and uu. Recently, other char-
acters have been introduced into the modern transliteration system: , , v, ,
, m , , and s .
5.2. Certain letters are found only in the manuscripts and are usually not
present in the textual editions, a fact which should not take away from their
importance, because some of these letters may have been part of the original
alphabet of the archetype.
1. appears only in ms. Pd, where it is used instead of a preceding h.
2. , which scarcely occurs in the manuscripts, belongs to the original alpha-
bet. Inthe manuscripts that do use it, it most oftenappears inthe frequent final
sequence - n g (cf. esp. the mss. S1 and J3; 7.9.3), from which it is possible to
deduce that could have been an unreleased consonant like t (11.10.2); both
are the only final occlusives in Avestan.
3. v (-uh- [-h-] / -
u
h- < *-hu - < *-su -) likewise belonged to the archetype
and represents a labialized ; cf. 11.31. In the same fashion, represents a
palatal resulting from *-hi - < *-si -; cf. 11.29.
4. (cf. 11.4), in the archetype, represented a palatal n produced before *i ;
it is thus usually found in the manuscripts preceding ii (< *i ), but also before
i.
5. m was likewise a constituent letter of the original alphabet, used for the
representation of a voiceless m. Occasionally, one finds it replaced by hm.
8 chapter 2 phonology
table 1 The Avestan alphabet
a a
e e o i i u
k x x xv g
c j
t d t
p f b
v n n m m
y v r
s z s z s
h
6. The manuscripts that come from Iran usually employ instead of y, which is
used much more frequently in the Indian manuscripts. The substantial formal
difference between the two signs excludes the possibility that they might have
been mere variants; it may be that was originally employed for initial #i
(11.1.1). The two distinct graphemes could be explained by supposing that
original initial #i was written with , while y would have, in principle, served
to represent a palatal z. With the passage of time, the sounds z and z
were
no longer differentiated. Both sounds came to be written in inlaut with z,
consequently leaving the letter for z
ras); dtaras-ca
versus dtr (nom.pl. of dtar- creator; Skt. dta
-);
mazdaiiasna- Mazdayasnian, of Mazda ; raiia with wealth (inst.sg.; Skt. rya
;
but cf. gen.sg. OAv. ra iio ; Skt. rys). Shortening of prevocalic *i is quite
sporadic: YAv. vaiiu- wind (Skt. vy-).
3. The IIr. seqence *a u a occasionally develops to au a in Avestan (and in
Eastern Iranian): nauuza- navigator (Skt. nvj-); Av. as auuan- truthful,
following as a [truth] (Skt. r ta
van-).
7.4. a derives from IIr. *a < PIE *e, *o (and the corresponding short vowels
preceding laryngeals), *m H, *n H(YAv. za ta- born < PIE *n h
1
-t-; Skt. jt-, Lat.
gntus). Occasionally, is found instead of the expected a: 1. after a labial con-
sonant and before s (< *-rt-): YAv. vs m wagon < *varta-; 2. in initial syllables
12 chapter 2 phonology
(when followed by several other light syllables), one may find instead of
a: rmaiti- right-mindedness (Skt. armati-), kuuaiias-ca princes (Skt.
kavyas); 3. often, in OAv., following ii or uu (i.e., following Cii / Cuu ): vii-
darsm(1.sg.aor.act.ind. of dars see; cf. Skt. adaram); vrziitm(3.sg.pres.
mid.impv. of varz carry out, do; cf. Gr. -);
+
h miisait (3.sg.pres.mid.ind.
of yam hold); h-duurt (3.pl.pres.mid.inj. of duuar run); xv nuut
(inst.sg. of xvanuuat- sunny).
4. Finally, mention should be made of the development PIE *o > IIr. *
> Av. when the PIE vowel *o stood in an open syllable: cf. Gr. , Av.
pitarm, Skt. pitram, as opposed to Gr. , Av. dtrm, Skt. dta
ram. This
phenomenon, which is frequently subject to intraparadigmatic regularization
owing to the tendency to generalize but a single inflectional stem, is given the
name of Brugmanns Law or simply Brugmann; cf. 18.1.2, 18.5, 26.15, 32.1.c
(but only possibly in the case of 32.1.c).
7.5. a
sm); YAv. ma
hm(acc.sg.
of mh- moon; cf. Skt. ma
sam); da
tm (acc.sg.
of OAv. mazat- great; cf. Skt. maha
ntam); haca
t (3.pl.pres.mid.sbj. of hac
follow).
In inflection are found: 2. final -a
(gen.sg./
nom.acc.pl. of dan- religion; cf. the Skt. ending -s of gen.sg./nom.acc.pl. of
-stems.); 3. the ending of the gen.du. is also -a
n before a fricative: x f s z :
mra- formulation (Skt. mntra-); YAv. zah- tightness (Skt. m has-; Lat.
angus-tus; < PIE *h
2
mhes-); dhita- most expert (Skt. dm siha-) and dids
(3.sg.pres.act.inj. of dh teach, Skt. dam s; cf. Gr. ); xnah- rein (cf. Gr.
-; from PIE *h
2
enk bend); YAv. fr forwards (Skt. pra
< *pra
k-);
OAv. psnu- dust (Skt. pm s-); vs (3.sg.aor.act.inj. < IIr. *u nst fromvan win,
prevail).
2 When the enclitic ca is added, the vowel a
andmazda
anddana
andssna
sca, etc.
7 vowels 13
An becomes : 2. before a final nasal in all cases (-m -n): loc.sg. dm at
home; Av. m(acc.sg. 2.pers.pron.; Skt. tva
man-, Lat.
nmen); 3. in an open syllable before a nasal in some cases: YAv. nma
(nom./acc.neut.; cf. above; Skt. na
sa
-: man-
ah (inst.sg. of manah-; YAv. manaha; Skt. mnas); finally, cf. t g (acc.pl.m.
dem.pron.; Skt. ta
,
mruii (< *mruu ai ; cf. 10.2.3); 3. it also appears in monosyllables ending in -e in
OAv.: t (nom.pl.m. dem.pron. ta-; contrast ate; Skt. t, Gr. ).
7.12. o 1. comes from an a after m, p, or u , followed by a syllable that contains
u (not u ): mou soon (Skt. maku
viiya-]
a
viiya-); tuu- strength (Skt. tvi-); contrast uuisti- not finding (from
vid find [cf. 7.8.2]; Skt. vitti-); tuui-c brutality; suuita- most power-
ful (superl.; Skt. sviha-), YAv. stuuita- biggest (superl.; Skt. sthvia-).
also reflects *i and *i a (the latter only in YAv.) 2. before final -m#: YAv. axtm
(acc.sg. of axti- pain); dmm (acc.sg. of dmi- founder); YAv. paitm (acc.sg.
of paiti- lord), YAv. haim(acc.sg. of haiiia- real; Skt. satym); 3. as part of the
outcome of the sequence *ins: gair (acc.pl. of gairi- mountain: < *iNs); OAv.
cmah, YAv. cmaide (< *ci-n-s; 1.pl.pres.act.ind. and mid., resp., of ci gather
< PIE *k
u
ei s; Lat. crre); 4. in general, in the ending of the inst.pl., -bi
; 5. con-
sistently in the preverb v separately, dis- < *vi. 6. Sometimes, *i is lengthened
in open, mainly word-initial, syllables: OAv. jgrzat complains < *ji-gr z-a-t,
YAv. zzana- beget < *zi-zan-a-; 7. *i is often lengthened before and : mda-
prize < *mida-. 8. On the YAv. development of a > > i
m(acc.sg. of aniia- other; Skt. anym) beside OAv. anii m, ainm; YAv. frm
(acc.sg. of friia- dear; Skt. priym); OAv., YAv. haim (acc.sg.of haiiia- truth; Skt. satym)
beside OAv. haiii m.
8 epenthetic vowels 17
7.16. u and also largely retain their etymological distribution, though *u is
affected by lengthening more regularly than*i. Av. short u canbe: 1. the reflex of
*u in a closed syllable (Av. uxan- bull, Skt. ukn-, supti- shoulder, Skt. pti-)
or in a non-initial open syllable (ahura- lord, tauruna- young); 2. the reflex
of * before ii: apuiiat- not deteriorating < *apuHi ant- (Skt. pyati stinks). 3.
Onepenthetic u, cf. 8.2; onanaptyctic u, cf. 9.2.3. 4. Onthe YAv. development
of a > > u
, cf. 7.17.5.
7.17. usually reflects: 1. IIr. *; 2. IIr. *u in an open initial syllable (bna- bot-
tom < *buna- < *budna-; stta- praised < *stuta-); 3. *u after *i ( ykta- yoked,
Skt. yukt-); 4. *u when affected by i-epenthesis (hiri- ahuric < *huri-,
vrnii cover! < *vr nudi); 5. *u and *u a before final -m#: (a) gtm(acc.sg. of
gtu- road; Skt. gt-); dax iim (acc.sg. of dax iiu- country; Skt. dsyu-); (b) as
the YAv. outcome of the development of (< *a; cf. 7.8) after u : YAv. tm you
(nom.sg. of the 2.pers.pron.; OAv. tuu m, Skt. tvm); YAv. tanm(acc.sg. of tan-
body; OAv. tanuu m, Skt. tanvm); YAv. riu
, ii, or e
(3.sg.pres.
act.ind. of bar carry; Skt. bhrati); kriti- pattern, arrangement (Skt. a
kr ti-);
mriiiu- death (Skt. mr ty-); daibit (adv.; Skt. dvita
); OAv. daibiaiiat-
enemy (YAv. t biaiiat- < *du ei s-; cf. Skt. dvi Gr. ); hacaite
(3.sg.pres.
mid.ind. of hac; Skt. scate); haxmain (dat.sg. of haxman- retinue; cf. the same
ending in Skt. -mane); zairimiia- house (Skt. harm
i
y-).
18 chapter 2 phonology
Epenthesis of i is not foundbefore , , st, t, m, or hm, nor after
(<*aN). The
enclititc caprevents the epenthesis that endings ini
ande
induce: drguuata-
c (dat.sg.m.) versus drguuite; j ghati-c (3.sg.) versus s ghait.
8.2. u appears exclusively before ru and ru : pour (acc.pl. of pouru- much);
Skt. pur-; YAv. duru- wood (Skt. da
iriia-
cousin <*brturi a- <*brtru ii a- (Skt. bhra
iiaona-; YAv. s
ii-
wealth; < *reh
1
i-; cf. Skt. raym) falls under the preceding development: *rai im
> *raim > ram.
10.2. The spelling i reflects the outcome of the IIr. diphthong *ai 1. in a closed
syllable: YAv. vin- wave versus vaa- strike (Skt. vga-); 2. in final position
in OAv.: nari (dat.sg. of nar- man; YAv. naire, Skt. nre); fri (dat.sg. of ptar-
father; YAv. pire, Skt. pitr);9 in this position, YAv. shows -e (except in yi and
maiiii), which was in turn (re)introduced into OAv. (7.11.1).
3. Some cases, such as OAv. mruii (1.sg.pres.mid.ind. of mr), OAv. tanuii
(dat.sg. of tan-), and YAv. uiie (nom.du.f. of uba- both; OAv. ub), exhibit a
phonetic development *-u ai > *-uu ai > OAv. -uu e > YAv. -uiie
ru-, Gr. ).
11 Consonants
The system of consonants reconstructed for Indo-European (cf. 6), in its his-
tory leading up to Avestan, has undergone a considerable number of changes,
which have completely disfigured the original system. These changes are in
part due to the developments of the separate phonemes on their own, and in
part to the specific developments of groups of two or more consonants. The
comparison of the Iranian material with that of Indo-Aryan allows, again, the
reconstruction of an Indo-Iranian consonant system.
22 chapter 2 phonology
In consonantism, some notable differences exist between OAv. and YAv.,
for example, as regards the preservation of Bartholomae clusters (11.11.1),
fricativization (11.11), etc.
The consonants of Iranian may be classified into 1. sonorants (semivowels
and liquids); 2. nasals; 3. occlusives; 4. fricatives; 5. sibilants. The consonants
maintain, withsome variation, a similar organizationinAvestan(where further
new fricatives have arisen).
11.1 The Semivowels: i , u
1. The PIE sonorant *i is maintained as such in Indo-Iranian and in Avestan
as well, where it is represented by ( y) at the beginning of the word and by ii
word-internally. It has already been pointed out above that the letter was
probably, from the outset, intended to graphically represent initial #i , while in
the Indian manuscripts y , which would be the letter corresponding to the
palatal fricative z
-) and kuua where (Skt. kv) must be disyllabic (in virtue of having
-#).
These changes to *i and *u must have taken place in western Iran, most
likely influenced by Old Persian, and are commonly considered to be present in
the archetype. In fact, in Old Persian, post-consonantal semivowels are written
with iy and uv: cf. Av. aiia-, OP aniya-, Skt. any- < *ani a-; Av. hauruua-
OP haruva-, Skt. srva- < *saru a-. However, this Old Persian phenomenon
10 ii and uu used to be regularly transcribed as y and v, respectively, since they mainly
represent ii and uu . More on this issue in section 11.1.3.
11 consonants 23
sometimes occurs in intervocalic position as well: cf. OP a-draiya, Av. draiia-
or OP bauvatiy, Av. bauuaiti.
Consequently, the spellings ii and uu in Avestan represent ii and uu , which
would in turn come from *i and *u , though they may also represent an original
sequence *ii /*uu : OAv. iit < *-ii t < PIE*h
1
i-i h
1
-t (prev. + 3.sg.pres.act.opt.
of i go; cf. Skt. iya
ii / YAv. s
, which usually
maintains the original nasal: uzuxiinca, vspmca, as mc, dargmc.
3. In word-final position, and if the same syllable began with a labial, we
find m for original n: OAv. camm (loc.sg. of caman-); OAv. nmm (acc.pl.
of nman-); YAv. as um < *as u n (voc.). On the nasalization of the vowel
in the final syllable, cf. 7.6. On the voiceless nasal m , also written as hm, cf.
5.2.5.
11.4. The palatal nasal is encountered in the oldest manuscripts, fromwhich
it could be deduced that this sign was already present in the archetype. is
written before ii (i ), and i; cf. 5.2.4 as well. The graphic restoration of n for
occasionally occurs in the manuscripts.
11.5. The (dorsal) nasal represents, on the one hand, an etymological sound
that derives from * < *k < *nk, such as in the YAv. word patavhum a
fifth < *paktahu m (from PIE *penk
u
to-). On the other hand, has arisen
from a development of Ir. *h < *s, which, as a function of its surroundings,
also produced other outcomes, namely, and v. The details concerning these
phonemes are found in the paragraph dedicated to the sibilant (11.19ff.).
11.6 The Occlusives
As a general rule, the inherited occlusives have been well preserved from
Proto-Indo-European into Avestan, though some changes in place of articu-
lation, conditioned by environment, are already to be seen in Proto-Iranian
(Ir.); these changes have produced new sounds and articulatory series that did
not exist in Indo-European or Indo-Iranian (cf. 11.9, 11.12.2, and esp. 11.11 and
11.15).
11.7. The phonemes that underwent the most changes in the subsequent
development of the Indo-European phonological system(cf. 6) are those that
belong to the dorsal series. In the course of their development into Avestan,
the velar and labiovelar series fell together in a single velar series. In virtue of
this characteristic, Avestan is classified as a satm language (as opposed to the
26 chapter 2 phonology
languages referred to as centum, such as Latin or Greek, which exhibit distinct
velar and labiovelar series, and in which the palatal series has been subsumed
under the velar series). In order to see the development of the three dorsal
series at distinct stages of the Indo-Iranian languages, a synoptic chart with
the outcomes of the primary (I) and secondary (II) palatals is given here. For
details, see 11.9, 11.12.2, 11.20.3, 11.24.
table 3 The PIE dorsals in Indo-Iranian
Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Avestan Sanskrit
I * * *h * *j *j h *c *j s z j h
II *k *g *gh * * *h * * c j c j h
*k
u
*g
u
*g
u h
In Common Indo-European, a difference still would have existed between the
palatovelars and plain velars or labiovelars preceding the front vowels *e
, *i
. In
the stage common to Indo-Iranian, the Indo-European palatovelars (I) became
dental affricates, while the plain velars and labiovelars (II), already having
fallen together in a single velar series, underwent a conditioned palatalization.
Subsequently, the development diverges:
(a) in the Iranian branch, the dental affricates (I) lost their (pre)palataliza-
tion and remained as dental affricates [ts] and [dz], resp. In Avestan, these
affricates further developed to simple sibilants (cf. the parallel development
of Skt. mtsya- and Av. masiia- fish). The palatalized plain velars and labiove-
lars (II) became affricates. In Iranian, the loss of aspiration left only two voiced
segments: *j and *.
(b) Inthe Indo-Aryanbranch(Skt.), I andII ultimately give similar outcomes
(thoughcf. c): the palatalizationis preservedinthe voiceless andvoicedseries,
but the aspirate is depalatalized.
11.8 The Voiceless Occlusives
The Avestan series of voiceless consonants k, c, t, p has, as its immedi-
ate predecessor, the Iranian series *k, *, *t, *p, resp. In preconsonantal posi-
tion, the voiceless occlusives k, t, p become the fricatives x, , f, resp., though
some regular exceptions, which will be appropriately detailed (11.15ff.), are
detectable.
11 consonants 27
11.9. Av. k continues both PIE *k and *k
u
: Av. k-ma- desire, Skt. ka
, i
< *pek
u
), Gr. (< *pek
u
-i e/o-); cf. the synoptic chart under 11.7.
Within a paradigm where there was variation in vocalism on account of
ablaut (13.2) (such that the contact of velars would alternate between the PIE
vowels *e
, *o
(> Ir. a
s (3.sg.impf.
act.ind. of ah < IIr. *s-t > Skt. s a
st).
2. t appears instead of t in word-final position after a vowel or r, as well as
in the YAv. sequence t b- = OAv. db- (11.14.1). The Avestan alphabet must have
beenrepresenting anunreleasedocclusive using this t : prsat (3.sg.pres.act.inj.
of fras ask); buuat (3.sg.aor.act.subj. of b); conj. yt (Skt. ya
(3.sg.pres.mid.ind. of d <
*dhadh-tai , Skt. dhatt, versus daste
, i
): YAv. jiia
(11.1.3), Skt. jiya
< PIE *g
u
iHeh
2
(cf. Gr. ); Av. jaiti (3.sg.pres.act.ind. of jan
beat, kill), Skt. hnti, cf. Gr. < PIE *g
u h
en; and especially OAv. aog versus
aojah from the s-stem aojah-, cf. Lat. gen-us (< *-os): gen-er-is (< *-es-es); cf.
the synoptic Table 3 under 11.7.
j is frequently extended throughout a paradigm, rather thanalternating with
g: cf. the formations to the root gam < *g
u
em-, which usually appear in Avestan
with jam, whereas Sanskrit has generalized gam: cf. the Av. pres. stem ja-sa-
versus Skt. g-cha-, both from *g
u
m -ske- (cf. impv. Gr. ).
11.13. Av. d comes from Ir. *d < PIE *d/dh: Av. dasa
na- depth,
ground, < *budna-, Skt. budhn-; Av. asna- near < *n sdno- (cf. the Skt.
30 chapter 2 phonology
comparative ndyas-, YAv. nazdii); xvana- melted < *su ai dna-, cf. Skt.
svinn-.
In YAv., d in the word-initial cluster #dm becomes #nm: YAv. nmna- house,
but OAv. dmna- (Skt. ma
na-).
11.14. PIE *b was a marginal phoneme, so much so that the correspondences
(and the words) that contain it are very scarce and controversial. The usual
source for Avestan b was the PIE voiced aspirate *bh (> Ir. *b > Av. b): YAv.
barn (3.pl.pres.act.inj. of bar), Skt. bhran, cf. OP abaran, Gr. , from the
PIE root *bher bear; OAv. aib to, towards, Skt. abh; YAv. upa.skabm pillar,
fra-scibana- beam, cf. Skt. skambh- support.
The phonetic development of certain clusters is a source of new, non-
etymological instances of b: 1. in the word-intial cluster OAv. db- / YAv. t b-, orig-
inating from the sequence < *du i-: cf. OAv. daibi hate (with anaptyxis and
epenthesis; cf. daibit 3.pl.pres.act.ind.), YAv. t bi, Skt. dvi (cf. dvi), cf. Gr.
fearful. However, *du > OAv. duu: Av. duuaah- hostility, Skt. dvas-.
In YAv., one also finds b- as an outcome of the cluster *du i-: bitiia- second ver-
sus OAv. daibitiia- and Skt. dviti
bh-ndiha-.
11.19 Sibilants: s, z, , s , s
,
The PIE sibilant *s, in the course of its history going into Avestan, has
undergone various changes, which, in some cases, have profoundly altered its
nature. To the inherited s (along with the allophonic variants z and perhaps
?), other sibilants that have been created later are added. A list of the Avestan
sibilants with indications of their possible origins is given below.
11.20. Av. s arises from various sources. Firstly, 1. it comes from PIE *s > Ir.
*s when it occurred before a stop (or before the nasal n, but not before m, cf.
11.26.2): Av. skda- (probably Skt. skndha-); OAv. skiti- community (from
+hac; cf. Skt. a
r k (as well as
11 consonants 33
their respective variants i u r , K) before *s, and the consequent articulatory
change of *s to *. The effects of ruki may be observed in all of the satm
languages (11.7), such as the Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic subgroups of Indo-
European.
Examples include: the ending of the inst.pl. -bi
ri-,
Gr. , Lat. perna); OAv. nr, YAv. nar (gen.sg. of nar- man); Av. vaxt
(3.sg.aor.act.inj. to vax grow; cf. Skt. impf. aukat; Gr. < *h
2
u eg[-s]);
vaxii (1.sg.pres.act.ind. to vac speak; Skt. vac < PIE *u ek
u
); Av. vai
(2.sg.pres.
act.ind. to vas desire; Skt. vaki to va < *u -si); YAv. mda- reward (Skt.
mh-, Gr. < PIE *mizdh-); OAv. aog (2.sg.pres.mid.ind. < *au gh-sa;
cf. 11.11.1). From these examples, it may be inferred that ruki affected Indo-
Iranian *z in addition to *s.
11.21. Av. comes out of 1. IIr. * > Ir. *c preceding t, dh, and bh: YAv. ata eight
(Skt. aa
, PIE *h
3
eteh
3
); YAv. nata- (ppp. to nas disappear; Skt. na); YAv.
vat (3.sg.pres.act.ind. to vas; Skt. vi; compare the 1.sg. vasm; Skt. vmi);
drta- (ppp. to dars; Skt. dr - to dar). 2. also comes out of IIr. * or *j > Ir.
*c, *j before n word-internally: YAv. frana- question (from fras; Skt. pran-
; cf. OAv. fras- id.); YAv. frnaoiti (from fra+nas carry; Skt. anti); YAv.
franu- ( fra+nu- with the knees forward; compare, for example, nubiias-
cit ; cf. 11.25.4). Some notable exceptions to this development do exist, though
they may be explained by analogy to other forms without the : OAv. vasn
according to my will (inst.sg. of vasna-?) instead of
vana (cf. OP van)
by analogy to the (verbal) stem vas- and vasah-; Av. yasna- (Skt. yaj-) by
analogy to the stem yaz. 3. From *s affected by ruki, cf. 11.20.5 with exam-
ples.
4. The IIr. sequence *s > * becomes Av. : mou-c soon (Skt. maku
, Lat.
mox); Av. vai
as well. The
origin of and examples for s are laid out in 11.2.3.
11.23. s
/: OAv. s
iit (ppp. to s
).
11.25. Av. also has several possible origins: 1. from the allophone of PIE
*z > IIr. *z affected by ruki (11.20.5, with examples), including compounds
with the pejorative prefix du (Skt. du, Gr. ) plus a second element
with a voiced first consonant: duuuacah- with a bad word (Skt. durvacas-);
dudh- niggardly.12 2. In contact with Iranian labials, is also found (and ; cf.
12 Curiously, du before m was preserved as such, thus the tradition gives du-manah-. The
11 consonants 35
11.21.5): dia- deception; diaidiii (pres.desiderative.inf. to dab deceive
< *di-dbh-sa; cf. Skt. dpsati to dabh); vaaka- wasp (< *u abzha- < PIE
*u obhso-).
3. can also come out of IIr. *j , *j h > Ir. *j preceding t, dh, bh: OAv. vadra-
driver (Skt. vhar-; cf. Lat. ueh; PIE*u eh); OAv. grd (<*grh-ta, 3.sg.pres.
mid.inj. to garz lament; cf. Skt. garh). IIr. *j , *j h also give Av. 4. before word-
initial n: ntar- knower (Skt. jtr-; cf. Gr. ; PIE *neh
3
); nubiias-cit
(abl.pl. of znu- knee, Gr. ); the outcome in word-internal position, how-
ever, is n: YAv. barna (inst.sg. of barzan- height); cf. further 11.21.2.
5. The IIr. sequences *j +s and *j h+s become Ir. *j > Av. :13 YAv. uz-uuaat
(3.sg.aor.act.subj. to vaz; Skt. vakat < PIE *u eh-se-); OAv. ddr (2.sg.pres.
desiderative.act.inj. to darz strengthen < *didr j h-sa-; Skt. darh).
6. The Av. sequence -ji - becomes in YAv.: druaiti (to druj; Skt. drhyati),
but OAv. a-drujiiat-; baat (3.sg.pres.pass. in -iia to baj apportion, Skt. bhaj)
may also be included here, as well as the YAv. stem daa- burn (i.e., a stem in
-iia, like in the YAv. type jaiiia- pray; cf. Skt. dhati).
A YAv. phenomenon that is usually interpreted as a dialectal feature may
be detected in the change of intervocalic j to : snat and the part. snait-
(to sna snow). Contrary to what was formerly believed, this development
usually presents itself in nominal forms (cf. ai-, Skt. hi-; etc.), but is much less
common in verbal forms (only three): sna- (versus Skt. snihyati), nania-
(wash, Skt. nenikt), a- wave; only these three may indeed be explained
as exhibiting this dialectal feature.
11.26 The Fricative h and its Derived Phonemes: x, xv, h, h, vh
1. A first change, which must have taken place in the Iranian period at the
latest, is the development IIr. *s > Ir. *h in initial position and in word-internal
position before sonorants and i , u , m, r.
Av. h comes from Ir. *h < PIE *s in both word-initial and word-internal
position: YAv. hapta seven (Skt. sapt, Gr. ); hac (Skt. sac, Gr. , Lat.
sequor); hauruua- (Skt. srva-, Lat. saluus, Gr. (Ionic) ); Av. ahu- (Skt. su-);
ahura (Skt. sura-); Av. ahi
(1.sg.pres.act.ind.
to ah; Skt. smi, Gr. ); OAv. hm, YAv. ahma (acc.pl. 1.pers.pron.; Skt. asma
n,
Aeol. Gr. ); Av. dahma- wonderful (Skt. dasm-); gr hma- PN. The graphic
sequence hm in fact represents a voiceless m, which is also written as m in
the manuscripts; cf. 5.2.5. In initial position, h is lost before m: cf. mahi
(Skt.
smsi), or the preposition mat with (Skt. smd).
3. Depending upon phonetic environment, the new h was preserved as such
(see above), or became the new phonemes h (11.27), x (11.28), h (11.29),
xv (11.30), vh (11.31), or simply .
The change of h to is exceptional and occurs solely before r word-medially.
In effect, the PIE sequence *-sr/l- becomes Avestan -r-: ara- evil (Skt. asr-);
dara- experienced (Skt. dasr-). Note that r also takes on other spellings in
the manuscript tradition: hr, gr (a hypergathicism; cf. 11.3.2). Word-initial
*sr- simplifies in OAv. to r-: rma- brutality (cf. Skt. srma- paralytic), but in
YAv. it seems to have become r-: YAv. raot (Skt. srtas-, but OP rautah-).
11.27. h arises from the sequence a
ha
, x iit (opt. of
ah; Skt. sya
, we find x ii in
both varieties of Avestan. Examples: OAv. vahiiah- (comparative of vohu-; Skt.
vsyas-); ahii (2.sg.pres.act.impv. to 2ah throw; Skt. sya); the ending of the
thematic gen.sg. as in madahii (of mada- intoxicating drink); acc.sg. dax iim
country. YAv. hii- as, e.g., in mhiia- PN (Skt. msya-; cf. Av. mh- moon,
month), is found before a disyllabic suffix -i.i a- < IIr. *-i.Ha- belonging to.
Word-internally, OAv. has a variant -x ii- before an a-vowel, found mainly if
the following syllable is non-final or is a word-final closed syllable. The condi-
tions are not completely clear, however. Examples include OAv. nmax iimah
11 consonants 37
(1.pl.pres.act.ind. to nmax iia- do homage, denom. to neut. namah- homage;
cf. Skt. nmas-), xvax iii (dat.sg.f. of the refl.pron. xva- own; Skt. sv-).
11.29. h properly belongs to YAv., and represents the development of -hi - >
hi (i.e., once h had become h): YAv. va h versus OAv. vahii (nom.neut. of
the comparative of vohu-; Skt. vsyas-); da h u versus OAv. dax ii u (gen.sg.);14
a hi versus OAv. ax iii (cf. above). To find h instead of h in the manuscripts
is commonplace.
11.30. xv is a secondary product of Ir. h, and represents the Ir. sequence *hu
in a single grapheme (contrast x ii < *hi ; cf. above): Av. xvafna- / xvafna- sleep
(Skt. svpna-); xva- (reflexive pron.; Skt. sv-).
Word-internally, the treatment of *hu varied, given that OAv. preserved it as
huu, while in YAv. it becomes vh (cf. below). -xv- appears sporadically: OAv.
nmaxvait (nom.pl.fem. devotees). This reflex alternates with the usual OAv.
-huu- in the same way that -x ii- alternates with -hii- (see 11.28). Word-initially,
the regular reflex of *hu - was xv- in OAv. and YAv. Initial huu- is found where
hu- good or huu- sun were restored. Compare OAv. xv g (i.e., /huu h/,
gen.sg. of xvan-; but nom.acc. huuar /hu ar/; Skt. svr), and OAv. xvra-
well-being (hu-ra-); xvti- of good access (hu-ti-); YAv. xvta- (hu-ta-; Skt.
suvit-); xvstra- of good pastures (hu-u stra-; cf. the hydronym xvstr-).
11.31. vh properly belongs to YAv. and reflects -hu -. In Indian manuscripts,
it also appears as uh or h: ysauha, ysavha (as well as ysaha); vauh,
vav (as well as vah); prsauha, prsava(as well as prsaha). YAv. -hu-
reflects the later addition of a vowel to a word ending in loc.pl. -hu: yhuua,
dmahuua (loc.pl. of the rel.pron ya- and of dman- creature, resp., + the
postposition ; cf. 16.8). The sequence -hu - (-huu -) appears as -huu- in OAv.:
OAv. gahuu, dhuu (2.sg.aor.mid.impv. to gu listen and d, resp.; Skt.
-sva).
