1.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

1.1 Background
Internship program is a pre-service fieldwork training to be compulsorily undertaken for B.V.Sc.
& A.H. as integral part of the degree at IAAS, Rampur, Chitwan. This is a six months long field
oriented training period where students are exposed to all aspects of livestock health, livestock
production and management in order to gain a practical experience in the animal husbandry and
clinical practices. It is started after completion of nine semester academic courses and will not
exceed six months. During the internship period students are exposed to all aspects of livestock
health such as disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as livestock and poultry
husbandry practices.
Objectives
The major objective of this program is to offer pre-service field training to the B.V.Sc. & A. H.
students in the field of veterinary science and animal husbandry, particularly in veterinary
hospitals , disease diagnosis laboratories and livestock farm.
The specific objectives are
To develop the skill and ability of the students for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
livestock and poultry diseases.
To make the students familiar with the epidemiology of different livestock and poultry
diseases at the site.
To develop skill of the students in the field of animal husbandry, about the managerial
aspects.
To make the students familiar with the status of zoonotic diseases at the site.

1.3 Duration of Internship
Duration of internship was six months. It was started from 1st of Magh, 2070 with an orientation
of internship program at IAAS organized by internship advisory committee on 2nd of Magh. The
students were assigned to start their work from 7
th
of Magh at their respective sites.
1.4 Nature of Work
The internship was done at Veterinary Teaching Hospital under the guidance of site advisor Dr.
Yam Bahadur Gurung. Whole work was divided as the work on clinical unit at VTH, disease
diagnosis laboratories and IAAS Livestock farm, mid-term seminar and work on topic of interest
for five months and last one month was allocated for report preparation, submission and final
presentation.
This report was prepared based on the works done during the entire internship period which
contains two parts. The first part contains a brief description about the works done at the site and
case study while the second part contains research work entitled Efficacy of Fenbendazole
against Cestodes in Goats, IAAS Farm, Rampur, Chitwan.

2. LOCAL PROFILE OF SITE
2.1 District Profile
Chitwan is one of the most potential areas of livestock and poultry production. Chitwan is
already the largest poultry production pocket of the country. Currently livestock pattern is
changing from household sustainable level to commercialization both in poultry and dairy
sectors. This is greatly facilitated by committed farmers and other allied entrepreneurs, presence
of adequate technical support from the veterinarians and other technicians, suitability of the
environment for farming and adequate marketing facilities. Chitwan is also one of the tourists
destinations of Nepal because of Chitwan National Park. The park is located in east- southern
part of the district. It is listed in UNESCO World Heritage site and is the home to a number of
endangered animals, including Asian elephant, Great one horned rhinoceros and Royal Bengal
tiger.
Physio-graphically, Chitwan is divided into 37 VDCs and two municipalities. Bharatpur,
intersected by Bharatpur-Hetauda section of east-west highway, is head quarter of the district.
The principle species of livestock in Chitwan are cattle, buffalo, goat, pig and sheep. In all
species, there is trend of gradual shifting of indigenous breeds to cross and exotic breeds due to
the artificial insemination, increasing consciousness of the farmers and of commercialization of
livestock entrepreneurs. Among the cattle, the crossbreeds of Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, Haryana
and local cattle are found. The crossbreed of Murrah buffalo is very much popular and it covers
almost 69% of buffalo population. The main breeds of goats are Jamunapari, local Terai and
Khari. The majorities of world-class breeds/strains of poultry enjoy the shed of poultry in
Chitwan.

