1

In questions 16, the rst ve terms of each sequence are

found:
1 s n n ( ) , , , , = 2 3 1 1 3 5 7 :
2 g k
k
( ) , , , , = 2 3 1 1 5 13 29 :
3 f n
n
( ) , , , , =

3 2
3
2
3
4
3
8
3
16
3
32
:
4 a
a a
n n
1
1
5
3 5 8 11 14 17
=
= +

: , , , ,
5 a
n
n n
= + ( ) ( ) , , , , 1 2 3 1 7 5 19 29 :
6 b
b b n
n n
1
1
3
2 3 7 13 21 31
=
= +

: , , , ,
7 The sequence 52, 55, 58, 61, ...

is arithmetic;
d = = = = 61 58 58 55 55 52 3.
8 The sequence 1 3 9 27 81 , , , , , ...

is geometric;
r =

=

=

=

=
81
27
27
9
9
3
3
1
3.
9 The sequence 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 8 1 6 3 2 . , . , . , . , . , . , ...

is geometric;
r = = = = =
0 2
0 1
0 4
0 2
3 2
1 6
2
.
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
10 The sequence 3 6 12 18 21 27 , , , , , , ...

is neither arithmetic
nor geometric.
11 The sequence 6 14 20 28 34 , , , , , ...

is neither arithmetic nor
geometric.
1.2 The sequence 2 4 3 7 5 6 3 7 6 . , . , , . , . , ...

is arithmetic;
d = = = = = 3 7 2 4 5 3 7 6 3 5 7 6 6 3 1 3 . . . . . . . .
13


14

19 15 11 7
9
23 4
4 19
8
1 1
, , , , ...
a
b
c
a
a n
a a a
n
n n
=
=
= =

,
15


16


10 05 9 95 9 85 9 75
9 35
10 15 0 1
8
. , . , . , . , ...
.
. .
a
b
c
a
a n
n
=
=
aa a a
n n
= =
1 1
0 1 10 05 . . ,
17

100 99 98 97
93
101
1 10
8
1 1
, , , , ...
a
b
c
a
a n
a a a
n
n n
=
=
= =

, 0 0
18

2
1
2
1
5
2
17
2
7 3
2
3
2
8
1 1
, , , , ...
=
=

= =

a
b
c
a
a
n
a a a
n
n n
, 2 2
19

3 6 12 24
384
3 2
2 3
8
1
1 1
, , , , ...
a
b
c
a
a
a a a
n
n
n n
=
=
= =

,
20

4 12 36 108
8748
4 3
3
8
1
1 1
, , , , ...
a
b
c
a
a
a a a
n
n
n n
=
=
= =

, 44
21

5 5 5 5
5
5 1
5
8
1
1 1
, , , , ...
( )

=
=
= =

a
b
c
a
a
a a a
n
n
n n
,
22

3 6 12 24
384
3 2
2
8
1
1
, , , , ...
( )

=
=
=

a
b
c
a
a
a a
n
n
n n
, a
1
3 =
23

972 324 108 36
4
9
972
3
8
1
, , , , ...
( )

=
=

a
b
c
a
a
a
a
n n
n
nn
a

=
1
1
3
972 ,
Practice questions

=
=
= + =

3 2 7 12
32
5 8
5 3
8
1 1
, , , , ...
,
a
b
c
a
a n
a a a
n
n n

=
=
= + =

8 3 14 25
69
11 19
11
8
1 1
, , , , ...
a
b
c
a
a n
a a a
n
n n
, 8 8
Chapter 3

=
=
= + =

8 3 14 25
69
11 19
11
8
1 1
, , , , ...
a
b
c
a
a n
a a a
n
n n
, 88
2
Chapter 3
24

a
a
a a d d d
1
7
7 1
15
21
6 15 6 21 6
=
=
= + + = =
The arithmetic sequence is: 15, 9, 3, 23, 29, 215, 221.
25

a
a
a a d d d
1
5
5 1
99
100
4 99 4 100
1
4
0 25
=
=
= + + = = = .
The arithmetic sequence is: 99, 99.25, 99.5, 99.75, 100.
26

a
a
a d
a d
d d a
3
12
1
1
1
11
47
2 11
11 47
9 36 4 3
=
=
+ =
+ =

= = =
Soo, a n n
n
= + = 3 1 4 4 1 ( ) .
27

a
a
a d
a d
d d
7
13
1
1
48
10
6 48
12 10
6 38
19
3
=
=
+ =
+ =

= = =
= + =
a
a n n
n
1
86
86 1
19
3
19
3
277
3
So, ( ) .
28

a
a
a a r r r r r
1
6
6 1
5 5 5 5 5
7
1701
7 1701 243 3 3
=
=
= = = = =
The geometric sequence is: 7, 21, 63, 189, 567, 1701.
29

a
a
a a r r r r
a
1
3
3 1
2 2 2
1 2
2
9
64
9 64
64
9
8
3
24
=
=
= = = =
=
,
The geometric mean is positive, so the answer is 24.
30

a
a
a a r r r r
a a
1
3
3 1
2 2 2
1 2
4 1
24
6
24 6
1
4
1
2
1
=
=
= = = =
=
,
22
3
24
1
2
3
1