14 In YAv., a case of preventive dissimilation in the acc.sg. and the gen.pl. of the stem da hu-
is discernable: dax iim (also da haom) and dax iiunm. The presence of m has impeded
the development of the secondary nasal . Asimilar case presents itself in the gen. ah u,
nom. ahu (*ahu), but acc. ahmor invahu (analogical, cf. neut. vohu
): vah u, but
vohm, vohunm (Skt. vasnm).
koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2014 | doi: 10.1163/9789004258099_004
chapter 3
Morphology
12 Introduction
In this large chapter, we will present the facts concerning nominal inflec-
tion, including sections dedicated to adjectives and their degrees of com-
parison, pronouns, and indeclinable words (prepositions and preverbs). Fur-
thermore, verbal inflection and the formation of verbal stems will be dis-
cussed.
13 Nominal Inflection
The nominal inflection of Avestan is inherited from the inflectional processes
of Indo-European, by way of Indo-Iranian. On the one hand, Avestan exhibits
an archaic system, as it retains many fossilized features that were at one time
productive, but which have already fallen into disuse by the Avestan period.
On the other hand, Avestan nevertheless shows some clear innovations with
respect to earlier linguistic stages, though these innovations are based upon
inherited processes.
As has already been explained above, one of the aims of Comparative Indo-
European Linguistics is to linguistically delimit the Iranian languages and to
establish, using reconstruction, a common linguistic stage shared between
these languages and the Indic languages: Proto-Indo-Iranian (IIr.). Avestan
morphology immediately reveals a close relationship to Vedic, the oldest at-
tested stage of Indic. Vedic thus furnishes indispensable aid in the assessment
and classification of Avestan forms, which are often very difficult to interpret,
given the phonetic nature of the alphabet and the convoluted transmission of
the texts. Moreover, the distinction between OAv. and YAv. further complicates
linguistic and philological work.
13.1 Components of the Word
The linguistic analysis of a word focuses, first of all, on the elements that it
contains, and the objective of the analysis is the classification and definition
of those elements. The first general division of formal elements allows one
to distinguish a root, affix, and ending in each nominal form. An affix may
precede or follow the root, on which basis it is called a prefix or suffix,
40 chapter 3 morphology
respectively.1 At times, the root and suffix have a very tight bond, and the
whole consisting of root and suffix is then termed stem. Where the stem is
coextensive with the root, one speaks of a root noun. Finally, the word, as
is the usual practice for old Indo-European languages, receives endings that
situate that precise formwithin a case/number system(i.e., they place it within
a paradigm); likewise, the endings serve to establish syntactic and functional
relations with respect to other words within the sentence. On many occasions,
it is not possible to divide stemand ending clearly, in which case it is necessary
to speak of a non-segmentable ending, rather than a simple ending.
The usual manner of writing a root is to show it in the FG form with PIE *e,
which, in Avestan, is equivalent to the full grade a. That is to say, for example,
the root *men (Av. man) means think, or the root *u ek
u
(Av. vac) means speak.
Meanwhile, stems are given with a following dash. Thus, for example, we have
the stem *u ek
u
- (root noun) word (Av. vac- voice, Skt. va
a. On the
development and graphic representation of the ending *-as, cf. 7.9.4.
2. The thematic inflection has, in the gen., an ending OAv. -hii, YAv. -he,
deriving from *-si a (7.10.3), while an ending -at is employed in the ablative.
14.6. The dative has, in OAv., an ending -i, which corresponds to YAv. -e,
both deriving from Ir. *-ai < PIE *-ei . In some cases, the YAv. ending has been
introduced into OAv. (and gathicized) as -; cf. 7.11.1.
44 chapter 3 morphology
14.7. The instrumental has anending -a
.
15 Case Endings of the Dual
15.1. The nominative/accusative/vocative masc./fem. makes for a motley col-
lection, which must be examined under each inflectional type. The PIE ending
that underlies the forms is usually reconstructedas *-h
1
. The Av. feminine forms
are set up as *-ih
1
.
15.2. The nominative/accusative/vocative neut. has an ending -i
, which is
reconstructed as PIE *-ih
1
.
15.3. The dative/ablative/instrumental has -biia
(< IIr. *-s), and on the other hand, 2. a locative ending -(uu) (< IIr. *-au ).
It is possible that the Sanskrit ending may have arisen as a blending of the two
IIr. case forms as continued in Avestan.
16 Case Endings of the Plural
16.1. The nominative masc./fem. has -, whose reconstructiongoes backtoPIE
*-es, as its ending. Two other endings also exist. 1. An ending that is the product
of morphological recharacterization: -a
in Skt.:
yuga
yokes. This form could derive from the old ending of the collective, PIE
*-h
2
. The existence of an ending that results from the PIE contraction *-o+-es,
as is found in -s in Sanskrit, is not assured. One should note the fem.pl. of the
-stems: -a
and 2. a zero
ending with lengthened grade of the element preceding the ending, as a formal
characterization (cf., for example, 18.4). 3. The thematic inflection has an
ending -a
in Av., which can be taken back to Ir. *-a-H. The underlying ending
is PIE *-h
2
> IIr. *-H, which has either become -i, lengthened the vowel, or
disappeared.
16.4. The vocative pl. is formally identical to the nom.acc.pl., for both animate
and the neuter nouns.
16.5. The genitive has an ending -m, coming from *-m. The inflectional
classes ending in a vowel showan innovative ending -nm, made by analogy to
the n-stems. In contrast to the other Indo-Iranian languages, Avestan exhibits
a short stem vowel in these forms.
16.6. The dative/ablative has anending -bii, whichappears as -biias-cabefore
an enclitic. This ending is equivalent to the Skt. -bhyas.
16.7. The instrumental has an ending -b, Skt. -bhi. In some very good
manuscripts, -bi is also found. In certain cases, special phonetic develop-
ments have substantially altered this ending, cf. 11.1.4. In contrast to the
other inflectional types, the thematic inflection shows an ending *-i, Skt.
-ais.
16.8. The locative exhibits assorted allomorphs for its ending, which all devel-
oped from the ending *-su, depending upon the environment in which it falls
(i.e., ruki, etc.): -u, -su, and -hu. Furthermore, the extension of the loc.pl.
46 chapter 3 morphology
through the addition of the postposition (just as in the loc.sg. and the abl.sg.)
is commonplace.
17 Inflectional Classes
Every noun in Avestan can be morphologically classified according to the stem
formant that it possesses. Internal to each inflectional class, further types may
sometimes be distinguished on the basis of particular inflectional behaviors,
the origin of which is normally to be sought in ablaut patterns.
Not every inflectional class has subdivisions, but those considered to be
the oldest from the point of view of Indo-European inflection indeed do; such
classes must therefore be regardedas archaisms inAvestan. The enormous vari-
ation entailed not only by the shifting of the accent, but also by the alternation
of vowels in the constituent elements of the word, could have already been reg-
ularized very early infavor of a single invariable stemwith fixed accent. Of all of
the types that have beenverifiedas part of Proto-Indo-Europeaninflectionwith
greater or lesser reliability, Avestan has preserved but a tiny remnant, which is
clearly disappearing due to regularization.
The two most important types that have been preserved are the proterody-
namic and the hysterodynamic. In the proterodynamic type, the root takes the
accent in the direct cases, while the suffix receives the accent in the oblique
cases. Inthe hysterodynamic type, the suffix takes the accent inthe direct cases,
while the ending receives the accent in the oblique cases. As a general rule,
the direct cases (also referred to as strong) are the nom. of all numbers, the
acc.sg. and du., and the loc.sg.; the remaining cases are oblique (also referred
to as weak). Keep in mind that the accent and full grade are usually linked (cf.
13.2). Other types of inflectional patterns will be commented on under the
corresponding entries.
In general, inflection can be divided into stems ending in a consonant and
stems ending in a vowel, which in some cases are the continuants of old
consonant stems (i.e., laryngeal stems).
The forms given in the tables below belong solely to Young Avestan, except
where expressly indicated to the contrary using italics.
18 Consonant Stems
Consonant stems include an enormous number of stems of diverse nature, but
the endings are added to a consonantal element in all of them. The subgroups
18 consonant stems 47
table 6 The inflection of root nouns
Singular Dual Plural
m./f. neut. m./f. neut. m./f. neut.
nom. drux p spas
voc. nar as-ca pa asta-ca asti
acc. pm ap vs
gen. drj nara
apm vsm
abl. drujat
aiii vibii
dat. sari ape nrbiia
inst. vrd apa mazib vaibi
, sta
, mazda
, pata
(Skt. ma
) versus ja
, YAv. sp
(Skt. va
). Root nouns in -r are asigmatic: OAv. n.2. The acc.sg. has the end-
ing -m in animate stems: Av. vcm and YAv. vcim (with LG from a FG *o
[cf. the gen., coming from a FG *e]; Skt. va
nam); Av.
nar
comes
fromIIr. *pntaHs; cf. Skt. pnths (where the th is secondary by analogy to the oblique cases),
while the gen.sg. pa comes fromIIr. *pn tHs; cf. Skt. paths. The exact PIEetymology of this
noun is disputed.
18 consonant stems 49
brz; YAv. ma
h, OAv. a
, mazda
.6.
The abl.sg. is, in Old Av., identical to the genitive, but in Young Avestan, it has
replaced*-s/hby -t following the thematic inflection(19.16.): pat , zma
t (also
zma); vsat ; nat .7. The dat.sg. has as its ending (< PIE *-ei ) OAv. -i and
YAv. -e, the latter reintroduced into OAv. as - (14.6): brte; ape (apa-cit );
ne (Skt. ghn), sne (Skt. ne); gair, nari (YAv. naire; Skt. nar), sari; vse
(Skt. vi), mazi. Vowel stems: ti, te; r-jiii.8. The inst.sg.: vaca (Skt.
vca
h (YAv. a
ha; Skt. sa
, to
which the postposition can be added. In some cases, a locative with a zero
ending, but formally marked through ablaut, is detectable. Examples: pai;
khrpiia; dm(< *dm, YAv. dmi), zm (< *-ai; Skt. jmay-a
(Skt.
nr).13. The abl./dat./inst.du.: vaibii-ca; nrbiia.
Plural: 14. The nom.pl. has the ending - < *-as < PIE *-es. Although the
nom.pl. is considered a direct case while the acc.pl. is considered oblique, it is
not infrequent to find an acc.pl. that is formally a nom.pl. However, both cases
are clearly differentiated in those stems which show ablaut: vc; brt; p
(Skt. a
pas); zm (Skt. ka
nas);
nar (Skt. nras); spas; ; ma
h; vowel stems: xa
, ta
, patn; ratu-frii.
15. The acc.pl. has the ending - < *-as < PIE *-n s: vac; pa, pa. Among
labial-stem root nouns, the OAv. hapax ap (with FG as in Skt. aps) stands
out in contrast to YAv. p (with generalized LG), khrpas-ca; zmas-ca; jan
(Skt. ghns); gar, nr (Skt. nr
h. Vowel stems:
yauuajii.16. The nom./acc./voc.neut.pl.: asti.17. The gen.pl.: astm,
pam; apm (Skt. apa
c- apart, fra
c- forward, niia
c-
downward.
The inflection of these invariable stems can be inferred fromTable 6 in 18.1.
The forms of napt- are nom.sg. napa
c.
18.3 Stems in -nt
This formant is found in the present active participle in -at, with an invari-
able stem in the case of thematic verbs: jasat- coming, jaiiiat- praying.
Athematic verbs, meanwhile, exhibit ablaut: surunuuat-/surunuuat- listen-
ing, ht-/hat- being. Possessive adjectives in-uuat-/-uuat- (IE*-u ent-/*-u n t-)
and -mat-/-mat- (IE *-ment-/*-mn t-), and some adjectives in -at, are to be
included here as well: brzat- high, OAv. drguuat-, YAv. druuat- wicked,
fumat- having cattle.
With regard to inflection, note that the athematic nom.sg.m. ends in - in
YAv., which must be explained from an ending *-as < IIr. *-at-s. In thematic
stems, the ending *-ant-s is reflected in YAv. as - (- when denasalized) and in
OAv. as -s. While YAv. - is the outcome of the phonetic development of IIr.
*-ans (cf. 7.9.3, 7.17.3, 19.1.16), OAv. -s reflects the analogical restitution of
the stem -ant from the oblique cases. Keep in mind that, in these stems, the
masc. and fem. nom.acc.sg. are considered direct cases (cf. 17), but the neut.
nom.acc.sg. inflects as an oblique case, cf. cuuat how much. In *-mant- and
*u ant-stems, analogy to the stems in -uuh/-u has induced the substitution of
the nom.sg. in *-u ant-s (e.g., cuus howmuch) by *-u s and *-ms (e.g., astuua
,
OAv. vax iia
, YAv. va ha
lights. The nom.sg.neut. ends in *-ah > - /-: OAv. vac , OAv./YAv.
vac (Skt. vcas); OAv. nm , YAv. nm (Skt. nmas), etc. On the development
*-ah > - , cf. 7.9.4.
An ending *-hi is attested in the nom.acc.pl. neuter, e.g., OAv. varc.hc.
The animate acc.sg. shows various ablaut grades: *-ah-am and *-h-am, which
are once more explained by Brugmann (7.4.6): ua
hm but va hahm.
4 This noun comes from PIE *seh
2
-ul-/*sh
2
-u en-, i.e., a heteroclite in -l/n-.
19 vowel stems 53
18.8 Stems in -uuh/-u, -i, -u
The perfect active participle was formedwiththe ablauting Indo-Europeansuf-
fix *-u s/-u os/-u, fromwhich both the nom.sg.m. (IE*-u s) as well as the other
direct cases (IE *-u os-) come to have persistent LG in Avestan, due to Brug-
mann(7.4.6). The oblique cases have the ZG-u-. The motionfeminine shows
-u--; 19.3. Some examples are vduuh-/vdu- to vid know or vauuanuuh-
/vaonu- to van win, be superior. The nom.sg.m. does not have the nasal that
is characteristic of the perf.part.act. of Skt.: OAv. vduua
, YAv. vuua
(Gr. )
versus Skt. vidva
n (cf. also 18.7). Late forms of the nom. of the sort YAv. zazuua
which has left behind could have arisen by analogy to the n-stems (18.4). The
acc.sg.m. is YAv. vuua
sam.
A small number of neuter nouns in -i and -u have an invariable stem
throughout the paradigm, e.g., tuui- force, hadi- seat, ardu- wound.
19 Vowel Stems
19.1 a-stems
This inflectional type is usually referred to as the thematic inflection, on
account of the fact that the stem ends with the thematic vowel -a- < PIE *-e/o-.
The thematic inflection is extremely common, and includes a large number of
masculine and neuter nouns, as well as adjectival forms in those genders. Some
masc. nouns belonging to this class are Av. ahura- lord, YAv. daxma- morgue,
Av. mas iia- mortal, Av. mra- formulation, yasna- sacrifice, YAv. vra- man,
Av. zasta- hand, YAv. haoma- haoma. Some neuters are Av. as a- truth (sg.
only), Av. uxa- word, Av. xara- dominion, power, Av. mira- contract; OAv.
s
iiaoana- (YAv. s
iiaona-) act, deed. Some adjectives are Av. aka- bad, Av.
ams a- immortal, Av. vspa- all, hauruua- whole.
The inflectionof thematic nouns is significantly different fromthe inflection
of consonant stems, and it is common to find endings of pronominal origin.
Recall that the inflection of neuters differs only in the nom./acc., and is identi-
cal to the masculine in all other case forms.
N.B.: Singular: 1. The nom.sg. was OAv. - (< *-ah < *-as; cf. 7.9.4, 7.13.1), but
in YAv. this ending further developed into . When followed by an enclitic,
the older form of the nom.sg. is preserved in both varieties: kas-ci
t , gaiias-c,
yas-ca
h mas iia
voc. ahura
iiaoani ux
as m ahura
iiao(a)nanm
abl. as t yasnibii
dat. ahuri zastibii ahuraibiia ams aibii
inst. ahura
iiaoni
loc. yesne
m,
YAv. drm. As part of this particular development, account must be taken
of the endings -ai am and -au am themselves (cf. 10.1.2, 10.3.3, resp.): gam
(acc.sg. of gaiia- life; Skt. gyam); YAv. graom (acc.sg. of grauua- cane); simi-
larly, of the endings -i am and -u am (cf. 10.5.2, 10.6.2, resp.): OAv. humm
(acc.sg. of humiia-), YAv. nasum (acc.sg. of nasu- cadaver < *nasu m).
4. The nom./acc.neut is formally identical to the acc.sg.masc., and thus is
unique within the paradigm, since it bears a formal mark of its gender.5.
The gen.sg. derives from a PIE ending *-osi o > IIr. *-asi a > Ir. -ahi a, which has
its regular outcome in OAv. as -ahii and in YAv. as -ahe (7.10.3). On the OAv.
change experienced by the gen. ending before an enclitic, cf. 11.28: as ahii,
sptahii versus as ax ii-c, spntax ii-c.6. The abl.sg. is distinct from the
gen.sg. only in the thematic inflection, while in all other inflectional types,
both cases exhibit the same form. OAv. has preserved this distinction, with
an abl.sg. ending -t , which is identical to Skt. -t: Av. drt from afar, Skt.
dra
t. YAv. also possesses the abl. ending -t , but note that this ending has
been analogically extended to other inflectional classes in YAv.; cf. 18.1.6,
19.2.5, 19.3.5, etc. Preceding the enclitic ca
in the majority of cases. The fact that this development does not occur pre-
ceding the enclitic ci
iiaoane.
Before enclitics, the outcome a is found (10.1.1): aspaca, vspaca
. The loc.
can take the postposition : OAv. xari., xvrii, YAv. zastaiia, nmnaiia-
ca.
Dual: 10. The nom./acc./voc.m. has an ending -a
< *-ai -s, similar to Skt. -ay-o < *-ai -au , but in both the gen.du.
andthe loc.du., Avestanvery likely has archaic endings whichhave beenleveled
into a single form in Skt.: OAv. saiia
(to
rna- ?); YAv. diraiia
, vraiia
h < *-sas
(> OP -ha), similar to Skt. -sas, can be found in various instances: OAv.
56 chapter 3 morphology
zauutiia
h, vspa
h, Av. ahura
s-cit, with
-a
iiaoan, YAv. s
ub
voc. dane gaa
uruuaire
acc. danm
gen. danaiia
uruuaraiia
gaanm
abl. danaiit
gabii gauuii
dat. danaiii vbiia
inst. dana
danaiia
gab
loc. gruuaiia (= gen.du.) gah gahuua
N.B.: Singular: 1. The nom.sg. has a zero ending and thus terminates in -a
,
depending on the dialect (cf. 7.2). Comparison with other languages (Skt., OP,
Gr.) yields the reconstruction *- < *-eh
2
.2. The acc.sg. has an ending -m <
*-m; cf. 7.6.2.3. The voc.sg. of this inflectional class reflects an IIr. ending
*-ai (Skt. -e): uruuaire (cf. Skt. ave). However, in contrast to this diphthongal
ending in IIr., other languages show forms in -: Gr. , , Umbr. tursa
(nom. -o), which should not be compared to certain Av. forms in -a
in which
the nom. performs the functions of the voc. Originally, the voc. was probably
a case with a zero ending; in some languages (cf. above), it may be seen that,
in this case form, the laryngeal disappeared, leaving behind coloration as its
only trace; cf. further stems in - (19.3.3).4. The gen.sg. has an ending -aiia
< *-i s, similar to the ending of other Iranian languages that also share the
--, versus other endings such as those of OP in -y and those of Skt. in
-ys. We suppose that the -- has been extended from the inst.sg. in -aii (cf.
below and also 7.3.2). Other languages present an ending that comes from
PIE *-eh
2
-es: cf. Dor. Gr. , etc., and traces in Lat. familis, uis, Umbr. tutas
city.5. The abl.sg. is identical to the gen.sg., but YAv. has adopted, just as in
other inflectional classes, anending -aii-t formed after the thematic inflection
(19.1.6): uruuaraiit , zaoraiit .6. The dat.sg. has an ending -aiii < *-i i
(on the --, cf. the gen.sg.), comparable to -yai of Skt.: srya
, agrees with the corresponding Skt. forms in -ay (and which, as has
been mentioned, serves as a model for some oblique cases of the paradigm),
and the other, dana
, formed with just the pure stem plus the ending. Skt. also
possesses both endings: jihva
sca
< *-ans), Lat. uis, Umbr. vitlaf (Lat. uituls), OCS eny.
One thinks of different dialectal (or already IE?) treatments of *-eh
2
-ns: in
one group, the nasal was lost in this sequence, while in the other group, it
was maintained (or restored?).512. The gen.pl. shows an ending in -anm
with short --, in contrast to the other Indo-Iranian languages, which have an
ending in -nm (cf. 7.3.1 and esp. 19.1.18). In the YAv. form nnm(ca),
the monosyllabic stem n- may have been restored.13. The abl./dat.pl.
shows an ending equivalent to Skt. -bhyas. Before enclitics, the Av. ending
appears as -biias: uruuarbiiasca, zaorbiiasca. The YAv. forms gauuii
and vinuii exhibit the regular lenition explained under 11.1.4.14. The
inst.pl. is formed in the usual fashion and is equivalent to the Skt. ending -
bhi.15. The loc.pl. is formed in the usual fashion with the ending -hu (Skt.
-su). Note the frequent addition of the postposition after the loc. ending
(16.8), which took place sufficiently late so as not to show the development
*-hu - > *-vh- between vowels: (11.31): gahuua (gah), ghuua.
19.3 -stems
The -stems make up a class of relatively numerous and very productive fem-
inine nouns, which were already present in the parent language. The stem
exhibits an ablaut --/-ii- in Avestan, which goes back to PIE *-- < *-ih
2
- /
*-i - < *-i eh
2
-. -stems are basically used to form motion feminines to athe-
matic forms, i.e., to provide the corresponding feminine form to athematic
nouns andadjectives (cf. 20): e.g., YAv. dauu- (evil) goddess, dr- (female)
giver, nir- woman (from nar-), sn- bitch (from span-). Cf. further adjecti-
val forms, especially stems in -u, -a, -u at, -mat, and participles in -at and
-u, e.g., Av. vavh- to vohu- good, as aon- to as auuan- truthful, bauuait- to
bauuat- becoming, ciciu- to ciciah- having perceived.
5 From an IE sequence *-eh
2
ns, a realization *-eh
2
n s is normally to be expected, but in this
sequence, the same development as in forms such as Gr. , (); Skt. dya
m, ga
m; Lat.
diem, Umbr. bum, may have occurred, where *-eu m *-m (Lex Stang), i.e. *-eh
2
ns *-ns.
19 vowel stems 59
table 9 The inflection of -stems
Singular Dual Plural
nom. as aoni
voc. as aoni
az as aon
acc. as aonm
gen. as aoniia
as aoninm
abl. (YAv. barriit )
as aonibii
dat. as aoniii
inst. vaviia
, depending
uponthe dialect (7.2). Comparisonwithother languages (Skt. -, Gr. -) allows
for the reconstruction of an ending *- < PIE *-ih
2
; cf. Skt. devi
<
*-i s < PIE *-i eh
2
-s; cf. Skt. devya
m in Skt.
Dual: 9. The nom./acc./voc.du. has an ending in -i
. The du. is
not well attested in Avestan. Skt. has dv for the voc.du., devi
. Its recon-
struction is disputed, because the expected ending, parallel to the ending
reconstructed for the --declension, would have been PIE *-i eh
2
-es (or *-ih
2
-es),
whereas - can only go back to IIr. **-iHs. The case ending here has probably
beensubject toinfluence fromthe corresponding ending of the --inflection.
6 In some other languages, however, there are also indications of a FG *-i eh
2
m, cf. Goth. mauja
to mawi.
60 chapter 3 morphology
11. The gen.pl. shows an ending -inm, with --, versus Skt. devi
nm; on the
vowel shortening, see the ending -anmof the -stems with -- (onthis change,
cf. 19.2.12). The form vavhnm owes its -- to the preceding labial glide, vh
(7.15.1). The same takes place in the12. abl./dat.pl. form vavhbii, which
normally has an ending -ibii; cf. Skt. devi
bhi
in Skt. 14. The loc.pl. has an ending -iu, which, with the usual postposition ,
becomes -iuua (16.8); cf. Skt. devi
u.
19.4 -stems
Just as with the -stems, it is presumed that -stems served to make derived
feminines, using the suffix *-h
2
, to u-stems. In Avestan, only three witnesses to
this formation are found. These forms are distinguished from u-stems through
their inflection, insofar as they are clearly hysterodynamic forms. Each one of
these stems has corresponding forms preserved in Sanskrit: tan- body (Skt.
tanu
- < PIE *n -g
u
rh
2
-h
2
- not-pregnant)
and hiz- (along with hizuu-) tongue (Skt. juhu
- and jihva
couldequally
continue an original form in *-uH-aH or an inst.sg. *hizu from an -stem.7.
The loc.sg. tanuui represents *tan-uH-i.
Plural: 8. The nom./acc.pl. aruu goes back to an IIr. ending *-uH-as. OAv.
tanuu shows a trisyllabic scansion: /ta-nu-u ah/.9. The gen.pl. has taken
the ending -unm, found for the expected *-uH-nm, from the u-stems; cf.
Skt. tanu
bhi), which implies, at least for OAv., that this whole class is remod-
eled after u-stems.This conclusion finds further confirmation in the OAv. 12.
loc.pl.
+
tanu-c, YAv. tanuu.
19.5 i- and u-stems
The paradigms of i- andu-stems exhibit suchsimilarity that the twoinflectional
types may be presented conjointly. The endings are the same as the endings
19 vowel stems 61
table 10 The inflection of i- and u-stems
Singular Dual Plural
nom. as i xratu
as aii xratauu
voc. paite maii paiti maii rzu
acc. as m xratm neut. ai vavhi gair xrat
nom.acc.neut. biri vohu r voh
gen. as i xrat u as iuua
maiuua
gairinm vohunm
abl. garit xrataot
gairibii da hubii
dat. axtiii vahauue
aibiia
ahubiia
inst. as xrat
loc. gara vahu ahuu vahuu
of the consonant stems. These two inflectional types include a considerable
number of feminine and masculine nouns, as well as adjectives.
Some words belonging to the i-stems are Av. f. as i- reward, m. axti- pain,
adj. biri- abundant, YAv. m. gairi- mountain, m. paiti- lord. Some words
belonging to the u-stems are Av. m. ahu- life, m. prtu- bridge, m./f. gauu-
bull, cow; adj. aidiiu- harmless, m. xratu- intelligence, m. gtu- road, way, f.
dax iiu- (YAv. da hu-) country, m. maiiu- spirit, adj. vohu- good. In addition,
some very interesting neuters are present here: iiu- life, duru- wood, znu-
knee. As for i-stems:
Singular: 1. The nom.sg. shows ZG of the suffix and of the ending in the
regular type, while for haxa companion and kauua Kavi, a hysterodynamic
nom.sg. with LG of the suffix and a zero ending must be reconstructed: *sakhi
and *kau i . Comparison with the nom.sg. skh of Skt. shows that the loss
of the final *-i already took place in IIr.2. The acc.sg. has *-i-m (which
always becomes -m), except in hysterodynamic stems, where the PIE ending
*-oi-m became IIr. *-i am (by Brugmann, 7.4.6), which is attested in OAv.
hu.haxim (Skt. skhyam). YAv. kauuam can be the result of a shortening of
*kau i am, i.e., *-i am > *-ai am. On the acc. ram, Skt. raym, cf. 10.1.3.3. The
nom./acc.neut. has a zeroending: biri-c(Skt. bhu
a from *hax-i -.8. The loc.sg. has a zero ending LG of the suffix; its *-
corresponds to the Skt. forms in -, and again attests to the loss of *i in the PIE
sequence *-i #/-i #.
Dual: 9. The nom./acc./voc.du in -i (arapaiti) goes back to IIr. *-, though
haxaiiashows FGinthe suffix, whichcouldbe basedona LG; cf. Skt. skhy.
10. The nom./acc./voc.neut.du. likewise shows *-: ui two ears, ai two
eyes.11. The gen.du. shows the ending *-s in OAv. haxtiia
.12. The
abl./dat./inst.du. shows the usual *bhi : uibiia and aibiia.
Plural: 13. The nom./voc.pl. in -aii has FG of the suffix and the proper
ending for the case, inherited from PIE.14. The acc.pl., coming from PIE
*-in-s, preserves a trace of nasalization of the *i in the ending -.15. The
nom./acc./voc.neut.pl. has an ending -i and comes from PIE *-i-h
2
.16. The
gen.pl. has taken -nm as its ending from the n-stems, just as was done in Skt.,
but without lengthening the stem vowel (or rather, shortening it, following
19.1.18?): YAv. gairinmfromthe mountains versus Skt. -nm. However, there
are some forms that reflect the expected PIE ending *-i-om: Av. kaoiim from
*kau -i-m, has
(*-u -ai ):
YAv. xrae, pre. Some sound changes have partially disfigured this ending
(11.1.4): OAv. ahuii (modernization of the YAv.) and YAv. avhe < *ahu ai ; cf.
Skt. vsave and krtve.25. The inst.sg. has an ending -u
u -a).
Dual: 27. The nom./acc./voc.du. of animates has an ending -u
: vavhi
( ja
, YAv. pasuua
ru,
ja
Gr. ) and also OAv. uba-, YAv. uua- the two, both
(Skt. ubha
, OP ub, OCS oba; with a nasal, Gr. , Lat. amb). Both stems
agree in their inflection with the dual of an a-stem(cf. 19.1): nom.acc.m. duua,
uua7 (OP ub, Skt. ubha
, uuaiia
; loc.m. OAv.
ubii, YAv.
+
uuaii (Skt. ubhyo).
3 has a stem ri- for the masculine and neuter, but tir- for the feminine,
just as with Skt. tri- and tisr-. This divison goes back to PIE, to judge from
OIr. toir < *tisres. In the other IE languages, the feminine stem is completely
lost. The forms attested in Avestan are: nom.m. rii, raiias-ca (Skt. tryas;
note the of the Av. versus the short a of the Skt. Perhaps Av. has taken this
from the number 4). The acc.m. r (Skt. tri
rva-, Av. pauruua- previous. The suffix *-i a- was added to this stem
already in (Proto)-Iranian: *pr Hu i a-, which results in Av. paoiriia- (cf. 8.2).
Second was IIr. *du i-tii a-, which gave OAv. /dbitiia-/, written daibitiia-
(11.13), and, with loss of d-, YAv. bitiia-; cf. Skt. dviti
ku).
Cf. further the Skt. forms nom. yuvm, acc. yuva
m, gen. yuv.
