Units • Topics • Outlines

1. Basic physical Seven base units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin,
science mole, candela)
Some common derived units for quantities including speed, • Conversion between different units (e.g. 1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3)
acceleration, force, energy, power, pressure, frequency, charge,
potential difference, resistance, capacitance, magnetic flux
Powers of ten shorthand (10n)
Prefixes (pico, nano, micro, milli, kilo, mega, giga)
Standard form ( eg. 1.286 × 105); prefix and its symbols for a
particular multiple
Significant figures • In calculations, answers are usually written with 3 sig. figures.
States of matter (solid, liquid, gas) • characteristics of the three states of matter
mass •
Definition of density : density =
volume • Calculation using the definition of density; recall the density of water
(g/cm3 and kg/m3)
• measure the density of regularly shaped solid, irregularly shaped solid,
liquid and air
Floating and sinking • Archimede’s principle
Mass, force and weigh
Hooke’s law
12. Heat and Definition of heat and temperature • definition of heat and temperature
temperature Temperature scale (Fahrenheit, Celsius, absolute scales) • State the freezing point and boiling point of water in Fahrenheit, Celsius
and absolute scales
Body heat and body temperature • State the body temperatures of various activities and conditions in Celsius
Conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation
Humidity, relative humidity • definition of relative humidity (RH); factors affect the rate of evaporation
• How is the relative humidity affect human body
Core temperature vs. surface temperature
Surface temperature measurement • function, advantages and disadvantages of different types of
Liquid crystal thermometer thermometers
Core temperature measurement
Mercury temperature
Thermistors
Thermocouple
Infrared thermometer
 Units • Topics • Outlines
Regulation of temperature
Thermostat
Control of a heater
Control of body temperature
Feedback and control
20. The eye and sight Law of reflection
Diffuse reflection v.s. regular reflection
Law of refraction
refractive index • refractive index and its relationship with speed of light in the material
Total Internal reflection • State the conditions for occurrence of total internal reflection
• Definition of the critical angle
• Application in endoscopes
Thin lens and the thin lens formula 1 1 1
• u +v = f
• Application of the thin lens formula
• Magnification of images
The power of a lens • Unit of power – dioptre (D)
Structure of the eye • Compare the structure of the eye and camera
Accommodation of the eye • The meaning of unaccommodated and accommodated
Depth of field and depth of focus
Resolution of the eye • Radian as the unit for resolution
• Ultimate limit of resolution and it’s relationship with the separation of the
cones in the fovea
Response of the eye to variations in wavelength and intensity • The functions of rods and cones
• Sketch the sensitive curve of rods and cones in different wavelength
• Sketch the response of rods and cones against light intensity and the
definition of scotopic vision
Defects of the eye including short sight, long sight, presbyopia,
astigmatism and colour blindness
33. The sound and Transverse and longitudinal waves
hearing Wavelength, frequency, speed, amplitude, phase and the wave
equation.