=
=

a
n
n
31

r
a
a a r
=
=
= = =
3
7
14
3
14
3
3
7
98
9
4
3 4
: :
32

a
r
a
a a r
n
n
n n n
1
1
1 1 1
7
3
137 781
137 781 7 3 3 1
=
=
=
= = =

99 683
3 3 10
1 9

= =
n
n
So, 137 781 is the 10th term of the sequence.
33


19 683
64
is the 10th term of the sequence.
34

P n t r
A P
r
n
nt
= = = =
= +

= +
2500 2 10 0 04
1 2500 1
0 0
, , , .
. 44
2
3714 87
20

.
Tim

s account will hold 3714.87.

35

P n t r
A P
r
n
nt
= = = =
= +

= +
1000 4 18 0 06
1 1000 1
0 0
, , , .
. 66
4
2921 16
4 18

.
William will have 2921.16 on his 18th birthday.
36

A n t r
A P
r
n
P
nt
= = = =
= +

= +
3000 4 6 0 06
1 3000 1
0
, , , .
:
..
.
06
4
2098 63
4 6

You should invest 2098.63 now.

37

a
d
a
a a n d n n
S
n
n
1
1
6
13
6
367
1 367 13 1 6 60
=
=
=
= + = + = ( ) ( )
00
60
2
13 367 11400 = + = ( )
a
a
a
a r
a r
r
n
3
6
1
2
1
5
3
18
243
4
19 683
64
18
243
4
243
4
=
=
=
=
=
= ::
: :
18
27
8
3
2
18 18
3
2
8
3
1
2
2
1
= =
= =

=
=
r r
a r
a a r
n
nn
n
n
n

=
1
1
9
9
1
19 683
64
8
3
2
3
2
3
2
10 0
3
38 The series is geometric.

a
r
a
n
1
2
2
3
4096
177147
=
=
=

a a r
n
n
n
n
=

1
1
1
2
2
3
4096
177147
2
3
11 11
12 1
12
2
3
12
1
1
2
2
3
1
=

=
=

n
S a
r
r
n

2
3
1
1 190 75 .
39

( . ) . ... . ( . ) . 3 0 2 3 3 2 5 2
12
2
3 5 2 49 2
0
11
+ = + + + = + =
=

k
k
40 This is an innite geometric series with
a r
1
2
2
3
= = and .

S
a
r

=
+
=
1
1
2
1
2
3
6
5
41 This is an innite geometric series with
a r
1
1
2
2
3
= = and .

S
a
r

+
+
=
+
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
2 3 2
3 2
3 2
3 6
2 ( )
42 In each case we have an innite geometric series.

a



0 7 0 7777 0 7 0 07 0 007
7 10 7 10
1 2
. . ... . . . ... = = + + +
= + +

77 10
7
10
1
10
0 7
7
10
1
1
10
7
9
3
1
+
= =
= =

...
,
.
a r
S





b





0 345 0 3 0 045 4545 0 3 0 045 0 000 45
0
. . . ... . . . ...
.
= + = + + +
= 33 45 10 45 10 45 10
45
1000
1
100
0
3 5 7
1
+ + + +
= =

...
, a r
.. . . 345 0 3 0 3
45
1000
1
1
100
3
10
45
990
19
55
= + = +

= + =

S



c

3 2129 3 21 0 002 929 29 3 21 0 0029 0 000 029 . . . ... . . . = + = + + + +
= + + + +
=

...
. ... 3 21 29 10 29 10 29 10
29
10 0
4 6 8
1
a
000
1
100
3 2129 3 21 3 21
29
10 000
1
1
100
321
,
. . .
r
S
=
= + = +

1100
29
9900
7952
2475
+ =
43

( ) ( ) ( )
(
2 3
9
2 3
3
9
3
2
9 9
0
9
x x =

i
i
i i
i
xx x x ) ( ) ( )
9 3 3 6 6
3 84 64 27 145152

= =
The coecient of x
6
is 145152.
44

( ) ( ) ( )
(
a b
i
a
i a
i i
i
x x + =

7 7
0
7
7
3
4
7
4
xx x )
7 4 4 3 3 4
35

= b a b
The coecient of x
3 4
b is 35
3
a .
45

2
15
2
2
15
2
15
0
15
z
z
z
z

i
i
i
i
( )
ii =

10
15
10
2
3003
32
2
15 10
10
10
z
z
z
( ) zz
10
96 096 =
The constant term is 96 096.
46