22 pronouns 71
table 13 Personal pronouns
1st Accented Enclitic 2nd Accented Enclitic
nom.sg. az m, azm asct tuu m, tm; t
acc.sg. mm m m
gen.sg. m.n, mana mi, m tauu, tauua ti, t
abl.sg. mat ? at
dat.sg. maibii, maibii,
muuiia
mi, m taibii, taibii ti, t
inst.sg.
nom.du. v
acc.du. uu?
gen.du n yauukm
nom.pl. vam y m, ym; y
acc.pl. hm, ahma na
, n va
, v
gen.pl. ahmkm n , n xmkm; ymkm v , v
abl.pl. ahmat xmat ; ymat
dat.pl. ahmaibii n , n xmaibii, xmuuiia v , v
inst.pl. hm xm
4. The 2nd.pl. OAv. y m, YAv. ym (cf. Skt. yym) has an unexpected
(from external sandhi of *y-am? 11.25.1). The oblique forms make use of the
stems xma- and yma-. An IIr. stem*uma- (cf. Aeolic Gr. acc. ) underlies
both of these stems. The variant xma- is explicable through loss of the u- >
*ma- and subsequent prothesis of x- (cf. 11.16). The variant yma- is due to
influence from the nom. y. Cf. dat. OAv. xmaibii and ymaibii versus Skt.
yumbhyam.
N.B. for enclitics (unaccented pronouns):
5. The 1st. Singular: inthe acc., mis identical toSkt. m. The oblique enclitic
(gen.dat.) is OAv. mi, YAv. m (OP -maiy, Skt. me).Plural: the stemna- is used
in the dual and plural, and it is also contained in the stem*asma- < PIE *n sme-.
In OAv., distinct forms exist for the acc.pl., na
(Lat. us),
72 chapter 3 morphology
and the oblique cases, v (cf. Lat. us-trum), in contrast to the single case form
of YAv., v (and of Skt. vas).
6. For the enclitics of the 3rd person, some forms of the old demonstra-
tive pronoun a-/i-, which were substituted by the stem ima (22.2), are used:
acc.sg.m.f. m(Skt. m, Cypriot Gr. ?); acc.sg.neut. OAv. t , YAv. it (cf. the Skt. par-
ticle t); acc.pl.m.f. ; acc.pl.neut. . Some YAv. forms with initial d- must have
originated in sandhi with a preceding dental (e.g., *yad im): acc.sg.m.f. dim(OP
-dim); acc.sg.neut. dit ; acc.pl.m.f. d (OP -d); acc.pl.neut. d.
Other forms took an *s- by analogy to the paradigm of sa-, ta-. Accented
froms are nom.sg.f. OAv. h and nom.du.neut. OAv. h. Enclitic forms are acc.sg.f.
Av. hm (OP -im, Skt. sm), acc.pl.m.f. Av. h (cf. OP -) and the gen.dat.sg.
OAv. hi, YAv. h, (cf. OP -aiy). At times, variation between h- and - occurs,
which is explicable as the result of ruki in external sandhi: pairi but at ca
h.8
7. The accented reflexive pronoun has adopted the stem *su a- from the
possessive pron. In Av., only the following forms are attested: gen. xvahe; dat.sg.
YAv. huuuuiia (from *hu ai a, cf. muuiia above 22.1.1) and YAv. xvi.
22.2 Demonstrative Pronouns
1. a-/i-/ima- this. This pronoun, of anaphoric origin, combines stems deriving
from PIE *h
1
ei -/*h
1
i- and *h
1
e- (cf. Lat. is, ea, id) in a suppletive pattern. The
nom.sg.m. comes from *ai am > Skt. aym (cf. OP iyam)The acc.sg.m. arises
from an IIr. innovation in which the old form *im (Lat. im) was accusativized
by adding the ending *-amThe nom.acc.sg.neut. imat (cf. OP ima) replaces
the *-m of the new form with the -t of the neuter pronouns. Starting from the
twopreceding case forms, it became possible toextract a stemima-, fromwhich
the rest of the direct cases of the masc., neut., and fem. with thematic endings
emerged.
The oblique cases are built off the stem a-: the gen.sg.m. comes from *asi a
> Skt. asya;9 the gen.du.m. a-iia
s; (the forma ht
8 In YAv., however, this old distribution is often disrupted. Old Persian, which maintains the
use of the 3rd person enclitic, offers only variants with --.
9 ahe is used attributively and anaphorically, while a he is only found in anaphoric use. ahe
probably represents the original development (cf. the gen.sg. of the a-stems), whereas a he
introduced - h- from the fem. pronouns.
22 pronouns 73
table 14 The demonstrative pronoun a-/i-/ima-
1. a-/i-/ima- this Masculine, Neuter Feminine
nom. sg. aii m, am m
acc. imm imm
nom.acc.neut. imat
gen. ahii, ax iica, ahe, a he a ha
, a ha
sca
abl. ahmt a ha
; a ht
dat. ahmi ax iii, a hi
inst. an, ana ii, aiia
loc. ahm, ahmi, ahmiia a he
nom.m. du. ima
gen. aiia
; a
sc
dat. biia bii
nom.m. pl. ime ima
acc.m. im ima
gen. am a
hm
dat. aibii biiasc, bii, aiiiasca
inst. i; aibi b
loc. au, auua h, huua
shows the late substitution of *-s by *-t); the dat.sg. from *asi i > Skt. asyi;
the loc.sg. is from *asi (cf. Skt. asya
) is an
exception in that it does not contain an -s-. There is also a form f. iia, which
owes its long vowel to the preceding *i in paiti iia zm on this earth.
In the plural, the m./n. oblique cases are built off a stem *ai -, which recalls
the nom.m. *ai -am, just like the stems ata- and auua- (see below). The
oblique cases of the fem.pl. are formed starting from an unexpected stem -,
which probably derives from the inflection of the pronouns ta-, ka-, and ya-.
Note the ending *-sm of the gen.pl., versus PIE *-som as reflected in Lat.
e-rum, e-rum, and OCS tx of these.
2. ta- that, 3. ata- that there. The first of these pronouns continues the
old demonstrative. Its paradigm conforms to the usual pattern of suppletion.
The nom.sg. was suppletive even in PIE, m. *s, neut. *td, f. *sh
2
> Av. h, tat ,
h (Skt. s, tt, sa
; ataiia
abl. atahmt
dat. atahmi
inst. t; ata ataiia
loc. atahmi, atahmiia
nom.acc. du. t, tca
nom.acc.neut. t; ate
gen. ataiia
, ta
scit ; ata
s.t
acc. t g, t t ; at, at ta
, ta
sc; ata
).
The inflection of these pronouns follows that already seen under 22.2.1,
22.5.2, i.e., throughthe insertionof typically pronominal elements suchas *-sm-
in the oblique cases of the masc., or *-ai - and *- in the oblique cases of the
masc./fem.pl. There are some forms worthy of note: the gen.pl.fem. atahm
shows shortening of the *-- (Skt. eta
is equivalent
to Skt. etsyas, while ataiia
and ataiia
); inst.pl.m.neut. ani;
gen.sg.m.
+
anahe; abl.sg.m. anahmt ; and the inst.sg.m.neut. ana.
5. The stem of the demonstrative auua- that there may be compared with
the Skt. gen.du. av (OP ava, and also OCS ov this < PIE *h
2
eu o-). The Aves-
tan paradigm possesses a nom.sg.m., OAv. huu (*hau ; cf. 10.3.4) and YAv.
hu, which is, in origin, a fem. form also attested as a nom.sg.fem. YAv. hu,
made froma supplementary stemcomparable to the Skt. nom.sg.m.f. asu that
there or OP hauv. The other case forms allow for derivation from the stem
auua-, with its already familiar pronominal endings: nom.acc.sg.neut. auuat
(OP ava); acc.sg.m. aom(OP avam); gen.sg.m.neut. auua he and auuaheca (OP
avahay); inst.sg.m. OAv. auu, YAv. auua, nom.pl.m. auue (OP avaiy); acc.pl.m.
+
auu ; nom.acc.pl.neut. auua and auua
;
abl.sg.f. auua ht ; dat.sg.f. auuahi; acc.pl.f. auua
andauuaha
n, ya
ca).
22.4 Possessive Pronouns
The possessive pronouns for the 1st and 2nd persons are attested in OAv. alone,
while the gen. of the corresponding personal pronouns assumes the functions
of the possessive in YAv. Various formations co-occur in the possessive pro-
nouns, as will be seen below.
Singular: The 1st person is formed in OAv. with a stem ma- my (Gr. <
PIE *h
1
mo-): nom.sg.m. m (7.9.4); gen.sg.neut. mahii; dat.sg.neut. mahmi;
inst.sg.neut. m; loc.sg. mahm; nom.acc.pl.neut. m; inst.sg.f. maii; gen.sg.f.
max iia
(x cf. 11.28).
76 chapter 3 morphology
The 2nd person is formed in OAv. with a stem a- your (Skt. tv-, Lat.
tuus, Gr. ): nom.sg.m. ; gen.sg.m ahii; abl.sg.m. ahmt ; dat.sg.m.
ahmi; inst.sg.m.neut. ; loc.sg.m. ahm; nom.pl.m. i; nom.acc.pl.
neut. ; nom.sg.f. i; gen.sg.f. ax iia
; loc.pl.f. h.
Plural: The 1st person is formed with the stem ahmka- our (Skt. asma
ka-):
nom.acc.sg.neut. ahmkm; acc.pl.m. ahmk g; inst.pl.m. ahmki. For the
2nd person, two familiar variants (already commented upon in 22.1.4) are
found: xmka- (with the acc.sg.m. xmkm; nom.acc.sg.neut xmkm;
gen.sg.m xmkahii; dat.sg.m. xmki; inst.sg.m. xmk; acc.sg.f. xmkm)
and ymka- (with the acc.sg.m. ymkm; gen.sg.m. ymkahii; dat.sg.m.
ymki).
Concerning the pronominal stems OAv./YAv. xva- and YAv. hauua-, the FG
in hauua- may have been introduced from the pers. and dem.pron. in *ha-.
As regards its inflection, xva- follows the pronominal type (e.g., loc.sg.m. YAv.
xvahmi (cf. Skt. svsmin)), while hauua- follows the thematic type in all of
its forms (cf. 19.1), e.g., loc.sg.m. hauue (cf. Skt. sv); nom.pl.m. hauua
h;
gen.pl.m. hauuanm (Skt. sva
nm).
22.5 Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns
The interrogative and indefinite pronouns in Av. are formed on the basis of the
stems ci-/ca- and ka- who?, some, the comparison of which with Skt. k-, k-
and Gr. , , and especially with OCS to, kto, allows for the reconstruction
of an IE pron. *k
u
id, *k
u
o-s. In principal, the accented pronouns functioned
as interrogatives, while the enclitics functioned as indefinites. However, the
indefinite function could also be indicated by postposing the IE particles *k
u
e
or *k
u
id; cf. Lat. quis-que, OP kas-ciy, Skt. ka-cit.
1. To ci-/ca-, the following forms are found: nom.sg.m. OAv. YAv. ci (cf.
Skt. k), ci-ca
m, OAv. na-ci
m;
nom.acc.sg.neut. YAv. cit (cf. Skt. particle cit), na-cit , cm (cf. Skt. km), ci;
gen.sg.m.neut. OAv. cahii; dat.sg.m YAv. cahmi; loc.sg.m. YAv. cahmi;
nom.pl.m. OAv. caiiasc, YAv. caii; nom.acc.pl.neut. OAv. c-c, YAv. ci-ca.
2. The same inflection as in the pronouns a-/ima-, ta-, and ya- is found with
ka-, so there is no need to enumerate forms. Nevertheless, cf. the gen.sg.m.
OAv. kahii, YAv. kahe, ka he (Skt. ksya). Note further the concurrence of the
inst.sg.m.neut. forms Av. k and YAv. kana (cf. Skt. kna), the latter of which
seems to have been made after the inst.sg.m.neut. of the demonstrative ana-
(22.2.4; like the inst.sg.m. of a-/i-/ima- in 22.2.1).
23 prepositions and preverbs 77
23 Prepositions and Preverbs
A distinction between adnominal prepositions and preverbs exists only par-
tially, since the majority of the forms admit of bothuses. Prepositions canoccur
before the noun (i.e., as a preposition stricto sensu) or after it (as a postposi-
tion), though there is a small number of forms that always precede the noun.
The majority of preverbs immediately precede the verb.
In the following list, prepositions/postpositions are given, followed by the
case that they govern. Keep in mind that, in large part, these words may also
serve as adverbs, the sense of which can be derived without further difficulty
from the meaning given for the basic forms. Those forms that are exclusively
adverbial will be expressly indicated as such.
1. aiti (Skt. ti, Gr. ) adv. trans-, beyond; sideways.
2. aipi
(Skt. pi, Gr. ) + acc. above, during; on; + inst. after. [temporal]
3. aib, aii, auui, aoi (Skt. abh, Lat. amb-) + acc. towards; against; for; + loc.
around, about.
4. aairi (Goth. undar) + acc. below.
5. apa
) + acc. to; in, on; + loc. on; + abl. since, (away) from, from; OAv.
+ inst. for, because; cf. further 36.
10. upa
(Skt. pa, Gr. , Lat. sub) + acc. about, towards; up to, into; + loc.
in.
11. upairi
(Skt. upri, Gr. , Lat. super) + acc. over, above; + inst. beyond
and in comparison.
12. us, uz- (Skt. d) adv. out, up.
13. OAv. tar , YAv. tar, tarasca (Skt. tirs) + acc. through, by way of; ex-
cept.
14. paiti
(Skt. pura
(Skt. sc) + abl. (out) of, from; in relation to, according to, with the
agent of the passive also by; OAv. + acc. or inst. of; by (reason of).
25. had, haa (Skt. sah) + inst. together with.
26. hara
(Skt. satra
(arrows that
have been) shot. In other cases, the middle gives the verb reflexive (act. fra-
pinaoti fatten, mid. frapinuuata swell) or reciprocal (act. hacaiti accompa-
nies, mid. hacaite go together) value. It should be noted that, even in the
parent language, there are many verbs that occur only in a single diathesis, so-
called activa tantum or media tantum verbs: YAv. sate, Skt. te, Gr. , Hitt.
kitta.
The passive does not exist as a separate diathesis, but, as will be seen, the
present formation in -iia- has passive meaning. In addition, an isolated ending
of the 3rd person in -i, which goes back to IIr., is found in the aorist with
passive value: Av. vc was said (Skt. -vci), sruu was heard (Skt. ra
vi); cf.
32.1.c.
80 chapter 3 morphology
25.3 Tense
The expressionof tense is carried out throughthe usage of specific verbal stems
(25.1.3). Fromthe point of viewof tense, three mainstems are distinguishable:
present, aorist, and perfect. The future stem is, in fact, a present formation
(26.18).
The Avestan tense system, based on these three stems, derives from an
aspectual system that is still present in Greek and residual in Sanskrit. This
system opposed the imperfective aspect of the present stem (action seen in
its development) to the perfective aspect of the aorist stem (action seen as
complete in its entirety). The perfect was not part of this aspectual opposition,
and served to express a resultative (attained state). It is crucial to distinguish
between aspect, which is a binary opposition, and type of action (Aktionsart),
which is expressed by multiple formations that were always opposed to an
unmarked base. From a functional perspective, Old Avestan still retains a large
proportion of the old IE system of oppositions, while Young Av. has developed
more towards a temporal system based on the opposition present : injunctive
(impf.; 31, 37.2).
26 Present Stems
Athematic Formations
1. Root Presents: some roots have ablaut (25.1.1), e.g., ah- be, mr- speak,
i- go, while in others the stem is invariable: tac- run, hah- sleep, aoj-
speak.
2.a. Presents with partial reduplication (the root has FG/ZG ablaut): e.g.,
dad-/dad- give; put (the two verbs attested in Skt. as ddmi give
and ddhmi put fall together in Avestan), hi.hak-/hic- follow (Skt.
sak-/sc-).
2.b. Presents with total reduplication (intensives): reduplication with the en-
tire FG root, and ablaut FG/ZG in the root. Examples: carkr- exalt,
dadi- show, zaozao- call.
3. Presents in-n: the root contains aninfix withablauting -na-/-n- before the
final consonant of the root, e.g., vinad-/vid- find. Class 9 is a secondary
subtype of this type.
4. Presents in -nu: root (generally ani) in ZG + an ablauting suffix -nao-/
-nu- (< *-nau -/-nu-), e.g., surunauu-/surunu- hear (IE *leu ); krnauu-
/krnu- make, do.
5. Presents in -n: root (of se origin) in ZG + ablauting suffix -n-/-n- (<
*-naH-/-nH-): grn- seize, frn-/ frn- please.
26 present stems 81
These three infixed present formations can be traced back historically to a
single type that split apart onaccount of particular phonological developments
and synchronic reanalysis. Thus, class 4. in fact comes from infixed roots that
ended in -u-, whose stem final sequence *-na-u -/-n-u- became productive as a
independent suffix: e.g., to kar make, YAv. krnaoiti, Skt. kr ti. Meanwhile,
class 5. is usually limited to old se roots, i.e., *-na-H-/-n-H-: e.g., YAv. grniti,
Skt. gr bha
ti.
Thematic Formations
Thematic formations (characterized by suffixation of the thematic vowel -a-/
-- < PIE *-e-/-o-, which precedes the ending) were still productive in the
Avestan period. Fourteen different formations, which have precise semantic
functions only in part, can be distinguished.
6. Root in FG (root-accented; Skt. bhvati type), e.g., bara- bear, yaza- wor-
ship, haca- follow. This is the most productive type in Av.
7. Root in ZG (accent on the thematic vowel; Skt. tudti type), e.g., ia- set
in motion, rsa- cut.
8. Root in ZG and partial reduplication (Skt. pbati type), e.g., hita- stand,
nihia- sit down, jana- strike.
9. Root in ZG with -n- infix, e.g., krta- cut (Skt. kr ntti), hica- sprinkle
(Skt. sicti). This is a thematization of 26.3.
10. Root in FG + suffix *-i a-, e.g., jaiiia- pray, mainiia-/maiia- think (Skt.
mnya-).
11.a. Root in ZG + suffix *-i a- (root-accented, non-passive, Skt. type di
vyati),
e.g., OAv. drujiia-, YAv. drua- deceive (Skt. drhyati), vrziia- work
(Goth. waurkjan).
11.b. Root in ZG + suffix *-i - (passive, Skt. type nahyte), e.g., miriia- die (Skt.
mriyate). This type employs active or middle endings without distinction
in Av.
12. Root in ZG with reduplication + suffix *-i a-, e.g., iziia- desire (< i-iz-i a-),
yaiia- boil (< *i a-i -i a-).
13. Denominatives with suffix *-i a-, e.g., fuiia- rear livestock (Av. pasu-/ fu-
livestock), biaziia- heal (cf. Skt. bhij- healer), viixmainiia- make a
speech from viixman- assembly
14. Root in ZG + suffix -aiia-, e.g., guzaiia- hide, saaiia- seem, zbaiia- call.
This type includes some archaic OAv. causative forms with ZG: OAv.
urdiia- make cry, urpaiia- make sick.
15. Root in FG ( in an open syllable; 7.4.6) + suffix -aiia- (causative): rao-
caiia- light up, draiia- hold. This type exhibits a distinction between
82 chapter 3 morphology
roots with FG of the root, such as vaxaiia- make grow (Skt. vakya-),
and verbs with LG of the root, e.g., tpaiia- heat (Skt. tpya-). This dis-
tinction results from the fact that the root vowel of the causative was a
PIE *o, which has different outcomes depending on its position in the
syllable (i.e., Brugmann 7.4.6). It should be noted that the causative
(sub)type tpaiia- became very productive in Avestan. Cf., for example,
the causative of s enlarge: OAv. sauuaiia- (< PIE *ou h
1
-i e-), versus YAv.
suuaiia-, with LG introduced here.
16. Root in ZG + suffix -sa- (including the inchoative), e.g., prsa- ask (Skt.
prcchti), tafsa- become warm. The suffix -sa- continues the PIE suffix
*-ske/o-. Old present formations (non-inchoative, of the type jasa- to
gam), as well as Avestan inchoative formations, fall under this type.
17. Root inZG+ suffix -ha/sa/a- (desiderative). Two subtypes appear here: a.
simple: grfa- try to grab;b. with partial reduplication in i: dia- try
to deceive (cf. Skt. dpsati). The diffent forms of the suffix are historically
explicable from the IIr. suffix *-(H)sa- in different environments.
18. Root in FG + suffix -hiia/siia- (future), e.g., vaxiia- to vac speak (Skt.
vakyti), zhiia- to zan generate (Skt. janiyti).
27 Aorist Stems
1. Athematic root aorist (the root has FG/ZG ablaut). The root itself is the
stem of the aorist, e.g., jam-/gm-/ga- to gam go, come; d-/d- to the two
roots d give; put; srauu-/sru- to sru hear.
2.a. Thematic root aorist: ZG of the root + -a- (root-accented), e.g., vda- to vid
find, know, Skt. vda-; sa- teach to sh, Skt. ia-. In some formations,
FG of the root appears, but this generally occurs for phonetic reasons:
taa- (Skt. tka-), hana- (Skt. sna-).
2.b. Reduplicated thematic aorist: ZG of the root with partial reduplication in
a + suffix -a-, e.g., vaoca- (Skt. vca-) to vac speak, nsa- (*na-n-a-) to nas
disappear.
3. Sigmatic aorist (athematic): root with ablaut pattern LG (indicative and
active injunctive) / FG (other) + *-s-, e.g., ra
h- to r protect, bax- to
baj divide, raos- to urud- cry, m gh- to man think, di-/di- to dis
point.
30 personal endings 83
28 Perfect Stem
The perfect stem is an athematic formation with reduplication and ablaut (<
*o/zero) in the root. When the root contains or ends in i
, the reduplication
vowel will be i
; -a
-m, -am -a
2nd -hi
, -i
, -i -a
3rd -ti
-t , -t -tu
-a
-ma
-ma
2nd -a
-ta
-ta
w.a.
3rd -ti
, -ati
-ar
, -r
distinction between primary endings (PE, used in the pres.ind. and, partly, the
subjunctive) and secondary endings (SE, used inthe pres.inj., the aorist and the
optative); in addition, there are other sets of endings for the imperative and the
perfect indicative. The subjunctive has a special ending just in the 1.sg.10
30.1 Active Endings
Be aware that some endings are not attested in Avestan; these are marked here
as w.a. (= without attestation). Those endings with variants conditioned by
phonetic environment are given with a comma separating the variants: for
example, the secondary ending of the 2.sg., which comes from IIr. *-s, appears
as - (mrao you said, cf. 11.20.5), as -s (before enclitic -ca, 11.20.1), and as
the outcome of *-h (in the thematic ending, e.g., jas you came, cf. 7.13.1). A
semicolon separates endings of different origin, such as those of the 3.du, of
which -t corresponds to the original 3.du. ending (cf. Skt. -tas), while - must
have been taken over from the 2.du. (cf. Skt. -thas). As regards the thematic
formations, it must be noted that some forms have been partially disfigured by
phonetic developments: e.g., the already cited 2.sg. - < *-a-h.
N.B.: a. Primary Endings: The agreement with the endings of Skt., sg. -mi, -si,
-ti and pl. -masi, -tha, -nti/-ati is evident. The 1.sg. thematic -mi exhibits an
10 The terms primary and secondary are traditional; descriptively, the primary endings
are derived from the secondary ones by adding an element -i, which in PIE was a marker
of current relevance (hic et nunc).
30 personal endings 85
< PIE *o (7.4.6); after ii, we do not find -mi but -emi; here * was analogically
replaced by *a; cf. 7.10.1. On the other hand, a 1.sg. ending - (Gr. -, Lat. -
< PIE *-oh
2
), exclusive to thematic formations, also occurs. This distinction
between the thematic and athematic conjugations is old, and ceases to be
productive in YAv., which adopts the ending -mi for both: barmi (and in
Sanskrit: bhrmi).The 1.du., in comparison with Skt. -vas, has taken the *-i
from the 1.pl.
b. Secondary Endings: The agreement of these endings with those of Skt., sg.
-(a)m, -s, -t, 1.du. -va, pl. -ma, -ta, -(a)n/-ur, is evident.The 3.du. -tm concurs
with OP -tam, but in Skt., -tam is the form of the 2.du., while Skt. -tm is the
form of the 3.du. In Iranian, the endings of the 2.du. were introduced into the
3.du.; the same happens in the middle (cf. 30.2.a).The endings -r and
-r are found only in the athematic optative: the -- is part of the suffix -ii-,
and the ending is -r(), which corresponds exactly to Skt. -ur (3.pl.aor.opt.
buiintogether withbuiir, Skt. bhyr). The 3.pl. thematic ending is -n: YAv.
pacaiin.
c. The subjunctive has a unique ending in the 1.sg., -ni
. The 3.du. and the 2.pl. have primary endings, the 1.du. and the 1.pl. have
secondary endings. The remaining persons take both PE or SE without dis-
tinction (but Skt. has the SE in the 3.pl.)The imperative has forms only for
the 2nd and 3rd persons of the sg. and pl. Just as in IE, the 2.sg. can take an
ending (thematic stems) or, in athematic stems, take the IE/IIr. ending *-
dhi > Gr. -i, Skt. -dhi/hi. The remaining Avestan endings also correspond to
those of Sanskrit, -tu, -ta, and -ntu. However, the ending that corresponds to
Skt. -tt, Gr. -, Lat. -t(d) is not found. The 2.pl. uses the secondary end-
ing.
d. The perfect has its own set of endings only in the indicative. These
endings, in large part, agree with the Skt. forms: sg. -a, -tha, -a, 1.pl. -ma. The
3.du. -atar comes out of *-atr , while Skt. -atur reflects *-atr , with the same
ending *-r that Skt. has in the 3.pl., -ur. Av. has the 3.pl. in -ar
, -i -i
; -a
-e
2nd -he
, - he
, -e
*-ha, -ha
, -a
-huua
, -vha
, -uua
w.a.
3rd -te
; -e
-ta
; -i
-tm; -m -e
, -oi
1st du. w.a. -uuaid w.a.
2nd w.a. w.a. w.a. w.a.
3rd -ate
, -ie; -ite
, maie -maidi
w.a.
2nd -duii, -e, -e -dm, -m -dm, -m w.a.
3rd -te
, -aite
, -ata
, Skt. -e, which is used for verbs with stative meaning; it is the
same form as the ending of the 3.sg.perf.mid.The co-occurrence in the 3.du.
of -ate
and -ie (thematic endings) is explained by the fact that the end-
ing of the 2.du.mid. *-ai ai (Skt. -ethe) was adopted by the 3.du. (30.1.b).
The endings of the 3.pl., -re and -ire (< *-re; cf. Skt. -re) were used in PIE
for the stative. They originate in the PIE ending *-ro of the 3.pl. of the mid-
dle.
b. Secondary Endings: The endings correspond to the series of endings in
Skt., 1sg. -i/-a, 3.sg. -ta, 1.du. -vahi (< *-u adhi), 3.du. -etm (thematic)/-tm,
pl. -mahi, -dhvam, -nta/-ata and -(i)ram/-(i)ranFor the 3.du. -atm, it must
again be presumed that the final short vowel was introduced from the 2.du.
*-ai tam (Skt. has innovated with -ethm).In 3.sg., we find an ending -i
(Skt.
-i), which is utilized for the isolated passive aorist (25.2).The endings of the
3.pl. with -r- are endings of the stative, which continues the old PIE middle
endings in *-ro with a secondary *-nt, thus *-ront.
c. The subjunctive has a unique ending in the 1.sg. -ne, which coexists with
the old -i (*a-ai ), cf. Skt. -ai versus OP -naiy. The remaining persons of the
middle have primary endings.The imperative shows forms that correspond
to endings of Skt., 2.sg. -sva, 3.sg. -tm, 2.pl. -dhvam (= SE), 3.pl. -ntm. It is
possible that there may have been a passive form (parallel to the 3.sg. of
the passive aorist, 25.2): 3.sg. Av. -m (Skt. -m), but the evidence is not
conclusive.
31 the augment 87
table 18 The use of the augment
Unaugmented Augmented
Present inj. impf.
Aorist inj. ind.
Perfect ind. plupf. (absent in Av.)
d. In the perfect, there are very few forms attested, but they agree with the
corresponding forms of Skt.: 1.sg. -e, 3.sg. -e, 3.du. -te, 3.pl. -re.
e. The middle participle exhibits a suffix -na- (also -na- and -ana-; Skt.
-na-) in athematic forms and -mna- (OP -mna-, cf. Skt. -mna- versus Pli
-mina) inthematic forms. This distributionof allomorphs is due to the develop-
ment of the PIE suffix *-mh
1
no- > IIr. *C-m Hna- > *-Cna- (after a consonant)
versus *V-mHna- > *-Vmna- (after a vowel). The perf.part.mid. makes use only
of the suffix -na- (Skt. -na-).
31 The Augment
An accented prefix *- (*h
1
e-?), through which indicatives with preterital value
were made, existed in Proto-Indo-European. When added to an injunctive
present form (the basic, unmarked form), the augment transforms an injunc-
tive into an imperfect; if an augment is added to a perfect stem, it would forma
pluperfect. The preterital value of the aorist stem was also formally expressed
through aorist injunctive forms with the augment.
The augment is systematically employed in Classical Greek (pres. : impf.
), inSanskrit (bhrmi: bharam), and inOld Persian(barmiy: abaram);
its use in Avestan, however, seems to be much more limited, since the majority
of preterital forms donot showthe augment, the forms of the injunctive serving
to express the past tense. This use could be due, in many cases, to the particular
content of the texts. Inany case, the (new) functionof the injunctive inAvestan
is not very well understood.
In Old Av., there is no clear evidence for any imperfect forms, while in Young
Av., the few imperfect forms seem to have disparate functions (in some cases,
it can be interpreted as an anterior to the injunctive).
Descriptively, forms with secondary endings can bear or not bear the aug-
ment. In the case of forms without the augment, they are termed injunctives,
following tradition. In the case of forms that bear the augment, they are called
88 chapter 3 morphology
imperfects (in the present stem) or indicative (in the aorist stem). For its part,
the perfect, with its own set of endings, has both forms without the augment,
indicatives, and forms with the augment, pluperfects.
Furthermore, distinguishing betweenthe augment andthe preverbis often
difficult, on account of the partial phonetic confusion between a and in Av.,
depending upon phonetic environment (e.g., 7.3). Thus, a form paitiimraot
he addressed canreflect *paiti mraot (withthe preverb), *paiti amraot (with
impf.), or *paiti amraot .
32 Paradigms
In the following section, we present verbal paradigms consisting of attested
forms, with one form to exemplify each person, as well as the distinct phonetic
variants that an ending may exhibit (cf. e.g., N.B. under 30.1). The forms given
in the tables belong solely to YAv., except where expressly indicated to the
contrary using italics. Forms of the subjunctive with secondary endings appear
in bolditalic type; historically, these forms are more archaic, but they are in the
process of being replaced by primary endings in Avestan.
32.1 Athematic Root Present and Root Aorist
Given that the inflection of both of these formations is the same, they are pre-
sented together in Table 19. To provide examples of the paradigm, we offer
forms from the following present stems: ah-/h-/x -/s-/z-/- be, aii-/i-/y- go,
aoj- speak, h- be seated, is- control, rule, jan-/ ja-/n- kill, tac- run, t-/ta-
shape, create, p- protect, mrauu-/mr- speak, vas-/us- wish, v- blow, saii-
lie, sh- teach, stauu-/stu- praise, aii-/i- dwell. Likewise, we offer forms from
the following aorist stems: car-/kr- make, do, jam-/gm-/ga- come, caii-
/s
h mrao pairii-ao
3rd asti, jaiti, mraoiti mrite, ite, aoxte; mraot , tt, s aogd, aoxta
mruiie, is
1st du. usuuah w.a. w.a. w.a.