Properties of Sound • Sound as longitudinal wave
• v = fλ
T (K )
• vw = (331 m / s )
273 K
 Units • Topics • Outlines
Sound intensity and sound level P I
• I= ; β (dB ) = 10 log 10 I ; I0 = 10-12 W/m2 is a reference
A 0
intensity
• Reason for dB as the unit for sound level measurement
• typical sound levels and intensities especially the levels causing long
term and short term damages
Resonance • Nodes and antinodes in standing wave
• sketch the resonance of air in a tube closed at one end and open at both
ends
• definition of fundamental, overtones and harmonics
• Calculation related with the wavelength and the length of a tube when
resonance is happened
Hearing – perception and physical quantity • relationship between perception (pitch, loudness and timbre) and their
corresponding physical quantities
Frequency response • understand the reason of frequency response of the ear
• frequency range for the normal hearing
Loudness • frequencies for ultrasound and infrasound
• difference between loudness and intensity
• loudness vs. frequency curves
• unit of loudness (Phon)
Effect of noise • limit of the acceptable sound level
• long term effect of noise
• other effects of noise and possible protection measures
5. Medical ultrasound natural of ultrasound • frequency range of the ultrasound
• limits of the resolution of ultrasound
generation and detection of ultrasound • know that a ultrasound transducer works like both a speaker and a
microphone
factors that affect reflection of ultrasound • reflection depends on the difference in acoustic impedances of the two
media on either side of the boundary
ultrasound scan • pulse –echo measurement
• ultrasound A-scan and B-scan: understand the working principle, apply to
calculate the thickness of tissue
ultrasound diagnostic and therapy • intensity range used in diagnostic and therapeutic, applications in
diagnostic and in therapeutic,
• limitation of resolution and penetration depth of ultrasound imaging
 Units • Topics
6. Pressure and fluids Definition of pressure
Liquid pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Gauge pressure and absolute pressure
Measurement of gauge pressure
Measurement of blood pressure
7. Electricity I Electric charge, electrostatic forces
Charging by contact and by induction,
The electric field
Electric potential difference (voltage),
Capacitor, energy storage in capacitors
• Outlines
F
• P = , SI unit of pressure: Pa, 1 Pa=1N/m2
A
• pressure due to the weight of a liquid: P=Dgh
• Patm = 1 atmospheric pressure (1 atm)=1.013x 105 N/m2 =1.013 x 105 Pa
• knowing that pressures in human circulatory system are gauge pressures
• know the relation between Pg and Pabs
• Pascal’s principle
• understand mmHg as unit of gauge pressure
• conversion between mmHg and Pa
• origin of blood pressure
• systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
• laminar flow or turbulent flow in blood artery and their resulting sound
• sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
• Understand the principle of determining systolic pressure and diastolic
pressure, Koroktoff sounds
• Meaning of a record of blood pressure measurement result
• electric charge, rules of electrostatic
• The unit of charge
• Charge of electrons
• Factors that influences electrostatic force
• The sign of electrostatic forces and charges involved
• charging by contact and charging by induction,
• an electroscope
• conductors and insulators
• charge polarization
• the principle of lightening rod
• electric field lines for positive and negative charges
• electric filed line between two parallel metal plate with opposite charges
• definition of electric potential difference,
EPE B − EPE A
∆V = VB −VA =
q
Electrical potential energy, kinetic energy.
or ∆ V=∆ EPE/Q, and ∆ EPE=∆ KE
• charging and discharging of a capacitor
 Units • Topics • Outlines
Q 1
• equations for charge storage C = , and energy stored U = CV
2`

V 2
in a capacitor,
• dielectrics and increase of capacitance by inserting dielectrics
κ εo A
• C= , membrane of living cell as capacitor
d
• concept of dielectric constant (relative permittivity)
The electric current, • concept of charge flow, direction of current in metal wire
∆q
• I =
∆t
The electrical resistance, Ohm’s law V
• Ohm’s law : I = for simple circuit
R
Resistors, resistivity L
• resistance and resistivity of resistors, R = ρ
A
• Calculation involving simple electric circuit.
• R= R1+ R2+ R3 +…
1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
• R R1 R2 R3
Electrolysis • Understand electrolysis of a salt,
• cathode and anode as well as how ions move under current
Electrical power, electric energy • electric power and : P=IV
• For resistor, P=I2R=V2/R,
• energy = power x time.
DC current and AC current • the difference between a dc current and a ac current,
• For ac, peak current (voltage), effective (rms) current (voltage) and
conversion between them
• For ac, peak power, average power and conversion between them.
8. Electricity II Electrical signal transmission through nerves • Know the basic nerve cell
• Know resting/action potentials and related polarization /depolarization of
a nerve cell,
The heart beat and ECG measurement • heartbeat, principle of a ECG measurement, how it is related to the
heartbeat
• the waveforms of a typical ECG wave pattern.
• some common cardiac disorders that can be diagnosed by ECG as well as
their shape-dependences.