The special casts like Tharus, Kumals, Darai and Ghale rear sheep. The exotic breeds of swine
like Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc are reared as well as local pigs and Bandel (wild pig) by
native people.
The establishment of large number of feed industries, milk processing factories, chilling centers,
hatcheries and other related industries have accelerated the growth of livestock and poultry in
Chitwan. The involvement of private entrepreneurs in poultry industry blooms the chick, egg and
meat production as well as also gives vast opportunities of self employment and marketing.
The easy availability of government veterinary services, private veterinarians and Veterinary
Teaching Hospital, veterinary medical and biological stores provide competent services to the
livestock and poultry entrepreneurs. The DLSO has played a strategic role for the establishment
of different pocket areas of different livestock and poultry in the various regions of the district.
2.1.1 Geographical Location
Chitwan district extends from 27

21 to 27

52 North latitude and 83

54 to 84

48 East longitude
with a total land area of 218000 ha, located at an altitude of 141 to 1943 meters. Chitwan is an
inner Terai district possessing both hilly and plain valley. The district shares its boundaries with
Makawanpur and Parsa districts on east, Nawalparasi and Tanahu districts on west, Gorkha and
Dhading districts on the north and Parsa and Bihar states of India on the south. It has the Churia
hills on the south and the Mahabharat hills on the north.
2.1.2 Climate
The climate of Chitwan varies from sub-tropical in inner terrain low land to temperate in mid
hills of Chitwan.
The annual rainfall: 1950.7mm.
Mean maximum temperature: 32.2c.
Mean minimum temperature: 18c.
Average relative humidity: 83%.

2.1.3 Population
Chitwan district is densely populated. The census of 2068 B.S. indicates the total population to
be 5,66,661. Among this, 51.95% are female and 48.05% are male. The annual growth rate is
1.83%. The population density is 255 persons/sq.km.

2.1.4 Land Area
Chitwan district covers 218000 ha.
Forest: 128500 ha
Arable land: 46894 ha
Pasture land: 18,882 ha
Other area: 23724 ha

2.1.5 Culture
Majority of the people are engaged in agriculture and few in business, service, industries etc.
Poultry farming business is one of the most important and promising professions of Chitwan.
Hinduism and Buddhism are the major religions. Some of the predominant castes include
Brahmin, Chettri, Newars, Tharu, Darai, Tamang and others.
2.2 Background of IAAS
IAAS is one of the five technical institutes under the umbrella of Tribhuvan University. IAAS
began as a School of Agriculture in 1957. In 1972 this was given the status of IAAS under T.U.
It was transferred to Rampur from Lalitpur in 1974.The institute has its central campus at
Rampur and two branch campuses at Sundarbazar, Lamjung and Paklihawa, Rupendehi. IAAS at
Rampur occupies 232 ha of land. It occupies three farms, hostels, teaching complex, library,
office quarters and Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The institute is running B.V.Sc. & A. H., B.Sc.
(Ag), M.Sc. (Ag), M.V.Sc and Ph. D programs.
The B.V.Sc & A.H. program at IAAS started as four years B.Sc. (Animal Science) in 1987/88. In
1993/94, five and half years B.V.SC & A.H. program was launched. At present, eleven (seven-
year system and four-semester system) regular batches have passed out. The main aim of this
program is to produce qualified and skill manpower to cope with the problem of animal health,
production and management.
3. INTRODUCTION TO THE WORK PROGRAM
The internship program was conducted at Veterinary Teaching Hospital IAAS, Rampur,
Chitwan. Whole internship period was divided for the following activities.
Work on the clinical unit, VTH.
Work on the disease diagnosis labs.
Work on topic of interest.
Other activities like visit to the fields under the supervision of senior field veterinarians,
attending seminars, conferences, trainings etc.

3.1 Clinical unit at VTH Rampur
All the clinical works were conducted over here. In this unit, we were involved in the diagnosis
of the diseases, their treatment, prescription writing, PM examination and sometime home even
visit. Total cases brought to VTH were recorded and analyzed.

3.1.1 Disease Diagnosis
The diseases were diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical examination, lab findings and PM
findings.

3.1.1.1 History Taking
The herd history, management history, feeding pattern, production, signs shows in the herd were
taken.

3.1.1.2 Clinical Examination
General and physical examination of the patient were carried out for diagnosis of the diseases.
For this temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, ruminal motility, condition of the visible
mucous membranes were recorded for the diagnosis of the cases.