3rd st w.a. impf. auuitm w.a.
(auua-i-)
1st pl. mahi mrmaide w.a. w.a.
2nd st w.a. mraot w.a.
3rd hti, yeiti, va
ti aojaite; a
, var-c da
h, m gh
3rd j n, dt , mist mat
1st du. w.a. duuaid
3rd w.a. a-sruutm
1st pl. dm varmaid
2nd dt a-srdm
3rd gmn, dn, yj n v-s
iit
c. Passive Aorist
Within the aorist system, there is an isolated 3rd pers. indicative/injunctive
form that adds an ending -i
h
3rd ahaiti, ahat w.a. dit; dt yao-dit,
ciait
1st du. w.a w.a. w.a. jamat
3rd w.a. w.a. w.a. w.a.
1st pl. a
t, yaojat
e. Opt. Pres.act. Pres.mid. Aor.act. Aor.mid
1st sg. x ii m w.a. diim dii
2nd mruiia
mruu jamiia
d
3rd mruiit ; sht aojta jamiit ; vaint drt
1st pl. x iim w.a. jamiim, buiiama; mainimaid
sruum
2nd x iit w.a. diiata w.a.
3rd hiir w.a. jamiir; jamiin w.a.
f. Impv. Pres.act. Pres.mid. Aor.act. Aor.mid.
2nd sg. mrii, zd, id w.a. did kruu,
dhuu
3rd mraotu, ast w.a. dt w.a.
2nd pl. staota w.a. dt w.a.
3rd yatu, h t w.a. scat w.a.
g. Part. Pres.act. Pres.mid. Aor.act. Aor.mid.
ht-, f. hait-; mruuat- mruuna-, dat- sr(a)uuana-
nom.sg.m. iis, aojana-
f. iieit-
32 paradigms 91
32.2 Athematic Reduplicated Present
To provide examples of the paradigm, we offer forms of the following present
stems (with partial reduplication): kuxnu- (xnu greet), cikaii- (ci perceive),
dad-/dad- (d give; put), didaii-/ddi- (d watch), mim- (m measure), zaz-
/zaz- (z leave), zaz- (z rise), hi.hk-/hic- (hac follow). The rare forms with
total reduplication (26.2.b.) have the same endings.
table 21 The reduplicated present
Ind.act. Ind.mid. Subj.act. Subj.mid
1st sg. dami daie, dad dani yao-dane
2nd dahi w.a. zazhi; yao-da w.a.
3rd daiti daste, dazd yao-daiti; daat daaite
3rd du. w.a. zazite cikaiiat w.a.
1st pl. dadmah dadmaid dama hicamaid
2nd w.a. w.a. fra-mma w.a.
3rd dadait w.a. zazti, dan yao-date
Inj.act. Inj.mid. Opt.act. Opt.mid.
1st sg. dam, dam w.a. w.a. daie
2nd dada
daia
3rd dat , dids dasta, dazd dait ; daiiit daita, daidt
3rd du. w.a. w.a. daitm w.a.
3rd pl. -dadat w.a. daiiin; daiiir w.a.
Impv.act. Impv.mid. Part.act. Part.mid.
2nd sg. dazdi dasuu daat-, daat-; dana-, kuxnuuna-
yao-dat-
3rd dadt w.a.
2nd pl. dasta mz-dazdm
92 chapter 3 morphology
32.3 Presents in -n, -nu, and -n
In what follows, we present a synopsis of all types of presents with a nasal infix.
Membership in each specific type of formation will be expressly indicated (in
the text and in the tables) using the following numbering system: 1 presents in
-n; 2 presents in -nu; 3 presents in -n.
To provide examples of the paradigm, we offer forms of the following stems:
1. cina- to ci show, cinah-/c (< *ciN-; cf. 7.15) to ci gather, mrc-
to marc destroy, minas- to miias mix, vinad-/vid- to vid find; 2. rnauu-
/rnu- to ar set in motion, krnauu-/krnu- to kar make, do, tanauu-/tanu-
to tan stretch, dbnauu- to dab deceive, vrnauu-/vrnu- to var cover,
spanauu-/spanu- to spas watch, srinauu-/srinu- to sri lean on, surunauu-
/surunu- to sru hear, hunauu-/hunu- to hu press out; 3. grn- to grab
seize, drn- to dar tear, prn-/prn- to par fight, frn-/ frn- to fr please,
vrn- to var want, strn-/strn- to star deploy, scatter, hun-/hun- to h
impel.
table 22 Nasal presents
a. Ind.act. Ind.mid. b. Subj.act. Subj.mid.
1st sg. 1. cinahm 2. krnauuni; 2. krnauune
2. krnaomi tanauua 3. prnne;
3. frnmi 3. prne 3. frnni frni
2nd 3.
hunhi w.a. 2.
ni-srinauuhi w.a.
3rd 1. cinasti 1.mrte 2. hunauuat 2. vrnauuait
2. krnaoiti (*mrte) 3. frnt 3. prnite
3. grniti 2. vrnite
3. vrt
3rd du. 2. hunut
1st pl. 1. cmah 1. cmaide w.a. 1. cinamaide
3. friinmah <
*frnmahi
2nd 2.
+
spanu 1. mrgduii
3rd 1. mrciti 1. mrcait 2. krnaon 2. rnauuate
2. krnuuaiti 3. grnn
3. frnti
32 paradigms 93
c. Inj.act. Inj.mid. d. Opt.act. Opt.mid.
1st sg. w.a. w.a. w.a. 2. tanuiia
2nd 1. mina w.a. 2. surunuiia
w.a.
3.
x
strniia
?
3rd 1. cinas 2. hunta 1. ciit 1. mrcta
2. krnaot 3. vrta 2. krnuiit
3rd du. w.a w.a. w.a.
2nd pl. 2. dbnaot w.a.
3rd 1. vidn 3. vrnt 1. cii w.a.
2.
+
hunuiir
e. Impv.act. Impv.mid. Part.act. Part.mid.
2nd sg. 1. cd w.a. 2. krnuuat- 1. vidna-
2. krnii 3. drnat-, 2. hunuuana-
3. prn f. uruunait-
2nd pl. 2. srinaota w.a.
3rd 3. frntu w.a.
32.4 Thematic Presents and Aorists
To provide examples of the paradigm, we offer forms of the following stems:
pres. xraosa- shout, xaiia- rule, control, ga- hear, cara- go, jaiiia- pray,
jasa- come, juua- live, taca- run, tauruuaiia- conquer, daoiia- be deceived,
draiia- hold, ddraa- want to hold, riia- protect, prsa- ask, bauua-
become, bara- bear, nasiia- disappear, maniia- think, yasa- take, yaza- wor-
ship, sacrifice, yiiia- fight, vrca- pull apart, vrziia- work, vsa- serve,
sruuaiia- proclaim, srariia- lean, zaiia- be born, haca- follow, hita- stand;
aor. vaoca- say.
94 chapter 3 morphology
table 23 The thematic present and aorist
a. Ind.act. Ind.mid. b. Subj.act. Subj.mid.
1st sg. barmi, jaiiiemi baire, -iiese barni, sruu- jasi
prs aiieni; xaii
2nd barahi, jaiiiehi hitahe, xaiiehe barhi; srraiia
prsa
he
3rd baraiti, nasiieti baraite jasiti; jast yazite
1st du. w.a. w.a. juuuua w.a.
3rd barat; yiiia vsate; fra-carie jast w.a.
1st pl. barmahi barmaide juumah; ba- w.a.
rma
2nd xaiia fra-carae; ddra- w.a. w.a.
.duii
3rd barti, bauuaiti, vste, riiete, bara
te
taciti, jaiiieiti hacite
c. Inj./impf.act. Inj./impf.mid. d. Opt.act. Opt.mid.
1st sg. barm, abaom baire w.a. isii
v-ram
2nd jas zaiiaha v-raiii yazaa
3rd jasat zaiiata jasit maniiata
3rd du. jasatm jasatm w.a. a-prsaiiatm
1st pl. aor. -uuaocm w.a. jasama vanimaid,
biiiimaie11
2nd tauruuaiiata w.a. fr-rsata rmim
3rd jasn, baon mainiiata, fraorci- baraiin, yazaiiata
ta, vsta kraiin
e. Impv.act. Impv.mid. f. Part.act. Part.mid.
1st sg. jasa, nase baravha, gahuu jasat-, barmna-,
vrziiat-/ hacimna-,
2nd baratu vrziitm vrzit- a-aoiiamna-
2nd pl. barata draiiam, gdm
3rd bartu xraostm
11 With primary ending!
32 paradigms 95
32.5 Sigmatic Aorist
To provide examples of the paradigm, we offer forms of the following aorist
stems: uruuax- (uruuaj walk), xnao- (xnu greet), ar- (ars cut,
shape), ra
h- (d put), di-/di-
(dis point), fra- ( fras ask), bax- (baj divide), na- (nas bring), na- (n
lead, guide), m gh-/m h- (man think), vah-/v gh- (van win), var- (varz
work), va-/va- (vaz go, lead), rax- (iric abandon, remove), rh-/ra
h- (r
bestow), ss- (sad appear), sta
hahi
3rd drt, ss, vs xnaota, sta
h.dm
3rd uruuxat w.a. vart; xnaon, vaa
te
v ghn
c. Opt.act. Opt.mid. d. Impv.act. Impv.mid.
1st sg. w.a. w.a.
2nd w.a. raxa di frauu
3rd fra-zaht w.a.
1st pl. nma w.a.
2nd w.a. w.a. sst rzdm
3rd aiin w.a.
e. Part.act. Part.mid.
vaht-? mahna-
96 chapter 3 morphology
32.6 Perfect
To provide examples of the paradigm, we offer forms of the following perfect
stems: d- (to ad say), h- (ah be), iiei- (i go), irri- (iri- die), urraod-
(urud obstruct), cikit-/cicit- (cit understand), jam- (gamcome), jar- (gar
wake), jaauruu- (grab seize), jiga- ( j live), dad-/d-/da-, pfr-/pafr-
(par fill), mamn- (man think), yaiiat-/yat-/yit- ( yat occupy a position),
vauuan-/vaon- (van win), vauuac-/vaoc- (vac say), vauuaz-/vaoz- (vaz go,
lead), vad-/vid- (vid find), vaorz- (uruuz be glad), rar- (r bestow),
susru- (sru hear).
table 25 The perfect
a. Ind.act. Ind.mid. b. Subj.act. Subj.mid.
1st sg. jaauruua, vad susruiie w.a. w.a.
2nd dada, vauuaxa, vist w.a. w.a. w.a.
3rd jaauruua, jara, vaa, pafre, daie vaat
+
pafrite
a
ha; urraost
3rd du. yatatar mamnit w.a. w.a.
1st pl. ssrma, yama w.a. w.a. w.a.
2nd w.a. w.a. vaorza w.a.
3rd irriar, a
har; cikitr
+
raire vati, iieiin w.a.
c. Opt.act. Opt.mid. d. Part.act. Part.mid.
1st sg. jamiim w.a. irriu-, irrina-
2nd w.a. jiaa vuuh-/vidu-,
3rd vaoniit , a
ht w.a. f. jam-
3rd du. a
ht .tm w.a.
2nd pl. w.a. w.a.
3rd
+
dain; bariin vaozirm
33 Non-Finite and Nominal Forms
Some formations have a double nature, in that they simultaneously showprop-
erties of both verb and noun. Formally, they have nominal character in virtue
of being declined or bearing specifically nominal suffixes, while they belong to
the verbal systeminsofar as they are able to express tense, voice, and/or aspect.
33 non-finite and nominal forms 97
These formations include infinitives, participles (which have already been dis-
cussedabove; cf. 30.1.e, 30.2.e), as well as various verbal nouns andadjectives.
The most important formations will be treated in the following paragraphs.
1. The infinitive: The majority of formations categorized as infinitives show
an ending *-ai (OAv. -i, YAv. -e), which matches the ending *-ai of the dat.sg. in
nominal inflection (18.1.7); hence, one can infer that the infinitive originally
marked the goal of a verbal action. The Avestan infinitive occupies an interme-
diate positionbetweenthe original use as a verbal noun(taking part innominal
inflection) and use as an impersonal verbal form (being incorporated into the
verbal system).
The infinitive in -diii (Skt. -dhyai) is added to the root in the ZG (e.g.,
sridiii to sru hear), or to the present stem (e.g., riiidiii built on riia-
protect). This suffix provides a middle voice infinitive. Other suffixes that are
added either to the root or to the verbal stem are: -ti/-te: mrite to say, OAv.
sti to be; -uuani/-uua
ne
h
+
uzaiiat
zmat camels that rise from the earth. The ablative functions as the obligatory
complement of many verbs (nas disappear, rah depart, mi deprive, etc.):
Y 9.28 yast m xat miat who deprives him of sovereignty. The ablative
is used especially with verbs of salvation, purification, and protection: Aog 57
yahmat haca naci bujaiit from which no one may be saved. An important
further use is as the proper case for the second element of a comparison: Y 45.11
nit mi vst xmat anii I have no other shepherd than you [pl.]
3. The dative governs a referent to whom the verbal action is directed. It
is used to indicate the person who is advantaged or disadvantaged by what
occurs: Y 29.10 aibii aog dt give them strength, Vd 15.12 ptrbii striieiti
he sins against his parents; it also indicates that the person has a stake in the
37 the use of verbal moods 101
outcome of the action (ethical dative): Y 45.5 yi mi ahmi sraom dn they
who gave him obedience for me. A temporal usage is also in evidence: Vd 4.45
maiiii asnmca xafnmca at midday and at midnight.
The instrumental expresses a referent that participates in the verbal action
withthe subject or the object; this refererent canbe instrumental proper, comi-
tative, causative, or agentive: Y 57.10 snaiia xvarm jaiti with the weapon,
he struck [him] a wound, Y 29.2 y drguu.db amm vdiiit who gives
chase to anger along with the liars, Y 47.2 ii cist for (the sake of) this idea.
In quasi-adverbial use, the instrumental indicates a feature or characteristic: Yt
5.61 mrahe khrpa with the body of a bird.
The locative governs a referent in which or even towards which the verbal
action takes place. For example, Y 11.6 ahmi nmne zaiia
ima
p ya
zm paiti
frataciti all these waters which run across the earth. The perfect indicative
refers to the result of an action in the past, or an action that contributed to the
formation of a present state: Y 1.1 niuuaaiiemi dau y n daa I worship
on account of the creator who has created us, Y 9.1 k nar ahi yim azm
vspahe ah u astuuat sratm ddarsa who, o man, are you, the most
beautiful whom I have seen in all my mortal life?
2. The present and aorist injunctive refer to a real past event, without any
indication as to the perfectivity or imperfectivity of the verbal action. More-
over, there seems to have been no functional difference between the few aorist
indicative forms and the aorist injunctive. The injunctive is the mood of narra-
tionpar excellence; it is thus functionally equivalent tothe imperfect of Sanskrit
or Old Persian. It is used profusely in the great mythological and cosmogonic
narratives, and in doctrinal and didactic texts: Y 19.1 prsat zarautr ahurm
mazdmZ. askedAM. Independent of the moodof the mainclause, the injunc-
tive is always used in any subordinate clause that refers to an real past event.
The injunctive is the mood employed in prohibitive statements (39.2).
As was already mentioned in 31, it is difficult to find unmistakable forms
of the imperfect (such as, for example, forms belonging to ah be or i go).
Moreover, its use does not seem to differ fundamentally from the use of the
102 chapter 4 syntax
injunctive, although some rare passages may be noted in which the imperfect
expresses an action prior to the action expressed by the injunctive: Yt 5.68 tm
yazata jmsp yat spm pairi.auuanat Jmspa sacrificed to him once he
had caught sight of the army.
3. The present and aorist subjunctive indicate an action that has not yet
been initiated, and which will be actualized only if certain conditions hold.
From this point of view, the subjunctive takes on a voluntative value (very
close to a future) for the 1st pers. in main or independent clauses: Yt 19.47 atat
xvarn hagrfne I want to seize that xvarnah; in the 2nd pers., a strongly
prescriptive (almost imperatival) value is observable: Vd 18.51 imm t narm
nisrinaomi imm m narm nisrraiia
te varsa
sca
tanmca which are the (kinds of) urine with which hair and body should be
washed? The perfect subjunctive is a rare YAv. formation, which expresses
prospective anteriority: Yt 8.39 titrm yazamaide y pairika
titraiieiti ya
uza
hat ar mainiiu we worship Titria who passes [i.e., kills] the Pairikas,
which Angra Manyu would have sent up.
4. The optative instantiates a number of disparate functions. a. Above all,
the optative is used in a main or independent clause with direct speech, and
its usage implies that the speaker wants for the verbal action to be realized by
the interlocutor (cupitative): Yt 10.23 apa n haca zahat mira bari bring us
away from fear, o Mira. A related usage is the prescriptive optative, which is
very common in the Vidvdd: Vd 21.5
x
uziiara uzra huuarxata arise, get up,
o solar orb. b. The optative also serves in the expression of comparisons and
similies involving an imaginary action: Yt 8.55 titrii pairikm darzaiieiti
mnaiin ahe yaa hazarm narm im narm darzaiiit Titria holds
the Pairik like a thousand men would hold a single man. c. Likewise, the
present optative (almost always with the augment) functions as a past tense
iterative. This usage has left traces in many Old, Middle, and Modern Iranian
languages; this functioncould, therefore, go back to Proto-Iranian. Vd19.27 kuua
t dra paiti hajasti mas ii astuuaiti ahuu hauui urune para.daiiit
where do the donations go, which the mortal has been offering for his own
spirit throughout his bony life?
38 clausal syntax 103
d. The aorist optative occurs only indirect speech. This usage, termedpreca-
tive, seems to have been the product of a Proto-Indo-Iranian specialization:
Y 70.4 yaa a vcim nma because we would bear the word with the liba-
tion.
e. The perfect optative has, as its primary function, the expressionof the past
irrealis: Yt 8.24 yeii z m yazaiiata, auui mm auui.bariim dasanm
aspanm aoj if they would have made a sacrifice to me I would have
acquired the strength of ten horses.
5. The imperative expresses orders and commands of an immediate char-
acter: Vd 2.4 at m gaa
fraiia at m gaa
how?; OAv. k, kud where?; YAv. kudat from where?; kua how?;
kura
(Skt. yth)
that; because, since is normally used: Yt 5.34 auuat iiaptm dazdi m yat
bauuni aii.vaniia
like, as (with
correlatives aa
te h
nihiata vspm ahmat yat h car xafna saca
te if a woman notices
blood when three nights have passed she should lie down until four nights
pass.
39 Negation
1. The basic negative particle is nit not; neither, nor: Yt 15.16 yimahe xare
nit aotm a
naa
vstrii fuiis in this house will be born neither a priest nor a charioteer nor a
cattle-herding farmer.
40 the system changes 105
The forms nit and naa are built from the IE negative particle *nei , which
is attested in OP naiy, Lat. n, OCS ni-. In Avestan, this particle is preserved in
the first syllable of the indefinite pronoun naci no one, nothing: Y 43.6 y m
naci dbaiieit whomno one deceives, Yt 1.6 yat mm naci tauruuaiit that
no one defeat me.
2. The particle m (= Skt. ma
usa do
not move towards heaven, H 2.17 m dim prs yim prsahi stop questioning
himwhomyou question, Vd. 6.2 mca tmzmkraiinm p hrzaiin and
do not let them sow this land, let them not run water (through it); Y 31.17 m
uuduua
as the ending of
the nom.acc.pl. in both inflectional types: YAv. han- army is twice found
1 Recall that prohibition is done in Skt. with the particle ma
no
rria do not let us suffer harm. Cf. further Gr. do not do that! versus
refrain from doing that!.
106 chapter 4 syntax
inflected as a neuter, cf. Y 57.25 pairi druuat bii han bii, where the form dru-
uat bii leaves no doubt as to the neuter gender of han bii.
The neut. noun va- herd (from *van win) attests an inflection in - in
late texts. This inflection is probably due to the fact that va- is primarily
used as a collective (the herds the livestock), whose nom.acc.pl. va is
formally identical to the nom.sg. of an -stem.
The acc.pl. paa
arose.
2. A further semantic motivation has promoted the development of the
m. stem raat- driver, charioteer (Skt. ratheha
xvarnavha
| khrpm raaiieiti |
raoxnuuua vazmn | nar
khrpa paca.dasah | xatahe
spiti.dirahe | brzat auui.amahe
| amauuat hunairiia
c
The first ten nights, o Spitama
Zarathustra, splendid, beautiful
Titria mixes his body flying among
the lights in the form of a fifteen
year-old man, radiant, with white
eyes, tall, very strong, vigorous,
dextrous.
8.14 taa aiio yaa paoirm | vrm
auui.ya
xvarnavha
| khrpm raaiieiti |
raoxnuuua vazmn | g u khrpa
zaranii.sruuahe
The second ten nights, o Spitama
Zarathustra, splendid, beautiful
Titria mixes his body flying among
the lights in the form of a bull having
golden horns.
8.17 h ira viixmaniiete | h ira
prsaniieiti | k mm nrm
friiazite | gaomauuaitibii
haomauuaitibii zaorbii |
kahmi azm dam | vriim tm
vriim vm | hauuaheca urun
yaodrm | nrm ahmi yesniiasca
| vahmiiasca avhe astuuaite | as t
haca yat vahitt
He now proclaims, he now asks:
Who will now honor me with
libations of milk and haoma? To
whom will I give wealth in men, a
flock of men, purification of his own
sprit? Now I am to be worshipped
and to be praised for the bony life
according to the best truth.
41 introduction 109
8.18 ritiia
xvarnavha
| khrpm raaiieiti
| raoxnuuua vazmn | aspahe
khrpa auruahe | srrahe
zairi.gaoahe | zaranii.aiinahe
The third ten nights, o Spitama
Zarathustra, splendid, beautiful
Titria mixes his body flying among
the lights in the form of a white
horse, lovely, having yellow ears,
having a golden bridle.
8.19 h ira viixmaniiete | h ira
prsaniieiti | k mm nrm
friiazite | gaomauuaitibii
haomauuaitibii zaorbii |
kahmi azm dam | vriim tm
vriim vm | hauuaheca urun
yaodrm | nrm ahmi yesniiasca
| vahmiiasca avhe astuuaite | as t
haca yat vahitt
He now proclaims, he now asks:
Who will now honor me with
libations of milk and haoma? To
whom will I give wealth in men, a
flock of men, purification of his own
sprit? Now I am to be worshipped
and to be praised for the bony life
according to the best truth.
8.20 at paiti auuiti | spitama zarautra
| titrii rauua
xvarnavha
| auui
zraii vourukas m | aspahe khrpa
auruahe | srrahe zairi.gaoahe |
zaranii.aiinahe
Then he descends, o Spitama
Zarathustra, splendid, beautiful
Titria, towards the lake Vourukas a,
in the form of a white horse, lovely,
having yellow ears, having a golden
bridle.
8.21 dim paiti.y niduuaraiti | dauu
y apao | aspahe khrpa smahe |
kauruuahe kauruu.gaoahe
| kauruuahe kauruu.barahe |
kauruuahe kauruu.dmahe | daahe
aiit.tarti
The demon Apaoa runs against him
in pursuit, in the form of a black
horse, hairless with hairless ears,
hairless with a hairless back,
hairless with a hairless tail, reddish,
frighteningly harnessed.
8.22 hm tcit bzu barat | spitama
zarautra | titriiasca rauua
xvarnavha
| dauuasca y apao |
ta
| dim
bauuaiti aii.vaniia
| dauu y
apao | titrm rauuatm
xvarnavhtm
The two intermingle their legs, o
Spitama Zarathustra, splendid,
beautiful Titria and Apaoa the
demon. They fight, o Spitama
Zarathustra, for three days and three
nights. He becomes overwhelming
in might, he becomes victorious,
Apaoa the demon over splendid,
beautiful Titria.
110 chapter 5 texts
8.23 apa dim at viieiti | zraiiahat haca
vourukas t | hr.masahm
aanm | sdrm uruuitrmca
nimrite | titrii rauua
xvarnavha
sca | baxtm
dane mzdaiiesne | nit mm
nrm mas iika aoxt.nmana yasna
yazte | yaa aniie yazata
h |
aoxt.nmana yasna yaziti
He chases him away from there, from
the lake Vourukas a, for the distance
of a hra in length. Defeat and
retreat! utters splendid, beautiful
Titria. Defeat to me, o Ahura
Mazda, retreat, o waters and plants,
disgrace, o Mazdayasnian religion!
Men do not now worship me with an
invocatory sacrifice, as the other gods
are worshiped with an invocatory
sacrifice.
8.24 yeii z m mas iika | aoxt.nmana
yasna yazaiiata | yaa aniie
yazata
h | aoxt.nmana yasna
yazinti | auui mm auui bariim |
dasanm aspanm aoj | dasanm
utranm aoj | dasanm gauum
aoj | dasanm gairinm aoj |
dasanm apm nuuaiianm aoj
For if men had worshiped me with
an invocatory sacrifice as the
other gods are worshiped with an
invocatory sacrifice, then I would
have obtained the might of ten
horses, the might of ten camels,
the might of ten bulls, the might of
ten mountains, the might of ten
abundant waters.
8.25 azm y ahur mazda
| titrm
rauuatm xvarnahatm |
aoxt.nmana yasna yaze | auui dim
auui.barmi | dasanm aspan aoj |
dasanm utranm aoj | dasanm
gauum aoj | dasanm gairinm
aoj | dasanm apm nuuaiianm
aoj
I, Ahura Mazd, worship splendid,
beautiful Titria with an invocatory
sacrifice. To him I bring the might of
ten horses, the might of ten camels,
the might of ten bulls, the might of
ten mountains, the might of ten
abundant waters.
Yt 8.26 and 8.27 = Yt 8.20 and 8.21, respectively.
8.28 hm tcit bzu barat | spitama
zarautra | titriiasca rauua
xvarnavha
| dauuasca y apao |
ta
| dim
bauuaiti aii.vaniia
| titrii rauua
xvarnavha
xvarnavha
|
uta m ahura mazda | uta p
uruuara
jasa
ti | a.dnunmca yauuanm |
kasu.dnunmca vs tranm |
gaanmca astuuaitinm
He chases him away from there,
from the lake Vourukas a, for the
distance of a hra in length. Good
fortune! utters splendid, beautiful
Titria. Good fortune to me, Ahura
Mazda, good fortune, o waters and
plants, good fortune, o Mazdayasnian
religion! There will be good fortune, o
countries! Your water canals will
run over unimpeded, (those) of the
wheat of plump grain, (those) of the
meadows of fine grain, and (those) of
the bony creatures.
B. One of the most important animals in the Avesta is the dog. Chapter 13 of the
Vdvdd enumerates the prescriptions that believers must observe regarding
the animal.
Vd 13.12 dtar gaanm astuuaitinm as um y spnm jaiti yim
pasu.haurum frazbaoahm snam vkrt.utnm: k h asti cia.
at mraot ahur mazda
: hapta
sata upzananm upzit aspahe atraiia ata hapta srao.caranaiia
Creator of the bony world, true one, he who strikes a blow on a guard
dog which takes away (its) consciousness, which cuts away (its) life: with
what is he punished? Thus spoke Ahura Mazd: 700 lashes with the whip,
700 with the scourge, will be imposed on him.
13.14 dtar etc. y spnm jaiti yim vohunazgm frazbaoahm
snam vkrt.utnm: k h asti cia. at mraot ahur mazda
: xuua
sata etc.
Creator of the bony world, true one, he who strikes a blowon a hunting
dog which takes away (its) consciousness, which cuts away (its) life: with
112 chapter 5 texts
what is he punished? Thus spoke Ahura Mazd: 600 lashes with the whip,
600 with the scourge, will be imposed on him.
13.15 dtar etc. y spnmjaiti yimtaurunmfrazbaoahmsnam
vkrt.utnm: k h asti cia. at mraot ahur mazda
: yaa atahmi
ahuuyat astuuaiti fratm.nmnahe nmn.paitmpaiti tar.pim
daiiit, aa striieiti.
Creator etc., he who leaves a shepherd dog without sufficient food,
how much does he sin (on account of) these actions? Thus spoke Ahura
Mazd: as if in this life, which is bony, the lord of a foremost house were
left without sufficient food, he sins that much.
13.21 dtar etc. y spnm tar.pim daste yim vihaurum, cuuat
atams
: yaa atahmi
ahuu yat astuuaiti mam.nmnahe nmn.paitm paiti tar.pi-
m daiiit, aa striieiti.
Creator etc., he who leaves a guard dog without sufficient food, how
much does he sin (on account of) these actions? Thus spoke Ahura
Mazd: as if in this life, which is bony, the lord of a middling house were
left without sufficient food, he sins that much.
13.22 dtar etc. y spnm tar.pim daste yim vohunazgm, cuuat
atam s
: narm bit
ia as auuanm jastm ahmiia nmne mat auuabii daxtbii yaa
rauua paiti tar.pim daiiit aa striieiti
Creator etc., he who leaves a hunting dog without sufficient food,
how much does he sin (on account of) these actions? Thus spoke Ahura
Mazd: as if in this life, which is bony, no less than a truthful man who
enters into his house with his appearance like a priest were left without
sufficient food, he sins that much.
13.23 dtar etc. y spnm tar.pim daste yim taurunm, cuuat
atams
: yaa atahmi
ahuu yat astuuaiti aprniikm dahm.krtm s
iiaonuuar-
zm vrziit s
v bauuat
aitii.xratu, kua t vrziin ate yi mazdaiiasna
Creator etc., if in a house which is of a Mazdayasnian there is a mute
dog [scil. a dog that bites], lacking proper judgement, how shall those
Mazdayasnians act here?
13.30 at mraot ahur mazda
sc vavh, raoca
iiaoan
mdauun yc ux | akm aki
vavhm as m vahauu | hunar
dmi uruuas ap m
I realized that you are beneficient, o
Ahura Mazd, because I see you as
the first one in the generation of
existence, because you establish
deeds and words as having prizes:
bad for the bad, a good reward for the
good, through your skill, at the final
turn of creation.
43.6 yahm spt mainii uruuas
jas | mazd xar ahm voh
manah | yehii s
iiaoani gaa
hiiat isii
drguuit | at as un rafn
x ii m aojhuuat | hiiat
+
+
bt
vasas.xarahii dii | yauuat
mazd staom ufiic
I respond to him then, first (I am)
Zarathustra. And that I being
truthful, would seek hostilities
against the liar. Thus I would be a
mighty support to the truthful, if I
might gain the adornments of the
one who rules according to his own
will, inasmuch as I praise and extol
you, o M.
43.9 sptm at mazd m h ahur |
hiiat m voh pair.jasat manah |
ahii fras m kahmi vuuduii va
| at ahmi r rtm nmah |
as ahii m yauuat isi mainiii
I realized that you are beneficient, o
AM, when he surrounds me with
good thought (and asks me): For
whom do you wish to examine the
consultation of this?For your fire,
a gift of reverence, for the truth, I will
understand as much as I can.