 Units • Topics • Outlines
• Defibrillator, artificial pacemaker
Physiological effects of current • three mains effects of current
• neural stimulation: indirect and direct stimulation
• frequency range and different range of current as well as their effects in
indirect stimulation
Electrical safety • the electric hazards of currents on human body
• hints for electrical safety precautions
• the structure and working principle of a commercial plug
11. Magnetism Magnetism of the Earth • relation between geographical poles and magnetic poles of the Earth
Compass principle • how compass works
• rules of magnetic forces
Magnetic field created by magnet • direction of the magnetic field lines created by a permanent magnet
Magnetic field created by a wire carrying current • right-hand rule to determine the directions of magnetic field (or current)
created by a straight current-wire or a current -loop
Electromagnet • magnetic field (lines) created inside/outside of a solenoid
Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field • left-hand rule to determine the directions of force created by a magnetic
field on straight current-wire
• Relation between force and current, magnetic field
• the principle of dc motor
Hall Effect • Hall effect: application of left hand rule for moving charges in a fluid
• analyze the polarity of a Hall emf
• the Hall effect and the measurement of blood velocity,
• E=Blv
• Comparison between the two different techniques: the ultrasound and
electromagnetic method, the features of each technique
Magnetic induction: phenomena, • Faraday’s law, Lenz’ law
• analyze the induction and the direction of induced current in a loop using
Faraday law and Lenz law
• the principle of ac current generation
Transformer • the principle of transformer,
• voltage transformation and current transformation
20. EM waves and UV Electromagnetic spectrum • electromagnetic spectrum and their approximate wavelength ranges
radiation • relation of wavelength or frequency
• application examples for each type of radiation
Light as wave: wave equation • Apply the wave equation fλ =c
Light as particle: photon • The relation between frequency, wavelength and photon energy :
 Units • Topics • Outlines
E=hf=hc/λ ,
• The electron volts (eV) as unit of energy, 1ev= 1.6 x 10-19 J.
UV radiation and its protection • Classification of three types of UV radiation and their wavelength
ranges
• factors that affect UV radiation
• health risks associated with UV, especially skin
• how UV is measured: instrumentation,
• UVI: how UVI is obtained, erythemal action spectrum,
• Suntan and sunburn: their relation with type of UV
21. medical laser Simple atomic model • The meaning of Z-number,
• The charge of electron and proton
Light emission • excitation and de-excitation of atoms,
• the light emission equation ∆ E=hc/λ =hf
How lasers work: • difference between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission,
• three characteristics that differentiate the laser from a ordinary light
source,
• laser energy, laser power, intensity (power density) and fluence,
Power=energy/time
Intensity (W/cm2)=Power /Spot area
Fluence (J/cm2)=Intensity x exposure time
• Pulsed laser:
Difference between CW lasers and pulsed lasers
Instantaneous power and average power
Pulse width and repetition rate.

Mechanisms of lasers interaction with tissue :
selective absorption of laser
22. Ionizing radiation Interaction of energetic photons with matter:
• photocoagulation, photo- vaporization and photo chemical ablation
• temperature range for the two thermal processes in laser-tissue
interaction
• physical – biological processes related to different absorption
mechanisms
• some simple applications of photocoagulation and photo-vaporization in
laser surgery and beauty treatment
• the three absorbing components and their absorption range
• principal absorption mechanism in each application
• principle and examples of some medical application of laser
• ionizing radiation and Attenuation mechanism: photoelectric effect and
Compton Scatter(ing) and their comparison
• linear attenuation coefficient: its dependence on Z-number, I=Ioe-µ x
Units • Topics • Outlines
• half-value thickness
Production of x-ray • structure of an x-ray tube
• typical x-ray spectrum produced by x-ray tube
• tube current and voltage, tube power,
• efficiency of x-ray tubes
• mechanisms of two features of the x-ray spectrum:
• maximum frequency of x-rays produced from a x-ray tube
X-ray imaging, • the principle of x-ray imaging and main mechanism of attenuation
X-ray therapy (radiotherapy) involved for imaging
• the principle of x-ray therapy and main attenuation mechanism involved
in x-ray radiotherapy
• biological effect of ionizing radiation