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2
5
0
3 2
5
1
3 2
5 5 0 4
n m n m n m =

11
3 2 2 3 5
2
3 2
5
3
3 2
5
4
+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) n m n m

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2
5
5
3 2
1 4 0 5
n m n m


= + + 243 810 1080 720 240 32
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
n n m n m n m nm m
47

4 3
9
4 3
5
9
5
4 3
2
9
9 2
0
9
4
+ ( ) =

( )
=

r
i
r
i
i
i
i
rr r r
2
5
10 10
126 256 243 7 838 208 ( ) = =
The coecient of r
10
is 7 838 208.
48

a
a
a
d
n d
d n
n
1
4
4
19
99
4 3 19
4 1 99
5 20
=
=
=
+ =
+ =

= =
( )
and
4
Chapter 3
49 Nicks studying hours form an arithmetic sequence
with rst term a
1
= 12

and common dierence d = 2.
Charlottes studying hours form a geometric sequence
with rst term b
1
= 12

and common ratio r = 1.1.

a

a a d
b b r
5 1
5 1
4 4
4 12 4 2 20
12 1 1 17 57
= + = + =
= = . .
In week 5, Nick studied for 20 hours and Charlotte
studied for 17.57 hours.

b

S
S
arithmetic
geometric
15
15
15
2
2 12 15 12 390 = + [ ] = ( )
==

12
1 1 1
1 1 1
381 27
15
.
.
.
For the 15 weeks, Nick studied for a total of 390 hours
and Charlotte studied for a total of 381.27 hours.

c
b n n
n
n
> > > + >

40 12 1 1 40
40
12
1 1
1 13 6
1
.
log
log .
.
Charlotte will exceed 40 hours of study per week in
the 14th week.
d We need to determine n so that b a
n n
. The easiest
way of doing this is by entering n (as X), a
n
(as Y
1
),
and b
n
(as Y
2
) into Table in a GDC.

We see that in week 12 Nick will study for 34 hours
while Charlotte studies for 34.24 hours. So, Charlotte
will catch up with Nick in week 12.
50 Plan A forms an arithmetic sequence with rst term
a
1
= 1000

and common dierence d = 80. Plan B forms
a geometric sequence with rst term b
1
= 1000

and
common ratio r = 1.06.

a

b
b
2
3
2
1000 1 06 1060
1000 1 06 1123 6
= =
= =
.
. .
g
g

b

a a d
b b
12 1
12 1
11
11 1000 11 80 1880
1 06 1898
= + = + =
=
g
. .33 g

c i

S a d
A12 1
12
2
2 11 6 2 1000 11 80 17 280 = + ( ) = + ( ) = g

ii
S b
r
r
B
n
12 1
12
1
1
1000
1 06 1
1 06 1
16 869 9 =

.
.
. g
51 a The initial amount forms a geometric sequence with
a
1
= 500

and common ratio r = 1.06

(xed rate 6% per
annum).
After 10 years it will be worth: a
11
= a
1
r
10
= 500
.
1.06
10

= 895.42 = 895 to the nearest euro.
b The future value is a partial sum of a geometric
sequence:
FV a
r
r
=

1
11 11
1
1
1 500
1 06 1
1 06 1
1
.
.
== 6985.82
= 6986 to the nearest euro.
52 6, 9.5, 13, ... is an arithmetic sequence with a
1
= 6 and
d = 3.5.
a a a d
40 1
39 6 39 3 5 142 5 = + = + = . .
b S a d
103 1
103
2
2 103 1
103
2
2 6 102 3 5 19 003
= + [ ]
= + ( ) =
( )
. . .5
53 The training programme forms an arithmetic sequence
with a
1
= 2 and d = 0.5.
a a n n
n
= + = = 20 2 1 0 5 20 37 ( ) .
She rst runs a distance of 20 km on the 37th day of
her training.
b S
37
37
2
2 2 36 0 5 407 = + ( ) = .
The total distance run during 37 days of training
would be 407 km.
54 a r = = =
2400
1600
3600
2400
3
2
b The number of new participants in 2012 is the 13th
term in the sequence.

c

a a r
13 1
12
12
1600
3
2
207 594 = =

=

a
n
n
n
>

>

>

50 000 1600
3
2
50 000
3
2
31 2
1
1
. 55
31 25
1 5
1 9 489 > + > n n
log .
log .
.
The 10th term of the sequence will be greater than
50 000; therefore, the number of new participants will
rst exceed 50 000 in 2009.
d S a
r
r
13 1
13 13
1
1
1600
1 5 1
1 5 1
619 582 =