43.10 at t mi di as m hiiat m
zaozaom | rmait hacimn t
rm | prsc na
y ti hm
part | part m z
+
yan tat
mauuatm | hiiat xaiis am
diit mauuatm
Show me then the truth that I
continue to call to myselfin the
company of right-mindedness I have
come for itand ask us what has
been asked to us by you, for what is
asked by your strength is like that of
the strong, if the ruling one may
make you vigorous and strong
43.11 sptm at mazd m h
ahur | hiiat m voh pair.jasat
manah | hiiat xm uxi dda h
paouruum | sdr mi ss mas iia
zarazditi | tat vrziieidiii hiiat
mi mraot vahitm
I realized that you are beneficient, o
AM, when he surrounds me with
good thought. When I learn of the
first thing through your [pl.] words,
faith in mortals seems disappointing,
in order to carry out that which you
tell me is best.
41 introduction 117
43.12 hiiat c mi mrao as m jas
frxnn | at t mi nit asrut
pairiiao |
+
uzridiii par hiiat
mi .jimat | srao as mz.raii
hacimn | y v as rnibii sauui
[v]diit
And when you tell me you reach
truth in your foresight, then you
do not impose on me things that
can be disobeyed, so that I arise
before obedience will come to me,
accompanied by reward having great
wealth, who will distribute rewards
on both sides in abundance.
43.13 sptm at mazd m h ahur |
hiiat m voh pair.jasat manah |
ar vizdiii kmahii t m mi
dt | dargahii yao y m va
naci
drt it | vairiia
sti y ahm
xari vc
I realized that you are beneficient, o
AM, when he surrounds me with
good thought, to achieve the
aspirations of (my) desire, you give
me that of a long life, which no one
holds you [pl.] to go (through with),
that of a desirable existence, which is
said to be within your control.
43.14 hiiat n friii
+
vadmn isuu daidt
| maibii mazd tauu rafn
frxnnm | hiiat xar
as t hac frt |
+
uzridiii az
sardana
mart
Because a man who receives it and
has it available would give it to a
friend, (give) me your forethoughtful
support, o Wisdom. Because (this)
is attained with your rule in the
company of truth, in order that I
rise up together with all those who
memorize your mantras, to expel
those who challenge your teaching.
43.15 sptm at mazd m h ahur |
hiiat m voh pair.jasat manah |
daxat us
e o i u k x x xv g ()
c j t d t p f b n v n m m () y v r s z s
s h.
a-/i- dem.pron. this 22.2.1: gen.sg.m. ahii
(OAv.), dat.pl.m.n. aibii, loc.sg.m.n. ahmi,
ahmiia
auua- one 21.1; this 20.2
ata- that there 22.2.2: nom.sg.n. atm,
abl.sg.m.n. atahmt , loc.sg.m.n. atahmi,
nom.du.n. ate, gen.pl.m.n. atam
atauuat- as, so, so much 18.3: gen.sg.n.
atauuat
aa- vigorous 19.1/2: acc.sg.m. am
aoxt.nman(a)- invocatory (lit.
speaking the name) 18.4/19.1: inst.sg.m.
aoxt.nmana
aoj- speak 32.1: 1.sg.pres.mid.inj. aoj (OAv.)
aojah- n. might 18.7: acc.sg. aoj
aojhuuat- (OAv.) mighty, strong 18.3:
nom.sg.n. aojhuuat
aiiao- iiu-
aiiar- n. day 18.6: acc.sg. aiiar (OAv.)
aib prep. about, regarding + loc. 23.3
aii.aojah- overwhelming in might 18.7:
nom.sg.m aii.aoja
apasc p-
apm p-
aprniika- child, youth 19.1/2: acc.sg.m.
aprniiukm
ap ma- final 19.1/2: loc.sg.m. ap m (OAv.)
ahuu ahu-
ah u ahu-
avhe ahu-
aniia- other 19.1/2, 20.2.: nom.pl.m. aniia,
nom.pl.m. aniie
agra- (OAv.) evil, wicked 19.1/2: acc.pl.m.
agr g
ama- m. strength 19.1: nom.sg. am
amauuat- vigorous 18.3.: gen.sg.m.
amauuat
ar- come 32.1: 1.sg.aor.inj. rm (OAv.)
124 glossary
ara- n. intent, aspiration 19.1: acc.pl. ar
(OAv.)
ast- n. bone 18.1: inst.pl. azdb (OAv.)
asti ah-
astuuat- bony 18.3: nom.sg.n. astuuat ,
dat.sg.m. astuuaite, loc.sg.m. astuuaiti,
gen.pl.f. astuuaitinm
aspa- horse 19.1: gen.sg. aspahe, gen.pl.
aspanm
aspiia- of a horse, pertaining to a horse 19.1/2:
acc.sg.f. aspiim
asruta- disobeyed 19.1/2: acc.pl.n. asrut
(OAv.)
aza- drive, impel 32.4: az 32.1
azm pers.pron. of the 1st pers.sg. 22.1: acc.sg.
mm, acc.sg.encl. m, gen.dat.sg.encl. m,
mi (OAv.), dat.sg. maibii (OAv.)
azdb ast-
ata eight 21.1
ati.masah- of an ati in length 18.7: acc.sg.n.
ati.mas
atr- f. whip 19.2: inst.sg. atraiia
a.dnu- having plump grain 19.5: gen.pl.m.
a.dnunm
as a- n. truth 19.1: acc.sg. as m, gen.sg. as ahii
(OAv.), abl.sg. as t , inst.sg. as
as auuan- truthful 18.4.: voc.sg. aum,
acc.sg.m. as auuanm, dat.sg.m. as un
(OAv.), acc.pl.m. as aon, gen.pl.m.
as unm (OAv.)
as i- reward 19.5: acc.sg. as m, inst.sg. as ,
acc.pl. as
ah- be 32.1: 1.sg.pres.ind. ahmi, ahm (OAv.),
2.sg. ah (OAv.), 3.sg. asti, 1.sg.pres.opt.
x ii m (OAv.), 3.sg. x iit (OAv.)
ahii a-/i-
ahu- life, existence 19.5: gen.sg. ah u
(OAv.), dat.sg. avhe, loc.sg. ahuu
ahura- m. Ahura 19.1: nom.sg. ahur, voc.sg.
ahura, ahur (OAv.), acc.sg. ahurm
ahmka- our 19.1: inst.pl.m. ahmki
ahmi ah-; a-/i-
ahmiia a-/i-
ahm ah-
adv. against, until, towards, for + acc. 23.9
at so, then, but
iiu- n. age, life 19.5: gen.sg. yao (OAv.),
aiiao
tar- n. fire 18.5: dat.sg. r (OAv.)
rauuan- m. priest 18.4: nom.sg. rauua
d- say 32.6: 3.pl.perf.ind. dar (OAv.)
t (OAv.) then, so, for 37.2
p- f. water 18.1: voc.pl. p, acc.pl. apas-c,
gen.pl. apm
rm ar-
rmaiti- f. right-mindedness 19.5: nom.sg.
rmaiti, inst.sg. rmait (OAv.)
sita- swiftest 19.1/2: nom.sg.n. sitm
-straiia- make oneself sinful 32.4:
3.sg.pres.ind. straiiaeiti
striia- sin 32.4: 3.sg.pres.ind. striieiti
ziti f. fat 19.5: nom.sg. ziti-ca
hiriia- ahurian, pertaining to Ahura 19.1/2:
acc.pl.n. hirii (OAv.)
uuidan- without receiving anything 18.4:
nom.pl.m. uuidn
rzu- f. puberty 19.2: acc.sg. rzum
mauuat- (OAv.) strong 18.3: acc.sg.m.
mauuatm, gen.pl.m. mauuatm
hm vam
i-/aii- go 32.1: 3.sg.pres.ind. aiti, inf. it (OAv.)
it i-/aii-
i (OAv.) thus, so
ira here, now
ia here
isa- seek 32.4: 3.sg.pres.ind. isaiti,
3.sg.pres.mid.ind. isaite, 1.sg.pres.mid.opt.
isii (OAv.)
is(a)- be able 32.1/4: 1.sg.pres.mid.subj. isi
(OAv.)
isuuan- (be/have) available 18.4: nom.sg.m.
isuu
t i-/h-
ti- f. wealth 19.5: acc.sg. tm
i-/h- encl.pers.pron. of the 3rd pers. 22.1.6:
acc.sg.m.f. dim, acc.sg.f. hm, acc.sg.n. t ,
gen.dat.sg. h, hi (OAv.)
uxa- n. word 19.1: acc.pl. ux (OAv.), inst.pl.
uxi
udra- m. otter 19.1: nom.pl. udra
glossary 125
upa prep. around, (up) to + acc. 23.10
upi- = upa + i-/aii- approach, draw near to
(+ acc.): 3.sg.pres.ind. upiti
uppa- aquatic 19.1: nom.pl. uppa
upza- (= upa + aza-) impose 32.4:
3.sg.pres.opt. upzit
upzana- n. lash 19.1: gen.pl. upzananm
ufiia- extol 32.4.: 1.sg.pres.ind. ufii-c
(OAv.)
uruuasa- m. turn 19.1: loc.sg. uruuas
(OAv.)
uruuan- m. soul, spirit 18.4: gen.sg. urun
uruuar- f. plant 19.2: voc.pl. uruuara
s-ca,
acc.pl. uruuara
s-c (OAv.)
uruuitra- n. retreat 19.1: acc.sg. uruuitrm
urupi- m. weasel 19.5: gen.sg. urupi
urun uruuan-
us adv. outside, above
uz-ar- raise, rise: mid.inf. 32.1 uzridiii
(OAv.)
uta- wish 19.1: nom.pl. uta
utatt- f. good fortune 18.2: acc.sg. utattm
utna- m./n. life, vitality 19.1: inst.sg. utn
(OAv.), inst.pl. utni
utra- m. camel 19.1: gen.pl. utranm
us
iii vac-
ka- who? 22.5: nom.sg.m. k, nom.sg.f. k,
gen.sg. kahii (OAv.), dat.sg.m. kahmi
kauruua- bald, hairless 19.1/2: gen.sg.m.
kauruuahe
kauruu.gaoa- having hairless ears 19.1/2:
gen.sg.m. kauruu.gaoahe
kauruu.dma- having a hairless tail 19.1/2:
gen.sg.m. kauruu.dmahe
kauruu.bara- having a hairless back
19.1/2: gen.sg.m. kauruu.barahe
ka (OAv.) how, why?
kasu.dnu- having fine grains 19.5: gen.pl.n.
kasu.dnunm
kma- m. desire 19.1: gen.sg. kmahii (OAv.)
khrp- f. body, form 18.1: inst.sg. khrpa,
acc.sg. khrpm
kuua where?
kua how
xraoduua- hard 19.1: gen.sg.n. xraoduuahe
xratu- m. thought 19.5: gen.sg. xrat u (OAv.)
xara- n. rule, reign, control 19.1: inst.sg.
xar (OAv.), loc.sg. xari (OAv.)
xapan- f. night 18.4: acc.pl. xapan
xaiia- rule 32.4: nom.sg.m. of pres.part.
xaiis
xuua six
xuuid- m. milk 18.1: nom.sg. xuuis-ca
xm ym
x iit ah-
x ii m ah-
xvara- eat 32.4: acc.sg.m. of pres.part.
xvartm
xvara- n. food 19.1: gen.pl. xvaranm
xv g- huuar-
gairi- m. mountain 19.5: gen.pl. gairinm
ga- f. creature 19.2: nom.pl. gaa
, gen.pl.
gaanm, abl.pl. gabii, loc.pl.
gah (OAv.)
gaoiia- of a cow, pertaining to a cow 19.1/2:
acc.sg.f. gaoiim
gaomauuat- with milk 18.3: dat.abl.pl.f.
gaomauuaitibii
gauu- cow, bull; meat: acc.sg. gm, gen.abl.sg.
g u, gen.pl. gauum
gam go, come 32.1: 3.sg.aor.subj. jimat
-ca, -c (OAv.) encl. and
cixnua- wish to satisfy 25.17, 32.4:
nom.sg.m. of pres.part. cixnu
ci- f. punishment, penance 19.2: nom.sg.
cia
-cit , -ct (OAv.) affirmative or emphatic
pariticle
ci-/ca- who?, someone 22.5.1: nom.sg.m. ci,
ci-c (OAv.)
cuuat how much?
jan-/n- beat, strike 32.1: 3.sg.pres.ind. jaiti
jasa- go, come 25.16, 32.4: 2.sg.pres.inj.
jas, 3.pl.pres.subj. jasa
ti, acc.sg.m. of
pres.part. jastm
jau- m. hedgehog 19.5: gen.sg. jaao
jimat gam-
tauu tm
tauruna- young 19.1/2: acc.sg.m. taurunm
taa so, then
126 glossary
tat ha-/ta-
tan- m.f. body 19.4: dat.sg. tanuiie, loc.pl.
tanuu-c (OAv.)
tar.pia- lacking in food 19.1/2: acc.sg.m.
tar.pim
tcit ha-/ta-
tiiu- m. thief 19.5: acc.pl. tii
ti ha-/ta-
tta- shaped, formed 19.1/2: acc.sg.n. ttm
ta
ha-/ta-
tm ha-/ta-
t m ha-/ta-
t tm; ha-/ta-
ti tm; ha-/ta-
titriia- m. Titria 19.1: nom.sg. titriias-ca,
titrii, acc.sg. titrm
tii.dta- having sharp teeth 19.1/2: gen.sg.m
tii.dtahe
tuna- peaceful 19.1/2: nom.sg.f. tun (OAv.)
t tm
tm pers.pron. of the 2nd pers.sg. you 22.1:
nom.encl. t, acc.encl. , gen. tauu
(OAv.), gen.dat.encl. t, ti (OAv.)
a- possessive pron. your 22.4: gen.sg.m.
ahii (OAv.), inst.sg.m.n. (OAv.),
loc.sg.m. ahm (OAv.), loc.pl.f. h
(OAv.)
tm
rra- n. protection 19.1: acc.sg. rrm
ri.aiiara- lasting three days 19.1/2: acc.sg.n.
ri.aiiarm
ri.xapara- lasting three nights 19.1/2:
acc.sg.n. ri.xaparm
ritiia- third 19.1/2, 21.2: nom.pl.f ritiia
, 3.sg.aor.inj. dt (OAv.),
2.pl.aor.inj. dt (OAv.), 3.sg.aor.opt. diit ,
diit (OAv.), 1.sg.aor.mid.opt. dii (OAv.),
2.sg.aor.mid.opt. d
ditii.gtu- in the proper place 19.5:
nom.sg.m. ditii.gtu
ditii.pia- n. proper food: nom.sg.
ditii.pim
di dis-
duru- n. wood 19.5: acc.sg. duru
dtar- m. creator 18.5: voc.sg. dtar
dbaiia- deceive 32.4: 3.sg.ind.pres. dbaiieit
(OAv.)
dman- n. creature 18.4: gen.pl. dmanm
dmi- f. creation 19.5: gen.sg. dmi
drt dar-
dh- teach 32.2: 1.sg.pres.mid.ind. dda h
(OAv.)
dii d-
diit d-
dim i-/h-
dis point, show 32.5: 2.sg.aor.inj. di (OAv.)
dda h dh-
d d-
duuaah- n. (OAv.) hostility 18.7: acc.pl.
duuaa
bi twice
bmi- f. earth 19.5: acc.sg. bmm
bti- f. adornment 19.5: acc.pl. bt
naci-/naca- no one 22.5.1: nom.sg.m.
naci, acc.sg.m. nacim
nar- m. man 18.5: nom.sg. n, acc.sg. narm,
gen.sg. nar, gen.pl. narm
nas- reach
nir- f. woman 19.3: gen.pl. nirinm
nuuaiia- rich in waters 19.1/2: gen.pl.
nuuaiianm
nman- n. name 18.4: acc.pl. nm n (OAv.)
na
vam
nmah- n. reverance, homage 18.7: gen.sg.
nmah
nit not
niiza- (ni + aza-) close, tighten 32.4:
3.pl.pres.opt. niizaiin
ni-darza- tie, bind; hold down 32.4:
3.pl.pres.opt nidarzaiin
ni-mr- utter 32.1: 3.sg.pres.mid.ind.
nimrite
ni-mrauua- utter 32.4: 3.sg.pres.mid.ind.
nimrauuaite
ni-duuara- run/chase (out): 3.sg.pres.ind.
niduuaraiti
nrm now
nmna- n. house 19.1: loc.sg. nmne
128 glossary
nmn.paiti- m. master of the house 19.5:
acc.sg. nmn.paitm
maiti- f. mind 19.5: nom.sg. maiti
maibii azm
mam.nmna- n. house of
middling importance 19.1: gen.sg.
mam.nmnahe
mat prep./posp. + gen. with
man- think, realize: 1.sg.aor.mid.inj. m gh
manaor- f. neck 19.3: acc.sg. manaorm
manah- n. thought 18.7: inst.sg. manah
(OAv.)
maiia- be aware, think about 32.4:
1.sg.pres.mid.subj. mainiii
maiiu- spirit 19.5: acc.sg. mainiim, gen.sg.
mainii u, inst.sg. mainii (OAv.)
mara- memorize 32.4: 3.pl.pres.ind. mart
(OAv.)
mazan- n. greatness 18.4: inst.sg. maz n-c
(OAv.)
mazd- m. Mazd 18.1: nom.sg. mazda
,
voc.sg. mazda, mazd (OAv.), acc.sg.
mazdm
mazdaiiasna- Mazdayasnian 19.1/2: nom.pl.
mazdaiiasna
mazd.vara- which Mazd chooses 19.1/2:
acc.pl.n. mazd.var (OAv.)
mas iia- m. mortal, man 19.1: loc.pl. mas iias
mas iika- m. man 19.1: nom.pl. mas iika
m azm
mzdaiiesni- Mazdayasnian 19.5: voc.sg.f.
mzdaiiesne
mra- m. mantra 19.1.: acc.pl. (sic!) mra
mm azm
m gh man-
mdauuat- having prizes 18.3: acc.pl.n.
mdauun (OAv.)
mrauu-/mr- speak 32.1: 2.sg.pres.inj. mrao,
3.sg.pres.inj. mraot , 2.pl.pres.inj. mraot
(OAv.)
ya- relative pron. which, who 22.3: nom.sg.m
y (OAv.), yas-t, y, acc.sg.m. y m (OAv.),
yim, gen.sg.n. yehii, inst.sg.m. y, loc.sg.m.
yahm (OAv.), nom.pl.m. yi, nom.acc.pl.n.
y(-c) (OAv.), nom.sg.f. y
yaon.xvapta- sleeping in its den 19.1/2:
gen.sg.m. yaon.xvaptahe
yao iiu-
yaodra- n. purification 19.1: acc.sg.
yaodrm
yauua- wheat 19.1: gen.pl. yauuanm
yauuat as much as
yaa as, when 37.3
yana- m. strength, force 19.1: inst.sg.
yan
yasna- m. sacrifice, act of worship 19.1: inst.sg.
yasna, gen.pl. yasnanm
yaza- worship, honor 32.4: 1.sg.pres.mid.ind.
yaze, 1.pl.pres.mid.ind. yazamaid
(OAv.), 3.pl.pres.ind.mid. yazte,
3.pl.pres.mid.opt. yazaiiata
yaziia- be worshiped 32.4: 3.pl.pres.ind.
yaziti
yh- n. girdle 18.1: nom.sg. ya
yeii if 37.3
yesniia- deserving of worship 19.1/2:
nom.sg.m. yesniias-ca
yezi if 37.3
yiiia- fight 32.4: 3.du.pres.ind. yiiia
yjiiasti- f. yjiiasti- (a measure of distance):
acc.sg. yjiiastm
ym pers.pron. of the 2nd pers.pl. you, you
all 22.1: acc.encl. va
, acc.gen.dat.encl. v,
inst. xm (OAv.)
vada- find 32.4: nom.sg.m. of pres.mid.part.
vadmn (OAv.)
vam pers.pron of the 1st pers.pl. we 22.1: acc.
hm (OAv.), acc.encl. na
(OAv.)
vairiia- to be chosen, desirable 19.1/2:
gen.sg.f. vairiia
iii (OAv.)
vahu- good 19.3,5: acc.sg.f. vavm, dat.sg.n.
vahauu (OAv.), inst.sg.n. voh (OAv.),
acc.pl.f. vavh, acc.pl.n. voh (OAv.)
var choose, want 32.3: 3.sg.pres.mid.ind.
vrt (OAv.)
varduua- soft 19.1: gen.sg.n. varduuahe
vas-/us- wish, want 32.1: 2.sg.pres.ind. va
(OAv.)
glossary 129
vasas.xara- m. (OAv.) who rules
according to his own will 19.1: gen.sg.
vasas.xarahii
vaza- lead, drive 32.4: nom.sg.m. of
pres.mid.part. vazmn
vahita- best 19.1/2: acc.sg.n. vahitm
vahmiia- deserving of praise 19.1/2:
nom.sg.m. vahmiias-ca
v or 37.2
vc vac-
vstra- n. pasture, meadow 19.1: gen.pl.
vstranm
va
ym
v- f. herd: acc.sg. vm
vrt var-
vrziia- carry out, execute, do 32.4:
3.sg.pres.subj. vrziit , 3.pl.pres.subj.
vrziin, mid.inf. vrziieidiii (OAv.)
vhrka- m. wolf 19.1: acc.sg. vhrkm
vourukas a- Vourukas a (lit.: having a wide
bay) 19.1/2: acc.sg.n. vourukas m, abl.sg.
vourukas t
voh vahu-
vohunazga- for hunting (of dogs) 19.1/2:
nom.sg.m. vohunazg, acc.sg.m.
vohunazgm
v ym
vizdiii vid-
viia- pursue, chase 32.4: 3.sg.pres.ind.
viieiti
viixmaiia- proclaim, speak aloud 32.4:
3.sg.pres.mid.ind. viixmaniiete
vid- find; know 32.6: act.inf. v-uuduii,
mid.inf. vizdiii
vi.hauruua- guardian (lit: protecting the
village) 19.1/2: nom.sg.m. vi.hauruu,
acc.sg.m. vi.haurum
v adv. apart
vuuduii vid-
vkrt .utna- which cuts away life 19.1/2:
acc.sg.m. vkrt .utanm
vra- m. man 19.1.: acc.sg. vrm
vriia- pertaining to men, manly 19.1/2:
acc.sg.f. vriim
vs- f. tribe, village 18.1: abl.pl. vibii
vspa- all 19.1/2: acc.pl.m. vsp g (OAv.),
acc.pl.n. vsp-c (OAv.), gen.pl.m.
vspanm, inst.pl.m. vspi
vzu- m. vzu (an animal) 19.5: gen.sg. vzao
vibii vs-
rauuat- brilliant, splendid 18.3: nom.sg.m.
rauua
, acc.sg.m. rauuatm
raaiia- mix 32.4: 3.sg.pres.ind. raaiieiti
raaiia- damage 32.4: 3.sg.pres.subj. raaiit
raoxnu- n.? light: loc.pl. raoxnuuua
raocah- n. light 18.7: acc.pl. raoca
s-c (OAv.)
raopi- m. fox 19.5: gen.sg. raopi
ratu- m. judgment 18,5: acc.pl. rat
rapiina- pertaining to midday 19.1/2:
acc.sg.m. rapiinm
rafnah- n. support 18.7: nom.acc.sg. rafn
rt- f. gift 19.2: acc.sg. rtm
rna- m. side, part 19.1: dat.pl. rnibii
(OAv.)
sauua- n. abundance: loc.sg. sauui (OAv.)
sata- one hundred 21.1: acc.pl.n. sata
sad- seem 32.5: 3.sg.aor.inj. ss (OAv.)
sardan- f. challenge; challenger 19.2: acc.pl.
sardana
iia-/s
iieit
(OAv.)
s
iiaoan,
inst.pl. s
iiaoani
s
iiaonm,
gen.pl. s
iiaonanm
s
iiaonuuarzm
ha-/ta- dem.pron. this 22.2: nom.sg.m. h,
nom.sg.n. tat , acc.sg.m. t m (OAv.), acc.sg.f.
tm, nom.du.m. t-cit (ta
), nom.pl.m. t, ti
(OAv.), inst.pl.m. ti
haomauuat- with haoma 18.3: dat.abl.pl.f.
haomauuaitibii
haiiia- truthful 19.1/2: nom.sg.m. haiii
hauua- own 22.4: gen.sg.m. hauuahe-ca
hauuapaha- (OAv.) skillfulness 19.1: inst.pl.
hauuapahi
haca
c
hunara- m. skill 19.1: gen.pl. hunaranm,
inst.sg. hunar
koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2014 | doi: 10.1163/9789004258099_009
Word Index
Avestan (131), Old Church Slavic (149), Old English (149), Gothic (149), Greek (149), Hittite (150),
Old Irish (150), Latin (150), Lithuanian (151), Oscan (151), Pli (151), Old Persian (151), Prkrit (151),
Proto-Indo-European (151), Proto-Indo-Iranian (153), Sanskrit (153), Umbrian (158). Words are
indicated by section numbers, footnotes are preceded by the number of the chapter in which
they occur. For instance, fn. 2.1 = footnote 1 in chapter 2, etc.