Lab Examination
In the VTH routine laboratory examination were made for fecal examination, milk culture and
drug sensitivity test. Besides this examination of the blood, urine, skin scrapping, PM samples
were tested for the presumptive diagnosis of the cases.

3.1.2 Treatment and prescription writing
All the surgical, medical and theriogenological cases brought at VTH were treated judiciously.
Prescription was written for all the registered cases at VTH.

3.2 Disease diagnostic laboratories
Lab findings are utmost important for proper diagnosis of the diseases. VTH has Clinics,
Pathology, Medicine, Parasitology, Pharmacology, Microbiology and Surgery labs. In these labs
followings tests were carried out during the internship period. Fecal, blood, urine examination
and skin scrapping tests were performed. Milk culture and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test were
performed. Microbiological lab works included media preparation (Nutrient, Mac Conkey, Blood
agar, Brilliant Green Agar), inoculation, incubation and observation of microbes. One new
Disease Diagnostic Lab has been established recently.

4. OTHER ACTIVITIES
Besides the works on the clinical units and laboratories, i was also involved in the following
activities during my internship period.
Attended the cases of VTH regularly related to medicine, theriogenology, surgery,
microbiology, pathology (poultry, canine, feline, cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig etc.).
Participated in Spaying program of canine and feline at WVS-ITC Ooty.
Participated in 3 days exposure training on Equine Welfare, Behavior & Handling
organized by AHTCS at Birjung.
Attended various camping programmes Organised at Parbatipur, Divyanagar.
Visited the DLSO of Parsa district, Chitwan district, Rupandehi district.
Visited the National Trust for Nature Conservation, Sauraha., Elephant Breeding Center,
Khorsor., Sainik stud farm, Bharatpur., Gharial Breeding Pool, Kasara., National Avian
Lab, Bharatpur, Madras Crocodile Bank, Madras, Salim Ali institute of Ornithology.

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY DISEASES AT THE SITE
Animal health plays an important role in the livestock productivity as well as risk of human
exposure to various zoonotic diseases. So it is utmost important to know the epidemiology of
different diseases at the site, which helps to find out the root cause of the problem and that
guides to make effective strategies for effective control and prevention of the livestock diseases.
This epidemiological study is based on the cases brought to VTH during my internship period.




Table 1. Species Wise Distribution of Cases at VTH during Internship Period
Month Cattle Buffalo Caprine Porcine Canine Poultry Monkey Guinea
Pig
Magh

5 16 4 21
Falgun

17 25 9 2 20 1
Chaitra

19 23 7 1 11 26
Baishak

7 25 10 1 31 1
Jestha

27 18 5 2 14
Ashar

17 19 4 1 2 19
Total

92 126 39 2 18 131 1 1

Table 2. Fecal Examination of different species
Buffalo Cattle Goat Positive(+ve) Negative(-ve) Remarks

23 17 6 Y N
13 10 Y P
2 2 1 Y M
1 Y N+P
1 Y N+F+B
6 7 Y B
3 Y F+P
2 Y P+M+N
2 Y B+P
2 Y E
1 Y M+F+B
1 Y T+F
3 Y F
1 Y B+T
1 1 Y F+P+T
1 Y B+N
1 Y B+S
1 Y A+S+B
Y F+P+TR
1 Y S+P
1 Y P+AS
1 Y B+M
1 Y T
1 Y M+N
2 Y P+N+B
2 Y N+B
1 Y N+E
1 Y N+P+B
1 Y S
27 21 4 N NAD

Index:
N-Nematode P-Paramphistomum M-Moniezia
E-Eimeria F-Fasciola B-Balantidium coli
T-Toxocara S-Strongylus As-Ascaries
TR-Trichostrongyloides NAD-Not Any Abnormality Detected



Table 3.Mastitis Cases
Cattle Buffalo Goat Positive(+ve) Negative(-
ve)
Remarks
10 9 0 Y Not identified
9 6 (4 C-2
SCM)
Y Coliform
1 Y Staphylococci
1 Y Teat
Obstruction