=
.
.
e This trend in growth would not continue due to
market saturation.
55

a
a a d d d
a a n
n
1
4 1
1
25
13 3 13 25 3 13 4
11995
=
= + = + = =
= + ( ) =
+ ( ) ( ) = =
1 11995
25 1 4 11995 3006
d
n n
5
56 a MN =

= =
1
2
1
2
2
4
2
2
2 2
b Area
MNPQ
=

=
2
2
1
2
2
c i

RS
RSTU
=

= + =
=
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
8
1
8
1
2
2 2
Area

11
2
1
4
1
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
2
2

=
= = = , , , ... r

ii

d i Area
10
=

=
=

1
1
2
1
512
1
1
1
1
2
2
9
1
S
a
r

ii
57 Tims swimming programme forms an arithmetic
sequence with a
1
= 200 and d = 20.
a a a d
52 1
51 200 51 20 1220 = + = + =
Tim will swim 1220 metres in the nal week.

b
S a d
52 1
52
2
2 51
52
2
2 200 51 20 36 920 = + ( ) = + ( ) =
Altogether, Tim swims 36 920 metres.
58 a Area Area
A B
=

= =

=
3
3
1
1
3
1
9
2 2


b

Area
C
=

=
1
9
1
81
2

c

Shaded area
Shaded area Shaded are
2
3
= + = +
=
1 8
1
9
1
8
9
aa
2
+ = + +

8
8
81
1
8
9
8
9
2


d

Shaded area
Unshaded

= + +

+ =

= 1
8
9
8
9
1
1
8
9
9
2
...
area Shaded area

= = 9 0
59 a i The series 2 + 22 + 222 + 2222 + ... is neither
arithmetic nor geometric.
ii The series 2
4
3
8
9
16
27
+ + + + ...

is geometric
with r =
2
3
<1; thus converging.
iii The series 0.8 + 0.78 + 0.76 + 0.74 + ...

is arithmetic
with d = 0.02.
iv The series 2
8
3
32
9
128
27
+ + + + ...

is geometric
with r = >
4
3
1; thus diverging.
b For series ii we have: S

=
2
1
2
3
6.
60 The Kell scheme forms an arithmetic sequence with
a
1
= 18 000 and d = 400.

The IBO scheme forms a
geometric sequence with b
1
= 17 000 and r = 1.07.
a All answers are in euros.

Kell:
IBO:
a a a
b
2 3 2
2
18 000 400 18 400 400 18 800
1
= + = = + =
=
,
77 000 1 07 18190 1 07 19 463 3
10
2
3 2
10
= = =
=
. , . . b b
S Kell: (( )
.
.
2 18 000 9 400 198 000
17 000
1 07 1
1 0
10
10
+ =
=

IBO: S
77 1
234 879 62
18 000 9 400 21600
10
10

=
= + =
.
Kell:
IBO:
a
b == = 17 000 1 07 31253 81
9
. .


b i From a ii we can see that b
3
> a
3
, so Merijayne will
start earning more than Tim in the third year.
ii We can compare their total earnings with the help
of a GDC. If X denotes the year, Y
1
represents
total earnings for Tim and Y
2
for Merijayne, we
have:

In the fourth year, Merijaynes total earnings will
exceed those of Tim.
61 The number of seats in each row forms an arithmetic
sequence with a
1
= 16 and d = 2.
a a a d
24 1
23 16 23 2 62 = + = + =
b S
24
16 18 62
24
2
16 62 936 = + + + = + ( ) = ...
62 The values of the investment after each year form a
geometric sequence with a
1
= 7000, r = 1.0525, and a
n+1

represents the value of the investment after n years.
a Value of investment = 7000
.
1.0525
t

b

7000 1 0525 10 000 1 0525
10
7
10
7
= =
=

. .
log
lo
t t
t
gg( . )
.
1 0525
6 97 =
The minimum number of years is 7.
c If the rate of 5% is compounded quarterly, the value of
the investment over 7 years would be:
7000 1
5
4 100
9911 95
7 4
+

. .
For 5.25% compounded annually, the value of the
investment would be 7000
.
1.0525
7
= 10 015.04.
Therefore, the investment at 5.25% annually is better.
i
ii
iii
6
Chapter 3
63 a

S a
S a a a a
1 1
2 1 2 2 2
9 9
20 20 9 20 11
= =
= + = + = =
b d a a = = =
2 1
11 9 2
c a a d
4 1
3 9 3 2 15 = + = + =