Avestan
a/an/ana- 39.3
a-/i- 22.1.6
a-/i-/ima- 22.2.1, 22.5.2
aibii 8.1, 22.1.1, 22.2.1, 36.3
aibi 22.2.1
auua- 20.2, 21, 21.1, 22.2.1
auua ha
20.2
auuadasa- 21.2
auuahmi 20.2
ata- 7.5.2, 22.2.1, 22.2.3, 22.3
ata 22.2.3
ataibii 22.2.3
ataca 22.2.3
atam 22.2.3
atau 22.2.3
atauua 22.2.3
ataiia 22.2.3
ataiia
22.2.3
ataiia
scit 22.2.3
atat 22.2.3
atahm 22.2.3
ata ha
7.5.2, 22.2.3
atahmi 22.2.3
atahmt 22.2.3
atahmi 22.2.3
atahmiia 22.2.3
atcit 22.2.3
atbii 22.2.3
ata
22.2.3
ata
s.t 22.2.3
at 22.2.3
atm 22.2.3
at 22.2.3
ate 7.11.3, 22.2.3, 37.3
arapaiti 19.5.9
am 10.1.2, 22.2.1
asma- 10.1.1
asm 7.9.3
aa- 10.1.1
aa 22.2.3
a 22.2.3
am 22.2.1
ama- 10.1.1
a 22.2.3
aiin 32.5
au 22.2.1
auua 22.2.1
aoi 10.3.2, 11.1.4, 23
aoui 11.1.4
aoxta 11.11.1, 32.1
aogd 11.11.1, 32.1
aog 11.11.1, 11.20.5
aog 11.12.2, 36.3
aoj 11.11.1, 26.1, 32.1
aojaite 32.1
aojah- 10.3.1, 11.12.2
aojah 11.12.2
aoji 32.1
aoji 32.1
aojiiah- 20.1.1
aojita- 20.1.1
aoj 32.1
aojta 32.1
aom 22.2.5
aoah- 10.3.1
aii-/i-/y- 32.1
aiia 22.2.1
aiiar 18.6
aiir 18.6
aiia
22.1.1
aii 18.6
aiin 18.6
aii m 10.1.2, 22.2.1
aiien 36.1
aiti 23
aidiiu- 7.17.6, 19.5
aidii 7.17.6
aipi
23
aib 10.3.2, 11.1.4, 23
aii 10.3.2, 11.1.4, 23
aiiiasca 22.2.1
aiii 18.1, 18.1.18
aiiaiiama 32.1
aini
22.2.5
auuah 19.5.37
auua ht 22.2.5
auua ha
22.2.5
auua he 22.2.5
auuah- 18.7
auuaheca 22.2.5
auu 22.2.5
auuitm 32.1
auuin 32.1
auui 22.2.5
auuc 32.1
132 word index
auua
22.2.5
auum 22.2.5
auue 22.2.5
auruuanta 35
auruuantm 7.8.3
aka- 19.1
axtiii 19.5, 19.5.6
axti 7.15.2, 19.5
axtm 7.15.2
ax iii 11.29, 22.2.1
ax iica 22.2.1
aruu 19.4.8
ar- 19.4
aa
38.2, 38.3
ad 32.6
ads 18.1.5
adrujiiat- 11.25.6
aaoiiamna- 32.4
aairi 23
at 38.2
at ca he 22.1.6
at ct 38.2
apa 18.1, 18.1.8, 23
apacit 18.1.7
apam 10.1: fn. 2.7
apa.tacin 32.1
apca 18.2
apc- 18.2
apm 18.1, 18.1.17
ap 18.2
aprsaiiatm 32.4
ape 18.1, 18.1.7
ap 18.1, 18.1.5, 18.1.15
apura- 20
apur- 20
afnavhat- 11.18
afratat kuuah- 39.3
afmn 18.4
abaom 10.3.3, 32.4
abauuat 11.1.4
ara- 11.26.3
aha 11.27
ahaiti 32.1
ahauua 19.5.26
ahat 11.27, 32.1
ahn 32.1, 37.3, 38.1
ah u 11.29: fn. 2.14, 19.5.22
ah 32.1
a hat 25.2
a hi 11.29, 22.2.1
a ht 22.2.1
a ha
22.2.1
a ha
sca 22.2.1
a he 22.2.1
a himnaiia
25.2
ahu- 19.5
ahuu 19.5, 19.5.31
ahu 11.29: fn. 2.14
avhe 19.5.24
aiia- 11.1.3
aiiam 20.2
aiiahmi 20.2
aiia
s-cit 19.1.16
aiie 20.2
ana- 22.2.1, 22.2.4, 22.5.2
ana 22.2.1, 22.2.4, 23
anaocah- 18.7
anauuavhabdmna- 39.3
anafmm 18.4
anas a- 39.3
anahe 22.2.4
anahmt 22.2.4
an 22.2.1, 22.2.4
ani 22.2.4
aniia- 7.9.1, 7.14: fn. 2.6, 19.1.3
anii m 7.14: fn. 2.6, 19.1.3
anii.t kaa- 11.10.2
anu 23.7
aguta- 11.12
atar 11.3.2, 23.8
amrtatt- 18.2
ams a- 7.9.3, 11.2.3, 19.1, 39.3
ams aibii 19.1, 19.1.19
ams 7.9.3
ams g 7.9.3
ams s-ca 19.1.16
am hmaid 32.5
ar 32.1, 32.3
arduu- 11.13
ardu- 18.8
ara- 11.13, 21.4
arti- 11.20.5
a
s 11.10.1
asaiia- 7.3.2
as-ca 18.1, 18.1.4
asct 22.1, 22.1.1
ast- 9.2.5, 18.1
astaca 18.1, 18.1.11
astm 18.1.17
astm 18.1.4
ast 18.1.5
ast 25.1.1
asti
18.3
ast 32.1
aspa- 11.10.3, 11.20.3
aspaibiia 19.1.14
aspaca 19.1.9
aspm 7.8.1
asna- 11.13, 11.24.2
asman- 11.20.3
asmanm 18.4, 39.4
asruutm 32.1
asrdm 32.1
az
19.3
as aonibii 19.3
as aoninm 19.3
word index 133
as aon- 19.3
as aonm 19.3
as aon 19.3
as aoni
19.3
as aii 19.5
as auuaoii 11.1.3
as auuaobii 11.1.3
as auuan- 10.6.2, 11.1.3, 18.4, 19.3
as auuan 18.4
as x ii-c 19.1.5
as a-cinah- 5.4: fn. 2.1
as ahii 19.1.5
as 19.1.2, 36.1
as at c 19.16
as un 18.4
as um 10.6.2, 11.3.2, 18.4
as t 19.1, 19.1.6
as t ct 19.1.6
as .yec 7.10: fn. 2.5
as m 19.1
ai- 19.5
ai 19.5, 19.5.10
as iuua
19.5
aibiia 19.5, 19.5.12
as i 11.20.5, 19.5
as 19.5
as m 19.5
as i 19.5
ai- 11.25.6
ah 7.8, 11.10.1, 11.20.1, 11.24.2,
11.26.1, 11.26.2, 11.27, 11.28,
26.1, 32.1, 32.6, 37.2
2ah 11.28
ahe 22.2.1
ahi 11.26.1, 32.1
ahii 11.28, 22.2.1
ahu- 11.1.4, 11.26.1, 19.5.31
ahuii 11.1.4, 19.5.24
ahuua
19.5.29
ahubiia
19.5
ahubii 19.5.30
ahura- 7.8.1, 7.16, 19.1
ahura
19.1
ahuraibiia 19.1
ahurahe 19.1
ahurahii 19.1
ahur 19.1.2
ahuri 19.1
ahuri. 19.1.7
ahura
h 19.1, 19.1.15
ahurm 7.8.1, 19.1, 37.2
ahur 19.1, 37.3
ah 19.5.25
ahm 11.29: fn. 2.14, 19.5.20
ahma 7.9.2, 11.26.2, 22.1
ahmaibii 22.1, 22.1.3
ahmat 7.3, 7.9.2, 22.1
ahmi 22.2.1
ahmka- 22.4
ahmki 22.4
ahmkm 22.1, 22.4
ahmk g 22.4
ahmt 22.2.1
ahmt cit 19.1.6
ahmi 22.2.1, 32.1, 36.3, 39.1
ahmiia 22.2.1
ahm 22.2.1
23.9
+hac 11.20.1
at 37.3, 38.2, 38.3
at yat 38.3
iiapta- 11.10.3
iit 11.1.3
iiese 32.4
iiu- 19.5, 19.5.38, 19.5.39
ii 32.1
i 22.2.1
uuaocm 32.4
uui 7.15.1
uuiia- 7.15.1
kriti- 8.1, 9.1
xtirm 21.2
tar- 11.2, 18.5
tar 18.5
tar ahurahe mazda
36.2
trm 11.2.1, 18.5
d- 32.6
-dadat 32.2
d- 18.1
-d- 25.1.2
- 32.1
pa 18.1, 18.1.10
pat 18.1.6
pm 18.1
p 18.1, 18.1.14, 18.1.15, 37.1,
39.2
f 18.1.1
brt- 18.1
brta 18.1.10
brtm 11.14.3, 18.1.2
brte 18.1.7
br 18.1.1
biia 22.2.1
biiasc 22.2.1
bii 22.2.1
b 22.2.1
rmaiti- 7.4.2
s 32.1
sit 36.2
skiti- 11.20.1
h- 18.1, 32.1, 32.6
huua 22.2.1
h 22.2.1
a
ha 18.1.8, 32.6
a
hire 32.1
a
hm 32.1
a
hm 2.2.1
a
h 18.1.5
a
ht 32.6
a
ht .tm 32.6
a
sc 22.2.1
xnah- 7.6.1
sa- 19.1.12
saiia
19.1.12
zah- 7.6.1
uuisti- 7.15.1
uuduua
7.8.2, 39.2
rduua- 11.13
ra- 11.13
rnauu-/rnu- 32.3
rnuui 32.1
rnu- 32.1
rzao 19.5.22
rzu- 9.1, 11.2.1
134 word index
rzu 19.5
rzuu 19.5.19, 19.5.22
r 5.4
r.vaca
5.4
r-jiii 18.1.7
r-j 18.1.1
uu 22.1
n 23.7
a
h 18.1.8
hm 7.9.2, 11.26.2, 22.1
ii 22.2.1
iim 21.1
im 21.1, 37.4
m 21.1
i 26.1, 32.6, 37.2
iiei- 32.6
iieiin 32.6
iiiejah- 7.10.1, 8.1
id 32.1
it 22.1.6
ima- 10.2, 22.1.6, 22.2.1
imat 22.2.1
im 22.2.1
ima
22.2.1, 37.1
im 7.9.3, 22.2.1
imm 22.2.1
imm 22.2.1, 37.3
ime 22.2.1
irixta- 8.1
iric 32.5
iri 32.5
irri 32.6
irrar 32.6
irrina 32.6
irriu- 32.6
is- 32.1
is 36.2
ismaid 32.1
is 32.1
isii 32.4
iziia- 26.12
i 10.5.1
ia- 26.7
ite 32.1
22.1.6
t 22.1.6
m 22.1.6, 22.2.1
- 18.1
22.1.6
m 18.1.2
18.1.14, 18.1.15
tm suuita 36.1
uiie 10.2.3, 11.1.4, 19.1.11, 21.1
uua- 21.1
uua 21.1
uuaibiia 21.1
uuaiia
21.1
uuaii 19.1.13, 21.1
uxa- 11.17.2, 19.1
ux 19.1
uxibii 19.1.19
uxiia- 25.1
ugra- 11.12
ura- 11.12, 20.1.1
upa
23.10, 36.2
upairi
23.11
upa.arti 36.2
upaskabm 11.3.2, 11.14
upmaca 19.1.8
uba- 10.2.3, 21.1
ub 10.2.3, 11.1.4, 19.2, 21.1
ubii 19.1.13, 21.1
ubibii 19.1.14, 21.2
ubda 11.11.1
ubdana- 11.11.1
uruua 18.4
uruuaire 19.2, 19.2.3
uruuax- 32.5
uruuaj 32.5
uruuata- 8.2
uruuan- 7.6.3
uruuaraiit 19.2.5
uruuaraiia
19.2
uruuaranm 36.2
uruuar- 19.2
uruuarbiiasca 19.2.13
uruuara
sca
19.2.11
uruu 18.4
uruuxat 32.5
uruudah- 8.2
uruun 7.6.3
uruuz 32.6
uruun 7.6.3
uruunait- 32.3
urud 27.3, 32.6
urdiia- 26.14
urpaiia- 26.14
urraod- 32.6
urraost 11.17.4, 32.6
us 23.12
usuuah 32.1
ustna- 11.20.2
ustna-zasta- 5.4: fn. 2.1
us-d- 25.1.2
uz- 23.12
uzaiiat 36.2
uz-uuaat 11.25.5
uzuxiinca 11.3.2
uzuxiieiti 38.3
uah- 18.7
ua
18.7
ua
hm 18.7
uibiia 19.5.12
utra- 11.17.4
utra
h 36.2
ka- 7.13.1, 11.20.1, 11.26.1, 22.2.1,
22.5
kaoiim 19.5.16
kaine 18.4
kainii 7.8.3
kainibii 7.8.3
kainn- 7.8.3, 18.4
kainn 8.1
k(a)uua 38.1
kauuam 19.5.2
kauu 7.8.2
kaa
38.1
kad 38.1
kat 11.9, 38.1
ka he 22.5.2
kana 22.5.2
kamnnar- 5.4: fn. 2.1
kar 7.13.3, 11.2.1, 11.3.2, 11.9,
11.10.2, 26.5, 32.3, 33.2, 33.3
kar- 18.1
word index 135
kar 18.6
karuuar 18.6
karuun 18.6
kasiiah- 20.1.1
kasita- 20.1.1
kasu- 20.1.1
kas-ci
t 19.1.1
kas-n 11.20
kahe 22.5.2
kahii 11.26.1, 22.5.2
k 22.5.2
kuuaiias-ca 7.4.2
kma- 11.9
kraiin 32.4, 39.2
km 36.1
kuuna- 7.8.2
krta- 11.2.1, 33.3
krti- 33.2
krnaoiti 26.5, 32.3
krnaot 32.3
krnaon 32.3
krnaomi 32.3
krnauu-/krnu- 26.4, 32.3
krnauune 32.3, 38.3
krnauuni 32.3
krnuiit 32.3
krnuuaiti 32.3
krnuuat- 32.3
krnii 32.3
krta- 26.9
krf 18.1.1
kruu 32.1
khrp- 11.2.2, 18.1
khrpa 18.1.8
khrpas-ca 18.1.15
khrpm 18.1.17
khrpm 18.1.2
khrp m 18.1.2
khrpiia 18.1.9
k 7.13.1, 11.20.1
k 7.13.1
kuua 11.1.3
kuxnu- 32.2
kuxnuuna- 32.2
kua 38.1
kura
38.1
kudat 38.1
kud 38.1
k 38.1
x- 18.1
xa
18.1.1, 18.1.4
xm 18.1.17
xraosa- 32.4
xraostm 32.4
xrataot 19.5, 19.5.23
xratauu 19.5
xratu 10.6.1, 19.5.26
xrata
19.5.26
xratu- 7.17.6, 10.6.1, 11.16, 19.5
xratuma
18.3
xrat 19.5, 19.5.25
xratm 19.5
xrat 7.17.6, 19.5, 19.5.33
xra 19.5.25
xrae 19.5.24
xra 19.5.22
xaiia- 32.4
xaiia 32.4
xaiiamn 7.8.3
xaii 32.4
xaiieite 7.10
xaiiehe 32.4
xaiieh 7.10.1
xara- 19.1
xara 19.1
xart 11.10.2
xari 19.1.9
xari. 19.1.9
xariu 19.3
x 7.8.3, 7.10.1, 36.2
x- 18.1
xuua 11.16, 21, 21.1, 21.3
xuuati- 21
xudra- 11.13
xtuua- 11.17.4, 21, 21.2
xnao- 32.5
xnaoi 32.5
xnaon 32.5
xnaota 32.5
xn 11.16
xnu 10.6.1
xnu 32.2, 32.5
xma- 22.1.4
xmaibii 22.1, 22.1.4
xmat 22.1, 36.2
xm 22.1
xmuuiia
xmka- 22.4
xmkahii 22.4
xmk 22.4
xmki 22.4
xmkm 22.4
xmkm 22.1, 22.4
x iit 32.1
x iit 11.28
x iim 32.1
x ii m 11.28, 32.1
x iia
11.28
xva- 11.28, 11.30, 22.4
xvana- 11.13
xvafna- 9.1, 11.30
xvafna- 11.30
xvaha 18.5
xvahar- 18.5
xvan- 7.17.7, 9.1, 11.30
xvanuuat- 7.4
xvar 33.2
xvarti- 33.2
xvahe 22.1.7
xvahmi 22.5
xvi 22.1.7
xvra- 11.30
xvr 19.1.9
xvrii 19.1.9
xvpaiiia- 8.1
xvstra- 11.30
xv nuuat- 7.9.1
xv nuut 7.4.3
xv g 11.30, 18.6
xvta- 11.30
gaanm 19.2
ga- 19.2
gauuii 19.2, 19.2.13
gabii 19.2
gab 19.2
136 word index
gahuua 19.2, 19.2.15
gah 19.2, 19.2.15
gaa
19.2, 37.5
gam 10.1.2, 19.1.3
gaoaibiia 19.1.14
gaoae 19.1.14
gaiia- 10.1.2, 19.1.3
gaiias-c 19.1.1
gair 18.1.7
gairi- 7.15.3, 19.5
gairibii 19.5
gairinm 19.5, 19.5.16
gair 7.15.3, 19.5
gauu- 11.12, 19.5, 19.5.18
gauustriia- 11.1.3, 11.17.4
gata- 33.3
gam 11.3.2, 11.12.2, 11.20.4, 26.16,
27.1, 28, 30.1, 32.6, 33.3
gar 32.6
gar- 9.2.4, 18.1
gara 19.5
garma- 11.12
gar 18.1.5, 18.1.15
garit 19.5
garib 18.1.19
garb 9.2.4
garz 11.25.3
giia- 10.5.2
gim 10.5.2
gu 10.6.1, 11.2, 19.5.18
gtu- 7.17.5, 19.5
gtuu 7.13.4, 19.5.26
gtm 7.17.5
guruuaiia- 11.1.4
-gt 11.10.2
gn 38.2
gmn 32.1
grfa- 26.17
grn- 26.5, 32.3
grniti 11.1.4, 32.3
grnn 32.3
grd 11.25.3
g u 10.4, 37.3
guzaiia- 26.14
gu 11.31
ga- 32.4
gahuu 11.131, 32.4
gdm 32.4
graom 19.1.3
grauua- 19.1.3
grab 11.1.4, 32.6
gr hma- 11.26.2
gruuaiia 19.2
gruu-
nnm(ca) 19.2.12
nat 18.1.6
nm 18.1.17
ne 18.1.7
n 18.1.5
ar- 11.25.5: fn. 2.13
ca
ii- 32.1
caxra- 19.1
catar- 21, 21.1
catar 21.1
catura 21.1
caturm 21.1
catur 21.1
caar- 21
caar-/catur- 21.1
caarasca 7.3.1, 21.1
caarsat- 21
car 7.3, 11.17.1, 21.1, 38.3
carudasa- 21.2
caru 21.3
caruuua- 21.4
car-/kr- 32.1
cara- 32.4
carkr- 26.2.b
caman- 7.6.2, 11.3.3, 18.4
camanat 18.4
camm 7.6.2, 11.3.3
cam g 18.4
cahii 22.5.1
cahmi 22.5.1
cuu 32.1
ci-/ci- 32.1
ciait 32.1
ciat 10.1: fn. 2.7
ci 32.1
ci-/ci- 32.1
cim 10.1: fn. 2.7
cit 11.17.4
crt 7.13.3, 11.10.2
ci 32.2
ci-/ca- 22.5, 22.5.1
cikaii- 32.2
cikaiiat 32.2
cikit-/cicit- 32.6
cikitr 30.1.d, 32.6
ci-ca 22.5.1
ciciu- 19.3
ciciah- 19.3
cit 32.6, 10.1: fn. 2.7
ci 32.3
cira- 7.9.4
cir 7.9.4
cir s-ca 19.1.16
cit 22.5.1
cit 7.2,
ci
t 19.1.6
cina- 32.3
cinamaide 32.3
cinas 32.3
cinasti 32.3
cinah-/c- 32.3
cinahm 32.3
cinmni 18.4
ci- 32.3
ci 7.15.3, 10.1: fn. 2.7, 11.17.4,
22.5.1, 32.1
ci-ca
22.5.1
c-c 22.5.1
cm 22.5.1
ciit 32.3
cii 32.3
cmaide 7.15.3, 32.3
cmah 7.15.3, 32.3
cd 32.3
ci
m 22.5.1
cuuat 18.3, 36.1
cuuat drj 36.1
cuus 18.3
word index 137
ja 18.1.1
jaiiia- 11.25.6, 26.10, 32.4
jaiiiat- 18.3
jaiiieiti 32.4
jaiiiemi 32.4
jaiiiehi 32.4
jaini 32.1
jaiti 11.12.2, 32.1, 36.3
jaauruu- 32.6
jar- 32.6
jara 32.6
jana- 26.8
jam- 28, 32.6
jamiim 32.6
jam- 30.1.e, 32.6
jan 11.12.2, 32.1
jan 18.1
jan-/ja-/n- 32.1
janm 18.1.2
jan 18.1.14, 18.1.15
janiii 19.5.4
jat 11.3.2
jam 11.12.2
jam-/gm-/ga- 27.1, 32.1
jamat 32.1
jamiit 32.1
jamiim 32.1
jamiir 32.1
jamiin 32.1
jamiia
32.1
jasa- 11.12.2, 26.16, 32.4
jasa 32.4
jasatm 32.4
jasama 32.4
jasaiti 11.20.4, 38.3
jasatm 32.4
jasat- 18.3, 32.4
jasi 32.4
jasiti 32.4
jast 32.4
jast 32.4
jasn 32.4
jas 30.1, 32.4
jasit 32.4
jmaspa- 9.2.1
ja
18.1.1
j n 32.1
j ghati-c 8.1, 11.3.2
jiia 11.1.3, 11.12.2
jiga- 32.6
jiaa 32.6
jimn 32.1
j 32.6
j- 18.1
juua- 32.4
juuuua 32.4
juumah 32.4
ta- 7.11.1, 8.1, 11.28, 22.16, 22.1.2,
22.1.6, 22.2.1, 22.2.2, 22.5.3,
22.3, 22.5.2
tact 22.2.3
taibii 22.1
taibii 22.1
tauua 22.1
tauu 22.1
tauruuaiia- 32.4
tauruuaiiata 32.4
taxe 32.1
tac- 26.1, 32.1
taca- 32.4
taciti 32.4
tat 22.2.3, 36.1
tafsa- 26.16
tan- 32.3
tanauu-/tanu- 32.3
tanauua 32.3
tanuiia 32.3
tanuii 10.2.3, 19.4.5
tanuua 19.4.6
tanuuat 19.4.4
tanuu m 7.17.5, 19.4.2
tanuu 19.4.3
tanuu 19.4.8
tanuui 19.4.7
tanubii 19.4.10
tanu 11.20.5, 19.4.1
tanuu 19.4.12
tanu-c 19.4.12
tan- 7.17.5, 10.2.3, 19.4
tanm 7.17.5, 19.4.2
tarasca 23.13
tar 23.13
tar 7.9.4
tar 7.9.4, 23.13
ta 11.17.4, 33.3
taa- 27.2
taan- 11.21.4, 18.4
tanm 18.4
tata- 33.3
tan 18.4
t 22.2.3, 37.4, 38.1
ti 22.2.3
tca 22.2.3
tpaiia- 26.15
t-/ta- 32.1
tt 11.17.4, 32.1
ta
22.2.3
ta
sc 22.2.3
ta
scit 22.2.3
t 22.2.3
tm 22.2.3, 37.2, 39.2
tuui- 18.8
tuui-c 7.15.1
tuu- 7.8.2
tm 22.2.3
t 22.2.3
t g 7.9, 22.2.3
t 7.11.3, 22.1, 22.1.5, 22.2.3
ti 22.1, 22.1.5, 22.2.3
tuu m 7.13.1, 7.17.5, 22.1
t 22.1, 22.1.2
tiriia- 8.2, 21, 21.2
tm 7.17.5, 22.1
tir- 21, 21.1
tirm 21.1
tir 21.1
anuuar 18.6
a- 10.2.2, 22.4
ax iia
22.4
at 22.1
ardm 9.2.4, 32.5
ars 9.2.4, 32.5
ar- 32.5
ahii 11.28, 22.4
ahmi 22.4
138 word index
ahmt 22.4
ahm 22.4
22.1, 22.1.5, 22.4
h 22.4
m 7.6.2, 11.17.1, 22.1
rsa- 26.7
22.4
i 22.4
rtar- 7.13.3, 9.1, 11.14.4
raot 11.26.3
raiias-ca 11.17.1, 21.1
raiim 21.1
r 9.2.4, 11.24.2, 27.3, 32.5
riia- 32.4, 33.1
riiete 32.4
rii 21.1, 38.3.d
riiidiii 33.1
rzdm 9.2.4, 11.24.2, 32.5
ra
h- 27.3, 32.5
ri- 21, 21.1
riim 21.1
rigm haca 36.1
rita- 21.2
ritiia- 21, 21.2
ridasa- 21.2
ribii 21.1
risat- 21, 21.1
risatanm 21.1
risatm 21.1
risaat- 21.1, 21.3
riss 21, 21.1, 40
ri 21.3
riuua- 7.17.5, 21.4
riu
m 7.17.5, 19.1.3
riat- 21.4
riuuat 21.3
r 19.5, 21.1
r 21.1
dauu- 19.3
dadi 26.2.b
dana
19.2, 19.2.7
danaiia 19.2, 19.2.7
danaiii 19.2
danaiit 19.2
danaiia
19.2
dan- 7.5.2, 19.2
dana
7.5.2
danm 19.2
dane 19.2
daoiia- 32.4
daie 32.2
daiiir 32.2
daiiia
32.2
daiiin 32.2
daita 32.2
daia 32.2
daidt 32.2
daie 32.2, 32.6
daiiit 32.2
daitm 32.2
dait 32.2
dain 32.2
dai 32.4
daibit 8.1, 9.2
daibitiia- 11.14.1, 21, 21.2
daibi 11.14.1
daibiaiiat- 8.1
daibit 11.14.1
da(i) haot 19.5.23
dai hauua 19.5.26
da(i) hauue 19.5.24
dai h 19.5.26
dai hu 19.5.27
dai huu 19.5.26
dait 32.1
daxma- 19.1
daxmauua 19.1, 19.1.21
dax ii u 10.4, 11.29, 19.5.22
dax iiu- 7.17.5, 19.5
dax iiunm 11.29: fn. 2.14,
19.5.35
dax iim 7.17.5, 11.29: fn. 2.14,
19.5.20
daaite 32.2
daat 32.2
daat- 32.2
dana- 32.2
dani 32.2
dama 32.2
dan 32.2
dadait 32.2
dad-/dad- 26.2.a 32.2
dad-/d-/da- 28, 32.6
dadt 32.2
dada 11.13, 32.6
dada
32.2
dadmi 7.6.3
dadn 11.10.1
dadmaid 32.2
dadmah 32.2
dad 32.2
daduii 32.1
daat- 32.2
daiti 32.2
dat 32.2
dahi 32.2
dam 32.2
dami 32.2
dauuh-/dadu- 30.1
dab 11.25.2, 32.3
dara- 11.26.3
da haom 11.29: fn. 2.14, 19.5.20
da huu 19.5.32, 19.5.33
da h u 10.4, 11.29
da hu- 10.3.4, 11.29: fn. 2.14,
19.5
da huu 10.3.4
da hubii 19.5, 19.5.36
dat- 32.1
dam- 18.1
dar 7.13.3, 10.1.2, 11.13, 11.17.4,
11.20.5, 32.3, 32.5
dar-/dr- 32.1
darga- 11.2.4, 11.12
dargmc 11.3.2
dara- 11.12
darra- 9.1
dars-/drs- 32.1
darsma 32.1
darsm 9.1 32.1
dar 32.5
dars 7.4.2, 9.1, 11.21.1
darz 11.25.5
dasa
11.13, 11.20.3, 21
dasanm 21.1
word index 139
dasma- 21, 21.2
dasuu 32.2
dasta 32.2
daste
11.11.2, 32.2
dazd 32.2
dazde
11.11.2
dazdi 32.2
dazdiii 11.24.3
daa- 11.25.6
dahk m 38.3
d 7.5.1, 7.6.3, 11.10.1, 11.11.2,
11.13, 11.24.3, 11.31, 25.1, 27.1,
28, 30.1, 32.2, 32.5, 33.3
d-/d- 27.1 32.1
diiata 32.1
did 32.1
di 10.5.1, 32.5
di-/di- 27.3, 32.5
duui 33.1
duru- 8.2, 10.4, 10.6.3, 19.5,
19.5.38
dta- 33.3
dtar- 7.3.1, 19.3
dtaras-ca 7.3.1
dt 32.1, 36.3 40.2
dtrm 7.4.4, 18.5
dtr 7.3.1
dtibiias-c 19.1.19
dt 32.1
da- 19.1.3
daibii 19.1.19
dm-ca 19.1.3
d m 19.13
dr- 19.3
ddarsa 37.1
dt 32.1
dman- 11.31
dmahuua 11.31
dm 32.1
dmn 18.4
dmm 18.4
draiia- 11.1.3, 26.15, 32.4
draiiam 32.4
draiiat 11.13
drt 7.13.3, 32.5
dh 32.1
dhuu 11.31, 32.1
dn 32.1
dm 7.6.2, 18.1.9
dmi- 7.15.2
dmi 18.1.9
dmm 7.15.2
dh 7.6.1, 11.10.1
dhita- 7.6.1
da
32.1
da
h- 32.5
da
h 32.1
da
h 7.5.1, 32.1
da
t 7.5.1, 32.1
dbnaot 32.3
dbnauu- 32.3
dmna- 9.1, 11.13
drn- 32.3
drnat- 32.3
drz- 18.1
drz 18.1.8
dr-c 18.1.1
drta- 11.21.1
d jmspa- 9.2
d g 18.1.5
diraiia
19.1.12
dirbiia 19.1.14
di 10.1: fn. 2.7
di 32.5
drt 7.13.3, 11.17.4, 11.20.5
diiao 10.4
dii 32.1
diim 32.1
didaii-/ddi- 32.2
dids 7.6.1, 11.10.1, 32.2
diaii-/di- 28
dit 22.1.6
dia- 11.25.2, 26.17
diaidiii 11.25.2
dim 22.1.6, 38.3, 39.2
dis 10.1: fn. 2.7, 10.5.1, 25.1.1,
27.3, 32.5
d 22.1.6, 28, 32.2
ddr 11.25.5
ddraa- 32.4
ddra.duii 32.4
dam 32.2
d 22.1.6
d 32.1
duiie 21.1
duua- 21, 21.1 35
duua 21.1
duuaibiia 21.1
duuaca 21.1
duuaah- 11.14.1
duuaiia
21.1
duuaid 32.1
duuadasa- 21, 21.2
duuadasa 21, 21.1
duuar 7.4.3
du 11.25.1, fn. 2.12
duuuacah- 11.25.1
dudh- 11.25.1
du-manah- 11.25.1, fn. 2.12
dumanah- 11.25.1, fn. 2.12
drt 19.1.6
/dbitiia-/ 21.2
drao 10.4, 19.5.40
drafa- 11.21.4
*drguua 5.4
drguuata-c 8.1
drguuat- 5.4, 11.12, 18.3
drguuite 8.1, 10.5.3
drguu.dbii 5.4
drguu.db 5.4, 7.13.2
driao 11.12
driu- 11.12
dri 11.12
drt 32.1
druua- 11.1.3
druuat bii 40.1
druuat- 11.12, 18.3
druu 18.3
druxta- 33.3
drux 18.1, 18.1.1
druj- 7.14.3, 18.1
druj 5.4, 11.25.6, 33.3
drujat 18.1
drujm 18.1.2
druj m 7.14.3, 18.1.2
140 word index
drujiia- 26.11.a
drujim 7.14.3, 18.1.2
drua- 26.11.a
druaiti 11.25.6
drj 18.1, 18.1.5
drm 19.1.3
a- 11.25.6
t kaa- 11.10.2
t bi 11.14.1
t biaiiat- 8.1
paoiriia- 8.2, 10.3.2, 21, 21.2
paoiriii 21.2
paoirm 19.1.3, 21.2
pa(o)uruiia- 8.2
paouruum 19.1.3
pauruua- 21.2
paite 19.5
paiti- 7.15.3, 19.5
paiti 19.5, 22.2.1, 23.14
paiti iia zm 22.2.1
paitiimraot 31
paiti-d 25.1.2
paitm 7.15.3
paie 19.5.6
pai 18.1.9, 36.3
pairi 22.1.6
pairii-ao 32.1
pairi.uruuata- 10.2: fn. 2.7
pairi
23.15
pac 11.9
pacata 11.9
pa- 18.1, 18.1.1, 18.1.19, 40.1
paa 18.1.8
paana- 20
paan- 20
paa
40.1
pa 11.17.3, 18.1.1, 18.1.5, 18.1.15,
40.1
pad- 18.1
padb 18.1.19
pa 18.1.15
pafrite 32.6
pafre 32.6
patahuua- 21.4
patavhum
paca
11.17.3, 18.1.1
patm 18.1.2, 40.1
par 7.10, 32.3, 32.6
para
23.16, 38.3
para ahmt tat 38.3
parao 19.5.22
para.kauuistma 5.4
para-d- 25.1.2
parna- 18.4
parnin- 18.4
pardi- 11.3.2
par 7.9.4
par 7.9.4, 23.17
par.kauum 5.4, 7.13
partm 19.1.3
part m 19.1.3
pasu- 7.12.1, 11.21.4
pasu vra 35
pasu-/fu-26.13
pasuua
19.5.29
pasuum 19.5.35
pasuu 19.5.22, 19.5.33
pasu.huua 19.5.38
pasca 23.18, 38.3
pasca yat 38.3
p- 32.1
pa 18.1.10
pm 18.1.2
pfr-/pafr- 32.6
pna
- 11.20.4
pnaibiia 19.1.14
pnbiia 19.1.4
pa
h 32.1
psnu- 7.6.1
prtu- 19.5
prtu 19.5.18
prt 19.5.33
pru- 11.2.1, 11.17.3, 20
pre 19.5.24
pr 19.5.33
pr- 20
prn 32.3
prn-/prn- 32.3
prnite 32.3.a
prnne 32.3.a
prne 32.3.a
prsa- 26.16, 32.4
prsaite
11.20.4
prsat 11.10.2, 37.2
prsauha 11.31
prsavha 11.31
prs 32.4.a
prsa
he 32.4.a
ps auu 19.5.33
ps an- 11.2.3
pouru- 7.12.1, 8.2
pouru-ca 19.5.28
pour 8.2
pita 7.14.4
pitar- 18.5
pitarm 7.4, 18.5
pire 10.2.2
pitra- 11.17.4, 11.20.5
puxa- 21, 21.2
pur 7.9.3
ptar- 9.1, 10.2.2, 11.10, 11.10.3,
11.17.2
fri 7.14.4, 9.1, 10.2.2, 11.10.3,
11.17.2
fra- 23.19
fraaotra- 11.17.4
frauu 32.5.c
fra
c- 18.2
fr 7.6, 18.2
friia- 7.14: fn. 2.6, 11.1.2
friinmah 32.3.a
fr- 32.3
fr- 18.1
frn-/frn- 26.5. 32.3
frni 32.3.b
frnt 32.3
frnni 32.3.b
frnmi 32.3.a
frnti 32.3.a
frntu 32.3.e
fri
8.1
baraite 32.4.a
barata 32.4.e
barat 32.4.a
baratu 32.4.e
baravha 32.4.e
barahi 32.4.a
barni 32.4.b
barma 32.4.b
barmaide 32.4.a
barmahi 32.4.a
barmi 32.4.a
barmi 30.1.a
barhi 32.4.b
bara
ti 32.4.b
barn 32.4.b
barriit 19.3
barriuua 19.3
barn 7.8, 11.10.1, 11.14
barti 32.4.a
bartu 32.4.e
barm 32.4.c
barmna- 32.4.f
barsmn 18.4
barzan- 11.25.4
barj 10.1
bar 18.1
basta- 33.3
baat 11.25.6
bbuuar 11.14.3
braiia- 25.1.1
bzauua 19.5.27
bzu 19.5.18
bzubii 19.5.37
bzue 19.5.30
bzu 19.5.18
bnaiin 7.8.3
brjam 10.1
brjaiin 10.1.1: fn. 2.8
brdubii 9.2
brz- 18.1
brzat- 18.3
brzm 18.1.2
brz 18.1.5
biiah- 18.7
bitiia- 11.14.1, 21, 21.2
bitiii 21.2
bitm 21.2
bi 21.2
biaziia- 26.13
biuuat 21.3
buiiama 32.1.e
buiir 30.1.b
buiin 30.1.b
buuat 11.10.2
bud 10.1.1: fn. 2.7
bura- 11.13
bu
na- 11.13
bujaiit 36.2
b 10.3.3, 11.1.4, 11.10.2, 32.1
biiiata 10.1.1: fn. 2.7
biiiimaie 10.1.1: fn. 2.7,
32.4.d, fn. 3.10
biri- 19.5, 19.5.3
brtar- 18.5
brtu
iriia- 8.2
bruuat .biim 15.3
na- 22.1.5
na-cit 22.5.1
142 word index
na-ci 22.5.1, 36.2, 39.1
na-ci
m 22.5.1
nad 39.1
naa 39.1
nania- 11.25.6
nama- 21.4
nastar- 10.2: fn. 2.9
na- 32.5
naat 32.5.b
naoma- 10.3, 21, 21.2
naire 10.2, 18.1.7
nauua 21
nauuaiti- 21
nauuaca nauuaiti- 21.1
nauuanm 21.1
nauuza- 7.3.3
napt- 11.10.3, 11.21.4, 18.2
naptm 18.2
napa
18.2
naptar-/[napt-] 11.10.3
napt 18.2
naptiia- 11.10.3
nafr 11.10.3
nafu 18.2
nafu-c 11.21.4
nab-nazdita- 11.18
nar- 9.1, 10.2, 11.1.4, 11.20.5, 18.1,
18.5, 19.3
nara
18.1, 18.1.12
narm 18.1.17
nar 18.1, 18.1.3
narm 18.1.2, 37.1.3, 37.1.4
nar 18.1.14
nari 10.2, 18.1.7
nar 11.20.5, 18.1.5
nas 11.21, 27.2b, 32.5, 36.2
nasuu 19.5.32
nasum 10.6.2, 19.1.3, 19.5.20
nase 32.4
nasiia- 32.4
nasiieiti 32.4.a
nasu- 10.6.2, 19.1.3
nas 19.5.33
nazdii 11.13
nazdita- 11.18, 11.24.2
na- 32.5
nata- 11.21
n 11.20, 18.1.1, 22.1, 38.2
nir- 19.3
nist 10.5.1, 11.17.4
nism 10.5.1
nfa- 11.18
nman- 7.6.2, 11.3.1, 11.3.3, 18.4
nmanm 7.6, 11.3.1
nmm 7.6.2, 11.3.2
nm ni 18.4
ns- 18.1
nm 32.5.b
nma 32.5.c
n 18.1
na
22.1, 22.1.5
nma 7.6.2, 7.7, 18.4
nsa- 27.2b
nmax iimah 11.28
nmaxvait 11.30
nmah 11.27
nmah- 7.8.3, 11.3, 11.27, 25.1
nm 18.7
nm 18.7
nrt 18.5
nrbiia 18.1, 18.1.13
nrbiias-c 18.1.18
nrbii 11.1.4, 18.1.18
nr 11.20.5, 18.1.5, 18.1.15
nr 9.1
nr 18.5
nruii 11.1.4, 18.1.18
n 22.1, 22.1.5
n 22.1, 22.1.5
nit 38.3.c, 39.1, 39.2
ni 23.20, 25.2
nii- 23.20
niia
c- 18.2
niia
c 18.2
niia
cim 18.2
ni-ne 32.1.a
nid 10.2: fn. 2.9, 10.5.1, 11.17.4
ni-d- 25.1.2
niptaiiaca 19.5.6
ni-sirinaoiti 9.2
ni-srinauuhi 32.3
nihida- 26.8
ni- 23.21
n 32.5
ni
23.21
nmna- 11.13
nmnau 19.1.21
nmnaiia-ca 19.1.9
nmnat haca 19.1.6
ma- 7.9.2, 22.1.1
maaibiia 19.1.14
masma- 10.2: fn. 2.9
maza- 10.2: fn. 2.9
maii 22.4
maiti- 33.2
maiiii 10.2
maibii 22.1, 22.1.3
maibii 22.1, 22.1.1
mainiia-/maiia- 26.10
mainiiauue 7.10
mainiiata 32.4.c
mainimaid 32.1.e
max iia
22.4
mada- 11.28
madahii 11.28
mau- 7.12
mat 11.26.2, 22.1, 23.22
mahna- 32.5.e
man 7.9.3, 13.1, 27.3, 32.1, 32.5,
32.6, 33.2
mana 22.1
manaha 7.9
manah 7.9, 11.27
manah- 7.8.3, 7.9.3, 11.25: fn.
2.12, 11.26.1, 11.27, 18.7
manahi-c 11.26.1
man.vista- 5.4: fn. 2.1
maniiata 32.4.d
maiia- 13.1, 26.10
maii u 10.4
maii 19.5
maii 19.5.19
maiiu- 7.10, 19.5
maiiu 7.8.3
maii 19.5
word index 143
maiuua
19.5
mat 32.1.b
mamn- 32.6
mamnit 32.6.a
marka- 11.2.2
marka-c 11.2.2
martaibii 19.1.19
martn 18.4
marc- 32.3
masiia- 11.7
maz- 9.2, 18.1
mazat- 7.5, 20.1.1
maza
tm 7.5
maz 18.1.5
mazi 18.1.7
maziiah- 20.1.1
mazib 9.2, 18.1, 18.1.19
mazita- 20.1.1
mazit am 7.9
mazit am 7.9
mazga- 11.12, 11.24.2
mazdaiiasna- 7.3.2
mazd- 11.24.2, 18.1
mazd 18.1.3, 36.1
mazda
h.dm 32.5
mazdm 18.1.2
mz-dazdm 32.2
mas iia- 11.2.3, 19.1
mas iia
19.1.15
mas iia 19.1.21
mas iii-ca
19.1.20
mas iinm 19.1.18
mas iia
h 19.1.15
mas iis-ca
19.1.16
mas ii g 19.1
mas m 19.1, 19.1.3
mahii 22.4
mahi
11.26.2, 32.1
mahmi 7.9, 22.2.5
mahm 22.4
mahrka- 11.2.2
m 22.1, 22.1.5, 22.4, 32.2, 39.2
muuiia 22.1, 22.1.1, 22.1.7
mca 39.2
mtar- 18.5
mh- 7.5, 11.28, 18.1
mhiia- 11.28
ma
18.1.1
ma
hm 7.5, 18.1.2
ma
32.1.e
mruiie 32.1.a
mruii 7.11, 10.2, 25.1.1, 32.1.a
mruuat- 32.1.g
mruuna- 32.1.g
mruu 32.1.e
mr 10.2, 10.3, 11.3.1, 25.1.1, 26.1
mrite 32.1.a, 33.1
mrii 32.1.f
mrmaide 32.1.a
ya- 7.5, 7.10, 7.14, 11.31, 22.2.1,
22.3, 22.5.2
yaibii 22.1.1
yatatar 32.6.a
yama 32.6.a
yaiia- 26.12
yaog-/yuj- 11.10.2, 32.1
yaogt 11.10.2
yaojat 32.1.d
yaoj 32.1
yao 19.5.40
yao-daiti 32.2
yao-dane 32.2
yao-dat- 32.2
yao-date 32.2
yao-da 32.2
yao-dit 32.1.d
yaiiat-/yat-/yit- 32.6
yauuajii 18.1.15
yauuajibii 18.1.18
yauua-jim 18.1.2
144 word index
yauuatt- 18.2
yauua-sum 18.1.2
yauuata
38.3.d
yauuat 38.3.d
yauu 19.5.42
yauukm 22.1, 22.1.3
yauu 19.5.41
yauui 19.5.41
yat 32.6
yaa
37, 38.3
yara 38.3.d
yad 38.3.d
yat 22.3, 38.3
yat cit 38.3
yatu 32.1.f
yasa- 32.4
yas-ca
19.1.1
yasna- 7.10, 11.21.2, 19.1
yasnanm 19.1.18
yasnas-ca 19.1.1
yasns-ca
19.1.16
yasnibii 19.1
yaz 11.21.2, 33.3
yaza- 26.6, 32.4
yazaa 32.4d, 37.3
yazaiiata 32.4.d, 37.4.e
yazatanm 36.2
yazamaide 19.1.8, 37.3
yazite 32.4.b
yata- 33.3
yahmat 36.2
yahm 7.10
yakar 18.6
yta- 19.1.7
ytii 19.1.7
ytu 19.5.37
yt 11.10.2
yr 18.6
ysanuha 11.31
ysaha 11.31
ysavha 11.31
ysmi 35
yhuua 11.31
ya
hm 7.5
ys 22.3
y g 22.3
y gs-t 22.3
y m 7.14
y ma- 7.14
ye(i)di (z) 37.4.c, 38.3.c
yeiti 32.1.a
yex iic 22.3
ye h-a 22.3
ye ht 22.3
ye ha
22.3
ye he 22.3
yesne
7.10, 19.1
yesniia- 7.10
yesnii-ca
19.1.17
yesnm 19.1.3
yezi
38.3.c, d
yehii 7.10, 22.3
y 22.3
y 36.2
yi 10.2, 22.3, 36.3
yim 7.14
yima- 7.14
yuj 11.10.2
yiiia- 32.4
yiiia 32.4.a
yj n 32.1.b
y 22.1, 22.1.4
yma- 22.1.4
ymaibii 22.1.4
ymat 11.10.2, 22.1
ymka- 22.4
ymkahii 22.4
ymki 22.4
ymkm 22.1, 22.4
ym 22.1, 22.1.2, 22.1.4
y m 22.1, 22.1.4
va- 22.1.5
va 21.1 fn. 3.7
vaa- 10.2
vaat 32.6.b
vati 32.6.b
vad-/vid-/vd- 28, 32.6
vada
7.11, 10.1
vad 32.6.a
vaa 32.6.a
vana h 35
vanimaid 32.4.d
vam 10.1, 22.1, 22.1.2, 22.1.3
vaoca- 27.2b, 32.4
vaocim-ca 10.1: fn. 2.7
vaoniit 32.6.c
vaorz- 32.6
vaorza 32.6
vaozirm 32.6.b
vaiiu- 7.3, 10.3.4
vaint 32.1.e
vauuaxda 11.17.2, 32.6.a
vauuac-/vaoc- 28, 32.6
vauuan-/vaon- 32.6
vauuanuuh-/vaonu- 18.8
vauuaz-/vauz- 32.6
vaxra- 11.17.2
vax- 25.1.1
vax 11.20.5
vaxaiia- 25.1, 26.15
vaxiia- 26.18
vaxii 11.20.5
vaxt 11.20.4
vax iia
18.7
vaibii-ca 18.1.13
vaibi 18.1, 18.1.19
vac- 13.1, 18.1
vac 11.10.2: fn. 2.11, 11.20.5, 13.1,
26.18, 27.2b, 28, 32.1.c, 32.6
vaca 18.1.8
vacah- 5.4, 7.9.4, 7.13, 18.7
vac 7.9.4, 7.13, 18.7
vac b 7.9.4
vac 7.13, 18.1.5, 18.1.14, 18.1.15,
18.7
vadar
9.1
vare 11.13
vaf 11.11.1
vaaka- 11.25.2
vanuh 11.31
vah-/v gh- 32.5
vahauue
19.5
vahauu 11.27
vahu 10.6.1, 19.5, 19.5.26
vaht- 32.5
word index 145
vah u 11.27, 11.29: fn. 2.14
vah 11.31
vahu- 20.1.1
vahuum 19.5.35
vahu 11.27, 11.29: fn. 2.14
vahuu 19.5
vah 11.27, 19.5.33
va hahm 18.7
va hah- 20.1.1
va ha
18.7
va h 11.29
vavhi 19.5, 19.5.28
vavhiia
19.3
vavh- 19.3
vavhbii 19.3.12
vavhnm 19.3.11
van- 32.1
van 7.6, 7.9, 11.10.1, 11.17.4, 18.8,
32.5, 32.6, 40.1
var- 32.3
1var- 32.1
2var- 32.1
var 9.2, 11.2.4
varat 9.2
varn 32.1.d
varn 32.1.d
varc.hc 18.7
varduua- 11.13
varmaid 32.1.b
var- 32.5
varait 32.5.b
varait 32.5.b
var 32.5.b
varn 32.5.b
vart 32.5.b
var-c 32.1.b
varz- 32.1
vard 11.11.2
varz 7.3, 28, 32.5, 35
vas 11.20.5, 11.21, 11.21.2, 11.21.4
vas-/us- 11.21.2, 32.1
vasah- 11.21.1
vasm 11.21
vast 11.20
vasna- 11.21.2
vasn 11.21.2
vaz 7.8, 11.25.5, 32.5, 32.6
vazti 7.8
vaata 32.5.b
vaa
te 32.5
vai
22.1, 22.1.5
va
ti 32.1.a
va 40.1
v- 19.2, 40.1
vbiia 19.2
vs 7.6, 11.10.1, 11.17.4, 32.5.a
vrca- 32.4
vrra-jan- 20.1.2
vrraj 18.1.1
vrrajstma- 20.1.2
vrd- 18.1
vrd 18.1
vrn- 32.3
vrnauu-/vrnu- 32.3
vrnauuait 32.3.b
vrnt 32.3.c
vrnite 32.3.a
vrta 32.3.a
vrt 32.3.a
vrz na- 7.9
vrziia- 26.11a, 32.4
vrziiat-/vrzit- 32.4.f
vrziitm 7.4, 32.4.e
vrzda- 11.11.2, 11.24.3
vhrka- 11.2.2
vhrkat 19.1.6
v 7.9.a, 7.13, 22.1, 22.1.5
v ghait 7.9
v ghat 7.9, 32.5.b
v ghn 32.5.b
vouru 11.2.1
vohu- 7.12, 10.6.1, 11.1.1, 11.28,
11.29, 18.7, 19.3, 19.5
vohu 11.29: fn. 2.14, 19.5, 19.5.21
vohu-ca 19.5.28
vohu-c 19.5.21, 19.5.25
vohunm 11.29: fn. 2.14, 19.5,
19.35
voh 11.27, 19.5, 19.5.25, 19.5.34
vohm 11.29: fn. 2.14
v 7.13, 22.1, 22.1.5
vin- 10.2
vinuii 19.2.13
vist 10.1, 11.20.2, 32.6.a
vi- 23.23
vii- 23.23
viixmainiia- 26.13
viixman- 26.13
vii-darsm 7.4.3
vid 7.15, 10.1, 11.20.2, 11.24.3,
18.8, 27.2, 28, 30.1.e, 32.3,
32.6, 33.1
vinad-/vid- 26.3, 32.3
vid 11.10.1
vidna- 32.3.e
vidn 11.10.1, 32.3.c
vista- 11.20.2
v 7.15, 23.23
v-caiia 32.1.d
vda- 27.2
vdauua- 11.13
v-d- 25.1.2
v-dram 10.1.2
vduuani 33.1
vduuh-/vdu- 18.8, 30.1.e
vduua
18.8
146 word index
v-ram 32.4.c
v-raiin 10.1.2: fn. 2.8
v-raiii 32.4.d
vuuh-/vdu- 32.6
vuua
18.8
vuua
hm 18.8
vra- 19.1
vraiia
19.1, 19.1.12
vs- 18.1
vsa- 32.4
vsa 18.1.8
vsate 32.4.a
vsaiti 21, 21.1
vsaitiuuat- 21.3
vsat 18.1.6
*vsastma- 21.2
vsm 18.1.17
vsstma- 21, 21.2
vsta 32.4.c
vste 32.4.a
vsm 18.1.2
vse 18.1.7
vs 18.1, 18.1.5, 18.1.15
vsi 18.1.9
vsiia 18.1.9
vspa- 7.9.3, 19.1
vspaibiias-ca 19.1.19
vspaca
19.1.9
vspam 20.2
vspau
19.1, 19.1.21
vspanm 20.2
vsp.voh 5.4
vspi 20.2
vspa
h 19.1.15, 20.2
vspm ahmt yat 38.3
vspmi 20.2
vspmca 11.3.2
vsp 7.9
vsp g 7.9
vsp m i 20.2
vsp s-ca 19.1.16
vspe 20.2
vspibii 19.1.19
v 18.1.1
va- 11.20.5
v-s
iit 32.1.b
vibii 18.1, 18.1.18
rax- 32.5
raxa 32.5.c
raa- 10.2: fn. 2.9
rarizaite 11.2.1
ram 10.1.2, 19.5.2
raocaiia- 26.15
raocah- 7.9, 10.3, 11.2.1
raoca
18.7
raoc bii 7.9.4
raoc b 7.9.4
raom 11.12
raos- 27.3
ra
ii- 10.2
raire 32.6
ratu-frii 18.1.14
ratu-friu 18.1.20
ratu-fri
18.1.1
ratu 11.20.5
raa- 11.2.1, 11.17.3
raatar- 40.2
raat- 10.2: fn. 2.9, 40.2
raatrahe 40.2
raatrm 40.2
raatr sca 40.2
raatr 40.2
rait- 10.2: fn. 2.9
ra 19.5.22
rap 11.10.3, 11.17.2
rafra- 11.10.3, 11.17.2
rar- 32.6
ranao 10.4, 19.5.22
rah 7.8, 11.10.1, 36.2
r 32.5, 32.6, 33.3
rii 10.5.2
rta- 33.3
rd- 32.1
rdt 32.1.d
rna- 19.1.12
rnibii 19.1.14
rmim 32.4.d
rriin 11.10.1
rh-/ra
h- 32.5
ra
haiin 7.8.3
ra
hahi 32.5.b
rnaiia
19.1.12
ruu- 7.8, 11.3.2
rjita- 11.3.2
rma- 11.26.3
ric 8.1
riz 11.2.1
rud 11.17.4
sa- 21.3, 22.1.6
sate 25.2
sare 32.1.a
saii- 32.1
saiianm 7.8: fn. 2.3
saite 19.1, 19.1.11
sair 18.1
sauuaiia- 26.15
saxvr 18.6, 35
sata- 21, 21.1
satm 11.7, 11.20.3, 10.20.5
sattma- 21.2
saaiia- 26.14
saha- 7.9
sad 11.17.4, 11.24.3, 32.5
sar- 7.9.4, 18.1
sar 7.9.4, 18.1.5
sar m 18.1.2
sar 18.1.5
sari 18.1, 18.1.7
sazdiii 11.24.3
suuaiia- 26.15
sxv n 18.6
sstar- 11.20.3
ssn- 7.5.: fn. 2.2, 11.20, 19.2
sh- 32.1
sh 11.20, 11.20.3, 27.2
sht 32.1.e
ss 11.17.4, 32.5.a
sst 32.5.d
sh 11.24.3
suuita- 7.8, 7.15
s gha- 7.9.3, 11.3.2
s ghait 8.1
sa- 27.2
sunm 18.1.17
surunaoiti 9.2
word index 147
surunauu-/surunu- 26.4, 32.3
surunuiia
32.3.d
surunuuat-/surunuuat- 18.3
susru- 28, 32.6
susruiie 32.6.a
s- 18.1
s 26.15
sne 18.1.7
sn 18.1.5
sn- 19.3
sra- 7.8
ssrma 32.6.a
skda- 11.20
scat 11.20, 32.1.f
staota 32.1.f
stauu-/stu- 32.1
star- 9.2, 18.1, 18.5
star m-ca 9.2
st 11.20, 32.1.a, 32.5
st- 18.1
stuuita- 7.15
stnauua 19.1.21
sta
h- 32.5
sta
haiti 32.5.b
strn-/strn- 32.3
strniia
32.3.d
st 32.1.a
sti 33.1
stt- 18.1
str mca 9.2, 18.1.17
str 18.5
spainiiahm 7.8.3
spainiiah- 7.8
spad 19.1.10
span- 18.1, 19.3
spaniia
7.8.3
sparz 11.20
spas- 18.1, 32.3
spasm 18.1.2
spas 18.1, 18.1.14
spa 18.1.1
spanauu-/spanu- 32.3
spanu 32.3.a
sp 18.1.1
spna 18.1.10
spnm 18.1.2
spn 18.1.14
spta- 7.8.3, 11.3.2
sptaibii 19.1.19
sptax ii-c 19.1.5
sptat 19.1.6
sptahii 19.1.5
spt.tma- 5.4
snaa- 11.25.6
sna 11.25.6
snat 11.25.6
snait- 11.25.6
srata- 10.2: fn. 2.9, 11.20.3,
20.1.1
sraot 10.3.1
sraiiavha 36.2
sraiiah- 11.1.3, 11.20.3, 20.1.1
srauu-/sru- 27.1, 32.1
sr(a)uuana- 32.1.g
sruuaiia- 32.4
sruuaiieni 32.4.b
sruuahiia- 7.10
sruuahiieit 7.10
sruu 25.2, 32.1.c
srraiia
32.4.b
sruum 32.1.e,
sri 9.2, 32.3
srinaota 32.3.e
srinauu-/srinu- 32.3
srra- 11.1.3, 11.20.3, 20.1.1
sru 9.2, 10.3, 11, 20.3, 27.1, 28,
32.1.c, 32.3, 32.6, 33.1
sridiii 33.1
zaotar- 11.24.1, 18.5
zaoraiit 19.2.5
zaor- 19.2
zaorbiiasca 19.2.13
zaozao- 26.2b
zaoa- 11.24.1
zaiia- 25.1.1, 26.11b, 32.4
zaiiata 32.4.c
zaiiaha 32.4.c
zaiianmca 36.1
zaiia
te 32.4.b, 36.3
zairimiia- 8.1
zauutiia
h 19.1.15
zan 11.24.1, 25.1, 26.18
zanauua 19.5.27
zaga- 11.12
zam- 18.1
zasta- 10.3.4, 19.1
zasta 19.1.10
zastaiia 19.1.9
zastaii 10.3.4, 19.1, 19.1.13
zasti 19.1.20
zast 19.1
zastibii 19.1, 19.1.14
zaz- 32.2
zazti 32.2
zaz-/zaz- 32.2
zazite 32.2
zazmi 11.24.1
zazhi 32.2
zazuua 18.8
z 11.24.1, 32.2, 32.5
zta- 7.4, 11.24.1
znu- 11.25.3, 19.5
znu 19.5.38, 19.5.39
zh- 32.5
zm 18.1.2, 36.1, 39.2
zhiia- 25.1, 26.18
zma
t 18.1.6, 36.2, 37
zmas-ca 18.1.15
zm 18.1.8, 22.2, 37
zma 18.1.6
zmm-ca 18.1.17
zm 18.1.9
zm 18.1.5, 18.1.14
zmi 18.1.9
zrd- 18.1
zrd-c 18.1.8
ziia
11.24.1
ziim 18.1.2
zim- 18.1
zim 18.1.5, 18.1.14
z 35, 37.4.c, 38.1, 38.3.c
zzana- 7.15, 25.1
zuta- 11.20.4
z 11.14.2
zd 11.24.2, 32.1.f
148 word index
zbaiia- 26.14
zbaiieiti 11.14.2
zbar 11.14.2
zbarmna- 11.14.2
zraiiah- 11.24.1, 18.7
zruuan- 7.17, 18.4
zr 7.17, 18.4
at 11.21.6
aii-/i- 32.1
22.1.6
ira- 11.21.6
i 11.21.6
iis 30.1.e, 32.1.g
iieit- 30.1.e, 32.1.g
ti 18.1.7
ta
to 11.23
s
iiao(a)nanm 19.1
s
iiaoan 19.1.17
s
iiaoane 19.1.9
s
iiaona 19.1.17
s
iiaoni 19.1
s
ii 11.23
s
iito 11.23
ntar- 11.25.3
nubiias-cit 11.21.2, 11.25.3,
19.5.43
nm 19.5.39
ha- 23.27
hat 7.13.4, 10.3.4
hatu- 10.3.4
han- 40.1
haoma- 19.1
haom 7.9, 19.1
haoms-ca 19.1.16
hait- 30.1.e, 32.1.g
haiiia- 7.14: fn. 2.6, 7.15
haiii m 7.14: fn. 2.6
haim 7.14: fn. 2.6, 7.15
*hau 10.3.4, 22.2.5
hauua- 22.4
hauuanm 22.4
hauue 22.4
hauruua- 7.17, 11.1.3, 11.26.1, 19.1
hauruuatt- 8.2, 18.2
haurm 7.16, 19.1.3
hakrt 21.3
haxa 11.16, 19.5.1
haxai- 19.5.6
haxaiia 19.5.9
haxm 9.1
haxtiia
19.5.11
haxmain 8.1
haxman- 8.1, 9.1, 11.16
hac 7.5, 7.9, 8.1, 11.20, 11.26.1,
32.2
hac- 18.1
hac-/sc- 32.1
haca- 26.6, 32.4
haca 7.3, 19.1.6, 23.24, 36.1
hacaite
8.1
hacaiti 25.2
hacaite 25.2
haca
t 7.5
hac na- 7.9
hac mn 7.9
hacite 7.14, 32.4.a
hacimna- 32.4.f
hara 23.26
had 11.17.4, 28
had 23.25
hadi- 18.8
haa 23.25
hapta 11.10.3, 11.26.1, 21
haptaa- 21, 21.2
haptahuua- 21.4
haptiti- 21, 21.1
han 10.1: fn. 2.7
hana- 27.2
hanamc 10.1: fn. 2.7
ham- 18.1, 23.27
ham+kar 11.3.2
hama 18.1.8
hamastar- 10.2: fn. 2.9
hascit 22.2.2
hastra- 11.17.4
hazara- 21.1
hazare 19.1.11
hazartma- 21.2
hazah- 7.9.4
haz 7.9
hazd- 28
has
a 19.5.7
has
m 19.5.16
has
e 11.16, 19.5.6
hah- 26.1
h 11.24, 22.2.2
hu 22.2.5
hm(-) 23.27
hminmca 36.1
hs 11.20.2
h
(n) 23.27
ht- 30.1
ht-/hat- 18.3
hti 32.1
ht 7.8, 25.1
h-duurt 7.4
h
m 23.27
hrzaiin 39.2
h 22.2.2
h kriti- 11.3.2
h -grabm 11.1.4
h t 32.1
h miisait 7.4
h 22.2.2
h 22.1.6
h
hiiat 22.3, 38.3
hiir 32.1
hiniii 19.5.36
hica- 26.9
hizuu- 19.4
hizuua
19.4.6
hizuu 19.4.3
hizub 19.4.11
hiz- 19.4
hicamaid 32.2
hita- 26.8, 32.4
hitahe 32.4
hi.hak-/hic- 26.2.a, 32.2
word index 149
h 22.1.6
hm 22.1.6
h 22.1.6
hu 32.3
huuar
, 19.2.11
22.4
- 20.1.2
- 11.9, 38.2
- 20.1.2
11.17.1
, 22.5
11.13
19.2.4
7.11.3
21.1
21.2
- 30.1.c
18.6
33.1.4
23.11
23.10
11.11.1
11.14
18.1.9
, 21.1
11.24.1
11.24.1
19.2.6
- 30.1.a
Hittite
kitta 25.2
uttr 18.6.1
Old Irish
cethoir, toir 21.1
tricho 21.1
Latin
ab 23.5
amb- 23.3
amb 21.1
angustus 7.6.1
augre 10.3.1
c-rus 11.9
centum 11.20.3
clure 11.20.3
coqu 11.9
crre 7.15.3
decem 11.20.3
diem 19.2.11: fn. 3.5
dis- 23.23
d 11.13
fc 11.13
familis 19.2.4
formus 11.12
genus 11.12.2
gntus 7.4
gust 11.20.5, 11.24.1
hiems 11.24.1
iecur 18.6
im 22.2.1
in- 39.3
inter 23.8
intimus 20.1.2
ra 10.1.1
is, ea, id, im, erum, erum
22.2.1
ling
locus 19.1.15
loca 19.1.15
lx 10.3.1, 11.2.1
marium 19.5.17
mlle 21.1
mox 11.21.4
ne 38.1
nemus 11.3.1
n 39.1
nmen 7.6.2, 11.3.1
nmina 18.4
ns, nostrum 22.1.5
- 30.1.a
pater 11.10
pecus 11.21.5
perna 11.20.5
pns 11.17.4
pistus 11.20.5
ps 18.1.2
posc 11.20.4
precor 11.20.4
pro 11.18
-que 11.9, 38.2
quitus 11.23
quisque 22.5
quid 11.9
rota 11.17.3
saluus 11.26.1
sequor 11.26.1
socius 11.17
st 11.20.1
sub 23.10
sunt 7.8.1
super 23.11
-t(d) 30.1.c
trs 11.17.1
tuus 22.4
ueh 11.25.3
uentus 33.3
ui
uis 19.2.4, 19.2.11
uiae 19.2.6
uituls 19.2.11
ullus, ull 20.2
us, uostrum 22.1.5
r 10.3.1
ucem 18.1.2
word index 151
Lithuanian
ans 22.2.4
deimts 11.20.3
mergs 19.2.11
im tas 11.20.3
Oscan
deva 19.2.6
Pli
-mina 30.2
Old Persian
adam 22.1.1
a-draiya 11.1.3
an 22.24
aniya- 11.1.3
-naiy 30.2.c
antara 11.3.2
rtv 18.4
ava, avam, avahy, avaiy,
avai, avm 22.2.5
*atauva- 21.4
azd 11.24.3
-nm 7.3.1
-y 19.2.4
-ha 16.1.1, 19.1.15
iyam, ima, an 22.2.1
ub 21.1
-nm 19.5.35
aiva- 21.1
kas-ciy 22.5
krta- 11.2.1
*auuva- 21.4
*iuva- 21.4
xn 11.16
-tam 30.1.b
tuva-
tuvam 22.1.2
-taiy 22.1.5
dahyva 19.5.32
-dim, d 22.1.6
naiy 39.1
*panauva- 21.4
paruv 7.12.1
paruviya- 10.3.2
bar
barmiy 31
abaram 31
abaran 7.8.1, 11.14
bauvatiy 11.1.3
ma-
mm 7.6.2, 22.1.1
man 22.1.1
-maiy 22.1.5
Margum 11.12
-mna- 30.2.e
rautah- 11.26.3
-im, , aiy 22.1.6
van 11.21.2
hauv 10.3.4, 22.2.5
haruva- 11.1.3
Prkrit
jhara 11.25.5: fn. 2.13
Proto-Indo-European
*b 11.14
*bh 11.14, 11.18
*bher 7.8.1, 11.14, 25.1.1
*d 11.13
*-dd- 11.11.2
*deh
3
7.5.1, 11.13
*dem 11.13, 11.20.3
*di --s 10.5.1
*deru -os 19.5.40
*dm tm 11.20.3, 21.1
*dl h
1
gh-
*dreu -s 19.5.40
*du ei s 8.1
*du - 11.14
*du i- 11.14
*du i-dm ti 21.1
*dh 11.13
*dheh
1
7.5.1, 11.13
*dh
1
-t- 33.3
*d
(h)
h 11.25.5: fn 2.13
*dhg
u h
er 11.25.5: fn. 2.13
*-dhi 30.1.c
DhT, DhS 11.11.1
*dhreu gh 5.4
*e 7, 7.3, 11.7, 11.9, 13.1
*- 31
*-eh
2
19.1.15, 19.1.17, 19.2.1
*-eh
2
-ei 19.2.6
*-eh
2
-es 16.1.2, 19.2.4, 19.2.11
*-eh
2
-ih
1
19.2.8
*-eh
2
19.2.11, 19.2.11: fn. 3.5
*-ei 14.6, 18.1.7
*-enh
2
18.6.3
*-es 16.1, 14.5, 18.1.14
*-eu -es 19.5.32
*-eu m *-m 19.2.11: fn. 3.5
* 7, 7.4, 11.7
*-i 19.5.8
*-u -s 19.5.18
* 11.7, 11.24.1
*enh
1
25.1.1
*eu s 11.24.1
*n 11.16
*neh
3
11.25.4
*n h
1
-t- 7.4
*rh
2
-u en- 18.4
*h 11.7, 11.24.1
*heslii o- 21.1
*heu 11.24.1
*heu H 11.14.2
*
(h)
u 11.14.2
*hu er 11.14.2
*g 11.7, 11.12
*gh 11.7, 11.12
*g
u
11.7, 11.12
*g
u
em 11.12.2
*g
u
m -se- 11.12.2
*g
u
iHeh
2
- 11.12.2
*g
u
eh
3
us 11.12
*g
u h
11.7, 11.12
*g
u h
en 11.12.2
*g
u h
or-m- 11.12
*h
13
7.14.4
*-h
1
14.7, 15.1, 19.1.8
*h
1
- 31
*h
1
eu o- 11.10.3
*h
1
ei -/*h
1
i-, *h
1
e- 22.2.1
*h
1
ono- 22.2.4
152 word index
*h
1
es-
*h
1
es-ti, h
1
s-nti 25.1.1
*h
1
i-i h
1
-t 11.1.3
*h
1
leng
u h
7.8.2, 11.3.2
*h
1
mo- 22.4
*-h
2
16.1.2, 16.3.3, 19.4
*h
2
mhes- 7.6.1
*h
2
enk 7.6.1
*h
2
ep-nes- 11.18
*h
2
u eg-s 11.20.5
*h
2
u es 25.1.1
*h
2
eu o- 22.2.5
*-h
3
k
u
- 18.2: fn. 3.3
*h
3
mei h 10.2.2: fn. 2.9
*i 7, 11.7
*i 10.11.1
*-i eh
1
/*ih
1
- 29
*-i eh
2
-ei 19.3.6
*-i eh
2
0es 19.3.10
*-i eh
2
-h
1
19.3.7
*-i eh
2
m 19.3.2: fn. 3.6
*-i eh
2
s 19.3.4
*i eu K-t 11.10.2
*-ih
1
15.1, 15.2
*-ih
2
19.2, 19.3.1, 19.5.15, 20
*-ih
2
/-i eh
2
19.3
*-ih
2
-m 19.3.2
*im 22.2.1
*-in-s 19.5.14
*-i-om 19.5.16
* 7
* 11.7, 11.20.3
*leu 26.4
*ou -i e- 26.15
*mt- 21.1
*u 11.10.3
*k 11.17, 11.9, 11.16
*keh
2
11.9
*ki eu 11.23
*k
u
11.7, 11.9, 11.16
*-k
u
e 11.9
*k
u
e, *k
u
id 22.5
*k
u
ei s 7.15.3
*k
u
k
u
lo- 11.9
*k
u
etesr- 21.1
*k
u
tores 11.17.1
*k
u
id, *k
u
o-s 22.5
*k
u
tur
*k
u
od 11.9
*l 11.2.1, 11.9
*leu k- 10.3.1
*-l/n- 18.6: fn. 3.4
*m 11.3.1, 11.9
*m 7.3
*mn i e/o- 13.1
*mleu H 25.1.1
mlu H-ti 11.3.1
*mn s-dheh
1
11.24.2
*-m- 21.2
*mosgh- 11.12
*n 11.3.1, 11.9
*n 7.3, 7.4.4
*n- 39.3
*nei 39.1
*n -g
u
h
2
-h
2
- 19.4
*n H 7.4
*ni 7.14.3
*ns 11.27
*nsdno- 11.13
*-n s 17.2, 18.1.15
*n sme- 22.1.5
*-nt 30.2.b
*-n tos 18.6
*o 7, 7.3, 7.4.4, 11.9, 30.1
*o+ei 19.1.7
*o+es 16.1.2, 19.1.15
*-o-h
1
19.1.10
*-oh
2
30.1.a
*-oi 19.1.9
*-o-ih
1
19.1.11
*-oi-m 19.5.2
* 7, 7.4
*-i 19.5.8
*s 19.1.15
*h
3
eteh
3
11.21.1, 21.1
*-ons 19.1.16
*-osi o 7.10.2, 19.1.5
*-ou -es 19.5.32
*p 11.10, 11.18
*pek
u
-i e/o- 11.9
*pk
u
11.9
*penk
u
to- 11.5
*penk
u
e-dm t- 21.1
*penth
1
- 18.1.1: fn. 3.2
*ponth
1
- 18.1.1: fn. 3.2
*ph
2
tr- 11.10
*pu- 11.21.5
*pl th
2
- 11.2.1, 11.17.3
*prh
2
s 21.2
*pr-se/o- 11.20.4
*reh
1
i- 10.1.3
*r 11.2.1
*rH 11.2.4
*-ro 30.2.a, 30.2.b
*roteh
2
- 11.17.3
*rth
2
o- 11.17.3
*s 11.19, 11.20, 11.20.5, 11.26.1
*seh
2
-ul-/*sh
2
-u en- 18.6: fn.
3.4
*sek
u
11.16
*sek
u
h
2
-oi - 11.16
*sem- 21.3
*s 11.20.4
*-se/o- 26.16
*sm -heslo- 21.1
*smih
2
-heslih
2
21.1
*s, *td, *seh
2
22.2.3
*-soi 30.2.a
*-som 22.2.1
*sr- 11.26.3
*-tero- 20.1.2
*t 11.10, 11.17
*teton- 11.21.6
*tH 11.17.3
*-t- 33.2
*tisres 21.1
*t 11.21.6
*-t- 33.3
*-toi 30.2.a
*tri(h
2
)-domt- 21.1
*trins, tri-h
2
21.1
*-tt- 11.11.2, 11.20.2
*u 6
*u 10.11.2
*u eh 7.8.1, 11.25.3
word index 153
*u -si 11.20.5, 11.21.4
*u ei d 7.8.2
*-u ent-/u n t- 18.3
*-u er/-u en 18.6
*-uh
1
19.5.25
*u l h
1
-t 11.2.4
*u obhso- 11.25.2
*-u s/-u os/-us 18.8
* 7
*z 11.25.1
Proto-Indo-Iranian
*-a- 7, 7.3
*ataH-ti- 21.1
*-ai- 7.11.2, 10, 10.1.1, 10.2
*-ai 19.1.9, 19.1.11, 19.2.3
*ai am 22.2.1
*ai -au 19.1.13
*-aibhi as 20.2
*-ai 19.5.4, 19.5.5
*-ai u 20.2
*aiu am 21.1
*-ans 18.3
*-as 7.9.4, 7.13.1
*-asi a 19.1.5
*-ats 18.3
*-au- 7.12.2, 10.3, 10.4
*-au 7.13.4, 10.3.4, 15.4, 19.1.13,
19.5.19, 19.5.26
*au gdha 11.11.1
*-au i- 11.1.4
*-au 10.4, 19.5.22
*-- 7, 7.4, 7.4.4
*-i - 10.5.1
*-i a- 7.3.2, 10.5.2
*-i am 19.5.2
*-m 19.1.18
*-n- 7.6
*-s 8.5.2, 15.4, 16.1, 19.1.15,
19.2.11
*st 11.10.1
*-u - 10.6.1
*-u a 10.6.2
*-bh- 11.18
*-bhias 19.1.19
*tasras 21.1
*C-m Hna- 30.2.e
*-- 11.20.3, 11.21.1, 11.21.2
*rai H-i as- 11.1.3
*-s- 11.21.4
*-u - 11.10.3
*-DDh- 11.11.1
*du i- 11.14.1
*du itii a- 21.2
*-DZh- 11.11.1
*-dhi 29.1
*-H 19.1.8
*-(H)sa- 25.17
*-i- 7, 7.14.1
*-i as- 20.1.1
*i.Ha- 11.28
**-iHs 19.3.10
*-ita- 20.1.1
*-- 7, 7.14.2, 7.15
*- 19.5.9
*j - 11.21.2, 11.24.1, 11.25.3
*-j +s- 11.25.5
*-j n- 11.16
*-j h- 11.24.1, 11.25.3
*-j h+s- 11.25.5
*ktur()i a 21.2
*-l- 11.2.1
*-m- 21.2
*mas-dhaH- 11.24.2
*matsi a- 11.11.2
*-m-m 18.1.1
*-n 11.10.1
*-ns- 7.9.2, 11.27
*-nt 11.10.1
*pntaHs 18.1.1: fn. 3.2
*pn tHs 18.1.1: fn. 3.2
*prHu - 21.2
*-r- 11.2.1
*rta
u an- 18.4
*-s- 30.1
*snts 11.11.2
*-s- 11.20.4
*-st 11.10.1
*suHar 18.6
*-tama- 20.1.2
*-tara- 20.1.2
*tu ar 7.13.3
*-u- 7, 7.17.2
*-u aH 19.5.25
1*u ai d 7.8.2
2*u ai d 7.8.2
*-u as 19.5.22
*u asu-H 19.5.34
*u nst 7.6, 11.10.1, 11.17.4
*-uH 19.5.27
*-uHas 19.4.8
*uma- 22.1.4
*-- 7, 7.17.2
*-z- 11.25.1
*-hasra- 21.1
Sanskrit
m sayo 19.1.12
m has- 7.6.1
agru
- 19.4
aguh- 11.12
-atur 30.1.d
dyu- 7.16.6
addha
11.24.3
ti 23.1
ntama- 20.1.2
antr 11.3.2, 23.8
ana
, anay 22.2.4
nu 23.7
any- 7.9.1, 11.1.3
anym 7.14.3: fn. 2.6
anysmau, any, anym
20.2
p-
aps 18.1.5, 18.1.15
apa
18.1.8
apa 18.1.10
apas 18.1.14
apa
m 18.1.17
adbhys 18.1.18
pa 23.5
apca 18.2
pi 23.2
pnas- 11.18
pnasvant- 11.18
154 word index
abh 10.3.2, 11.1.4, 11.14, 23.3
-bhi 19.2.14
-bhym 19.2.10
-bhyas 19.2.13
amr ta- 11.2.3, 39.3
ay
iya
t 11.1.3
tu 10.3.1
aym
ayh, asys, asyi, ena
, asya
m,
aya
22.2.1
asmt 7.9.2
ebhys 8.1
-ay 19.2.7
-aye 11.1.1
-yo 19.2.9
armati 7.4.2
ardh- 21.4
aryamn- 8.1
rvant- 7.8.3
vidvm s- 7.8.2
vitti- 7.15.1
av 22.2.5
at- 21.1
man- 11.20.3
va- 11.10.3, 11.20.3
ave 19.2.3
aa
11.21.1
aam- 21.2
1as
mi 11.26.2
si 11.26.1
ti 11.20.1, 25.1.1
snti 7.8.1, 25.1.1
sat 11.27
a
st 11.10.1
sr 11.27
edhi 11.24.2
syt 11.28
2as
sya 11.28
-as 7.9.4
su- 11.1.4, 11.26.1
sura- 7.8.1, 11.26.1, 25.1.1
asu 22.2.5
asthanvnt- 11.17.4
asm-
asma
n 11.26.2
asma
23.9
a
krti 8.1
-na- 30.2.e
-nm 7.3.1
-ni 18.4
-m 30.2.c
-yai 19.2.6
-ys 19.2.4
-yo 19.1.12
a
viiya- 17.15.1
s-
ss 18.1.5
sa
18.1.7
-s 7.5.2, 16.1.2, 19.2.11
-sas 16.1.1, 19.1.15
skra- 11.20.1
-i 30.2.b
t 22.1.6
idhm- 10.1.1
i- 33.3
yati 10.1.1
- 19.3.1
-nm 19.5.16
22.1.6
ukth- 11.17.2
ukthebhyas 19.1.19
ukn- 7.16.1
ugr- 11.12
ttara- 20.1.2
uttn- 11.20.2
d 23.12
-nm 19.5.35
pa 23.10
upri 23.11
ubdh- 11.11.1
ubh- 21.1
ubh 19.1.11, 19.2.8, 21.1
ubha
21.1
ubhyo 19.1.13, 21.1
ubha
19.5.28
ra- 11.17.4
-e 19.2.3, 19.2.8
ka- 21.1
kasmin, kasys 20.2
-ethm 30.2.b
ethe 30.2.a
ev(m) 21.1
e
ea- 10.1.1
ait 10.5.1
e, ea
, eta
s, etsyas 22.2.3
-ai 30.2.c
jas- 10.3.1
oati 10.3.1
-o 7.5.3, 15.4
-au 19.1.10
rj- 9.1, 11.2.1
rta
ma- 11.9
k-, k- 22.5
k-cit 22.5
k, km 22.5.1
word index 155
ksya, kna 22.5.2
krntti 26.9
krtu- 7.17,6, 11.16
krtu 19.5.18
krto 19.5.22
krtvas 19.5.22
krtve 19.5.24
krtv 19.5.25
krtau 10.6.1, 19.5.26
kv 11.1.3
kam-
ka
m 18.1.2
jms 18.1.5
jmay-a
18.1.9
kmi 18.1.9
ka
mas 18.1.14
1kay
ati 7.8.3
2kay
kti 11.21.6
kar 11.25.5: fn. 2.13
ktra- 11.21.6
gam 11.12.2
g-cha- 11.12.2, 11.20.4
gt- 7.17.5
jagmi- 30.1.e
gat- 33.3
gya- 10.1.2, 19.1.3
gv-
ga
ti 26.5
grbhy- 11.1.4
-gy- 10.5.2
ghar
jghrkati 26.17
gharm- 11.12
cakr- 11.9
cak 18.4
catras, ctasras 21.1
catva
yate 26.11.b
janiyti 26.18
jt- 7.4, 11.24.1
jna- 11.25.4, 19.5.39
ja
nun 19.5.28
jihva
- 19.4
jihva
/ jihvy 19.2.7
ju- 11.20.5
juhu
- 19.4
juhu
bhi 19.4.11
ja- 11.24.1
j 11.16
jtr- 11.25.4
jya
- 11.1.3, 11.12.2
jryas- 11.24.1
tak
tka- 27.2.a
tkan- 11.21.6, 18.4
tanu
- 19.4
tanu
19.4.1
tanvm 7.17.5, 19.4.2
tanva
tanu
nm 19.4.9
tanu
bhyas 19.4.10
-tam 30.1.b
-tara 20.1.2
tvi- 7.8.2, 7.15.1
-tas 30.1
-tm 30.1.b
30.2.c
-tt 30.1.c
ta
n 7.9.3
tpya- 26.15
-ti 21.1
tirs 7.9.4, 23.13
tudti 26.7
turi
ya- 21.2
trti
ya- 21.2
tyjas- 7.10.1, 8.1
tri-, tisr 21.1
tryas 11.17.1, 21.1
tri
n, tri
, tisrs, tribh,
tribhys, tra
m 21.1
tv- 22.4
tvm 7.17.5
tva
m 7.6.2, 11.17.1
t 7.11.3, 22.1.5
tv 22.15
tvar- 7.13.3, 9.1, 11.14.4
-thas 30.1
dam siha- 7.6.1
dabh
dpsati 11.25.2, 26.17
dar
am 7.4.3
am 9.1
dr- 11.21.1
darh 11.25.5
da 11.13, 11.20.3
daam- 21.2
dasm- 11.26.2
dsyu- 7.17.1
dsyum 19.5.20
dasr- 11.26.3
dah
ati 11.25.6
d 11.13
ddmi 7.6.3, 26.2.a
ddan 11.10.1
dta
ras 7.3.1
dta
ram 7.4.6
da
vyati 26.11.a
deva
19.1.10
devi
- 19.2, 19.3.1
dvi 19.3.3
devya
s 19.3.4
devya
s 19.3.4
devya
19.3.7
devyi 19.3.6
devya
m 19.3.8
156 word index
devys 19.3.9
devi
19.3.1, 19.3.9
devi
19.3.10
devi
nm 19.3.11
devi
bhyas 19.3.12
devi
bhi 19.3.13
devi
bhym 19.3.9
devi
m 19.3.2
devu 19.3.14
dra
t 19.1.6
dyv-
dya
, dva
bhym 21.1
dvita
8.1
dviti
m 18.1.17
nr bhyas 11.1.4, 18.1.18
navam- 10.3.3, 21.2
nvna
m 21.1
1na 11.21.1
2na
anti 11.21.2
nas 22.1.5
nahyte 26.11.b
na
bha-ndiha- 11.18
na
m, pac-t 21.1
pnth-
pnthm 18.1.2
pnths, paths 18.1.1: fn. 3.2
pars 7.9.4
pri 23.15
pa- 7.12.1, 11.21.5
paca
23.18
pav 19.5.33
pm s- 7.6.1
pa
dam 18.1.2
pa
i 11.20.5
pitr- 11.10
ram 7.4.4
tr 9.1, 10.2.2
pit-7.14.1
pitrvya- 8.2
pbati 26.8
pi
vas- 7.14.2
prandhi- 11.3.2
pur- 7.12.1, 8.2
purs, 23.17
pura
23.16
pyati 7.16.2
pu
rva 21.2
pe 11.17.4, 11.20.5
pr tan- 11.2.3
prtans 19.2.11
prth- 11.2.1, 11.17.3
pr 11.18, 23.19
prti 23.14
pratham- 21.2
pra
7.6.1
*pra
k- 7.6.1
prac
pr chte 11.20.4, 26.16
pran- 11.21.2
priy- 11.1.3
priym 7.14.3: fn. 2.6
priya
s / priya
sas 19.2.11
bandh 11.3.2
bhu
-
bhu
19.5.27
bhv 19.5.27
budhn- 11.13
bravi
ti 11.31
am 10.3.3
bhakt- 11.16, 33.3
bhga- 11.12
bhaj 11.25.6
bhar
mai 30.1.a
ati 8.1
an 31
an 11.10.1, 11.4
bhavi 7.8.3
am 10.3.3
ati 26.6
bhvemahi 10.1.1: fn. 2.7
bhvema, ta 10.1.1: fn. 2.7
bhyr 30.1.b
bhiaj- 26.13
-bhi 16.7
-bhym 15.3
word index 157
-bhys 16.6
bhri 19.5.3
bhra
trvya- 8.2
m-
ma
m, md 22.1.1
mhyam 22.1.1, 22.1.3
m, me
maku
ntam 7.5.1
ma
39.2
ma
s 18.1.1
ma
vu 35.3
mh- 11.20.5
medha
- 11.24.2
mrty- 81, 11.17.1
mriyte 26.12
y-, yt, ysya, ysys, y, ya
n,
ya
s ca 22.3
yac cid 38.3.b
yaj- 7.10.1, 11.21.1
yajya- 7.10.1
yt 38.3.a
ytra 38.3.d
yth 38.3.a
yd 11.10.2
yada
38.3.d
ydi 38.3.c
yam- 7.14.3
ya
vat 38.3.d
yukt- 7.17.3
yuga
16.1.1
yuvm, yuva
m, yuva
ku, yuv
22.1.3
yym, yumbhyam 22.1.4
yumd 11.10.2
r/lghyas- 11.3.2
ragh-7.8.2, 11.12
rtha- 11.2.1, 11.17.3
ratheha
k- 13.1, 18.1.1
va
cam 18.1.2
vcs 18.1.5, 18.7
vca
18.1.8
vgbh 18.1.19
vgbhyas 18.1.18
va
m 22.1.3
vy- 7.3.2, 10.3.4
v 23.23
vidva
n 18.8
vidva
sam 18.8
vim at- 21.1
v-
v 18.1.1
vam 18.1.2
vis 18.1.5
vi 18.1.7
via
18.1.8
vi 18.1.9
vas 18.1.15
via
m 18.1.17
vibhys 18.1.18
vva- 7.9.3
vvebhyas 19.1.19
vvasmai, vve, vvem
20.2
vivvasu- 5.4: fn. 2.1
vga- 10.2.1
ved
vttha 11.20.2
vitt- 11.20.2
158 word index
vda- 27.2
vohar- 11.25.3
vo 19.5.29
vr ka- 11.2.2
vrjna- 7.9.1
vrat- 8.2
vrdh 8.2
vr ddh- 11.11.2, 11.24.3
vrnt 11.2.4
am sa- 7.9.3, 11.3.2
atm 11.20.3, 19.1.11, 21.1
ay
te 7.8.1, 25.1.1
yna- 7.8.3: fn. 2.3
viha- 7.8.2, 7.15.1
s 11.20.1, 11.20.3
ia- 27.2.a
star- 11.20.3
pre 19.2.8
pti- 7.16.1
rav 11.20.3
ra
vi 25.2, 32.1.c
van-
va
18.1.1
va
nam 18.1.2
nas 18.1.5
ne 18.1.7
va
n18.1.10
va
nas 18.1.14
nm 18.1.17
ryas- 11.1.3
rha- 10.2.2: fn. 2.9
11.16
s, tt, sa
22.2.3
sakr t 21.3
sakman- 11.16
skhy-
skh 11.16, 19.5.1
skhyam 19.5.2
skhy 19.5.9
sac 11.26.1
ate 7.9.1 8.1
ante 7.14.3
sak- 7.14.1, 26.2.a
sacan- 7.9.1
sc 23.24
sattr- 11.17.4
satym 7.14.3: fn. 2.6, 7.15.2
satra
23.26
sna- 27.2.a
sapt 11.26.1
saptat- 21.1
sapttha- 21.2
sm 23.27
srva- 7.17.5, 11.1.3, 11.26.1
sarvtti- 8.2
sah 23.25
shas- 7.9.4
sahsra- 19.1.11, 21.1
sicti 26.9
sm 22.1.6
sukrtu- 11.16
sumy- 10.5.2
suvit- 11.30
skt- 11.10.2: fn. 2.11
srya
yai 19.2.6
skndha- 11.20.1
skambh- 11.4
star- 9.2
sth 11.20.1
sneh
snihyati 11.25.6
sp 18.1.1
sprh 11.20.1
smd 11.26.2, 23.22
smsi 11.26.2
-sva 11.31, 30.2.c
sv- 11.30, 22.4
svsmin, sv, sva
nm 22.4
svapty- 8.1
svpna- 9.1, 11.30
svr- 7.9.1, 9.1, 11.30
svs 18.5
svinn- 11.13
srm- 11.26.3
srtas- 11.26.3
han
ti 11.12.2
han-
ha
18.1.1
hnam 18.12
ghns 18.1.5
ghn 18.1.7
hnas 18.1.14
ghns 18.1.15
harm
i
y- 8.1
hav
hvyati 11.14.2
hsta-
hst 19.1.10
htayo 19.1.13
hstbhy 19.1.14
hstai 19.1.19
hastn- 18.4
h
jahmi 11.24.1
h 38.2
hit- 33.3
him- 11.24.1
hotr- 11.24.1, 18.5
hvar
ate 11.14.2
Umbrian
bum 19.2.11: fn. 3.5
tursa 19.2.3
tutas 19.2.4
vitlaf 19.2.11
koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2014 | doi: 10.1163/9789004258099_010
Topical Index
ablaut 11.9, 13.2, 14.4, 14.5.1, 17, 18.1, 18.1.5, 18.1.9,
18.1.14 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.4, 18.5
accent 7.14.4, 11.2.2, 11.22, 13.2, 17, 22.4;
displacement 11.2.2, 13.2, 19.1.6
hysterodynamic 17, 19.4, 19.4.3, 19.5.1,
19.5.2, 19.5.7, 19.5.18, 19.5.22, 19.5.24,
19.5.33
proterodynamic 17, 18.1.5, 19.5.4, 19.5.17,
19.5.22, 19.5.33, 25.1.1
agent 23.24, 36.3
agreement 20, 35
Aktionsart 25.3
allomorph 13.2, 13.4, 14.1.1, 30.2.e
analogy fn. 2.2, 11.11.1, 11.11.2, 11.21.2, fn. 2.14, 16.5,
18.2, 18.3, 18.8, 19.1.6, 19.1.17, 19.3.5; fn. 2.3,
3.2
intraparadigmatic 7.4.4, 11.12, 11.27, 18.6,
18.6; fn. 3.2
anaptyxis 7, 8, 9, 11.14.1
archetype 2,4, 4.2.5, 4.2.7, 5.2, 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 7.1,
7.7, 11.1.3, 11.4, 11.23.1
aspect 25.3
assimilation 11.1.4, 19.1.3, 19.1.16
Bartholomae 11, 11.11.1, 11.20.2, 11.24.3
Brugmann 7.4.6, 13.2, 18.4, 18.5, 18.7, 18.8, 19.5.2,
19.5.39, 21.1, 26.15, 28, 32.1.c
causative 27.14, 26.15
(relative) chronology 3, 11.1.4, 18.1.2, 18.8, 19.1.1,
21.3, 22.2.1, 25.1.2, 35.3, 40.1, 40.2
comparison 18.7, 20.1.1, 20.1.1, 21.2, 23.11, 36.2,
37.4.b, 38.3.b
compound(ing)/composition 18.1, 19.5.18,
19.5.39
vowel 5.4, 7.9.4, 7.13.2; fn. 2.1
ending
14.1.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.8, 16.3.2, 18.1.3, 18.1.4,
18.1.9, 19.1.8, 19.2.1, 19.2.3
blending 15.4.2, 19.1.13
OAv./YAv. dialectal differences 1, 7.2, 11, 11.11.1,
14.5.1, 18.3, 19.1.6, 19.1.7, 22.1.5, 30.1.a
degrees of adjectival comparison 18.7, 20.1.1
comparative 18.7, 20.1.1
superlative 5.4, 7.8.2, 7.15.1, 11.20.3, 11.24.2,
20.1.1, 21.2
devoicing 11.16
dissimilation fn. 2.14
enclitic 7.2, 8.1, 11.3.2, 11.28, 16.1.2, 16.6, 19, 19.1.1,
19.1.6, 19.1.8, 19.1.9, fn. 2.3, 3.8
enlargement 19.1.7
epenthesis 8, 9.1., 9.2.1, 10.5.3, 10.6.3, 11.1.4
fricativization 11.1.3, 11.8, 11.11, 11.14.3, 11.15,
19.5.30, 19.5.37
absence of 11.8, 11.10.3, 11.13, 11.14.3, 11.17.4
Gathas 1.4.1.1, 41, 41.3
gathicism 7.11.1, 11.18, 11.23.1, 14.6, 19.5.22
hypergathicism 11.26.3
Geldner 2; fn. 1.3
heteroclisis 13.3, 18.6; fn. 3.4
Hoffmann 2, 4.1, 5.1
inchoative 26.16
indeclinable words 21.1
infix 25.1.1, 25.1.3, 26.5, 26.9, 32.3; fn. 3.1
Iranian
(Proto-)Iranian 1, 6, 7, 7.14.5, 11, 11.2.2, 11.7,
11.8, 11.11.2, 11.13, 11.15, 11.20.5, 11.26.1
Eastern 4.2.2, 7.3.2, 7.3.3
laryngeal(s) 7.4, 7.14.5, 11.2.4, 11.15, 13.4, 14.7,
16.3.3, 17, 18.4, 19.1.8, 19.2.3, 19.3.3
stems in 18.1
lengthening 7.4.3, 14.7, 16.3.2, 16.5, 18.4, 19.5.18,
19.5.20, 21.1
loss
of d 21.1, 21.2
of 11.2
of i 19.5.1, 19.5.6, 19.5.8
of #k 21.2
of 19.1.3
of N# 18.4, 19.2.11
of r# 18.5
of t 11.10.1
of #u 22.1.4
of aspiration 11.7
of dental 11.11.2
of laryngeal 19.3.3
160 topical index
manuscripts 1, 2, 4.2.7, 4.2.8, 5.2, 5.2.2, 5.2.6,
5.4, 7.7, 11.1.1, 11.4, 11.22, 11.26.3, 38.1
pure, impure fn. 1.2
rediscovered fn. 1.3
Mazdayasnian fn. 1.1
motion-suffix 18.8, 19.3, 19.4, 20, 30.1.e
nasalization 7.7, 7.9.3, 11.3, 19.1.16, 19.5.14,
19.5.33
nom. pro voc. 19.3.3
nom.pl. pro acc.pl. 18.1.14, 19.1.16
participle 18.3, 18.8, 19.3, 30.1.e, 30.2.e, 33, 33.3,
39.3
passive 23.24, 25.2, 26.11.b, 32.1.c, 30.2.b, 30.2.c,
33.3
Persian
Old 1, 4.2.4, 6, 11.1.3, 21.4, 31, 37.2
Middle 2, 11.2.3
postposition 11.31, 14.5.1, 16.8, 18.1.9, 19.1.7,
19.1.9, 19.1.21, 19.2.15, 19.3.14, 19.5.26
preverbs 7.14.3, 7.15.5, 11.13, 11.14.3, 11.17, 23,
25.1.2, 31
prohibition 37.2; fn. 4.1
Prolegomena 2
(liturgical) pronunciation 4.1.2, 4.2.4, 4.2.6, 7.1,
9, 10; fn. 2.13
prothesis 21.1, 22.1.4
punctuation 5.4, 38.1
root 13.1, 17, 18.1, 18.4, 20.1.1, 25.1, 25.1.1, 25.1.2,
25.1.3, 28, 29, 32.1.c, 33.1
recharacterization 16.1.1, 19.1.15, 22.2.1
reduplication 11.13, 26, 26.2.a, 26.2.b, 26.8,
26.12, 26.17.b, 27, 27.2.b, 28, 32.2
Rckverwandlung fn. 2.4
ruki 11.20.5, 11.25.1, 14.1.1, 22.1.6
shortening 7.2, 7.3.1, 19.1.6, 19.1.18, 19.3.11, 19.5.2,
19.5.13, 19.5.16, 21.1, 22
Stang fn. 3.5
stem 5.4, 13.1, 13.3, 13.4, 17, 25.1.3, 25.3, 30, 31,
33.1
suppletion 22, 22.1, 22.2.1, 22.2.3, 22.2.4, 22.2.5
svarabhakti 9
tmesis 25.1.2
transcription of Avestan 5.1; fn. 2.11
vocalization
of laryngeal 7.14.5
voicing 11.11.1, 11.24.2, 11.26.1, 16.2
Vulgate 4.2.6; fn. 2.12
YAv. features in OAv. 4.1.3, 7.8.3, 7.9.4, 7.13.1,
10.1.2, 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.4, 14.6, 18.1.7, 19.1.9; fn.
2.1, fn. 2.6
Zarathustra 1, 4.1.1, 41, 41.3