Table 4. Theriogenology Related Cases
Pregnancy
Diagnosis
Cattle Buffalo Positive(+ve) Negative(-ve)
3 Y
1 5 N
Repeat
Breeding
3 5

Medicine Related Cases
Guinea Pig 1-Dystocia
Monkey 1- Pneumonia
Porcine 2
Cattle 1-Castration
Buffalo 2-Dressing, 1 Heat Stress, 1 Medicine
Caprine 8-Castration, 4-Urolithiasis ,2-Atresia anai,2-Arthritis,2-Pyrexia,1-
Actinomycosis,1-Albuminuria,1-Respiratory Distress,2-Traumatic Wound
Canine 4-anorexia,3-gastritis,3-Pyrexia,2-Demodecosis, 2-Vomittion,1-
conjuntivitis,1-Parvo virus Infection
Note: Numeric value represents the number of cases.




Table 5.Poultry Cases
No.of PM of Poultry Disease Suspected
21 CB
1 CB+CD
10 IBD
4 E
1 MCD
1 S+MT
2 CB+MT+Mild ND
1 IBD+MT
1 A+ISP
8 CB+MT
10 OPL
1 CB+CD+IBD
1 ALC+S
5 A
1 ISP+CD
1 A+CB+ISP+CD
CD
3 CB+ISP
1 N+E
3 VSG
1 FLHS+Mild ND
3 MT
4 MT+ISP
2 MT+E
3 ISP
1 E+CB
1 CB+G+IBD+ND
3 CRD+Mild MT
1 E+O
2 ND
1 MP
1 CRD+CB
2 S
2 CB+MT+AS
1 MT+ISP+MP
1 CB+G
1 CRD+Mild ND
1 S+MT+ND
1 CRD+AS
1 CB+IBD+MT
1 CB+IBD
1 MT
1 AS+ND+MT+FT
1 Vit B def
2 N
1 MBI
1 MD
1 CB+HPS
2 CB+IBD
1 Vit E Def+CB
1 ISP+Sc IBD
2 NAD


INDEX
CB-Collibacillosis, CD-Coccidiosis, IBD-Infectious Bursal
Disease
Bursal Disease, MCD-Mushy Chick Disease MT-Mycotoxicity
E-Enteritis, A-Ascities OPL-Omphalities
ND-New Castle Disease, S-Salmonellosis ISP-Immuno Suppression
ALC-Avian Leukosis
Complex,
VAT-Vesicular Articular
Gout,
G-Gout
N-Nephrotoxicity, MP-Mycoplasma As-Ascaries
CRD-Chronic Respiratory
Disease,
Merek's Disease MBI-Mixed Bacterial
Infection
Merek's Disease,
Sc-Subclinical
HPS-Hydropericardium
Syndrome
MD-Merek's Disease
NAD-Not any
Abnormality Detected
FLHS-Fatty Liver
Haemorrhagic Syndrome,























CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY I
Owners Name: Krishna Ghale
Address: Dhadaghari
Ph no: 9855050678
Species: Canine Age:4 months Sex: F
Dogs Name: Kanchi Weight:1.5kg
Anamnesis:
Anorexia since 7/8 days
Constipation since 4/5 days
Had fever earlier before 4/5 days
Had eaten cooked meat ad libitum

Clinical Findings
Lateral Recumbency
Dehydration: 8-10%
Mucus membrane: pale
Capillary Refill Time: cannot be assessed
Temperature:100.8F
Fig.2-Severely Pale mucus membrane



Faecal Examination: Nematode positive
Tentative Diagnosis: Chronic anorexia
and severe anaemia due to nematodiasis
By Dr.D.K.Singh
Differential Diagnosis:
Fig.3-Nematode egg

Fig.1- Laterally recumbent dog
Canine parvo virus infection:
Fever
Vomittion
Diarrhoea
Intense thirst
All these symptoms absent in patient
Indigestion:
Diarrhoea and vomition but it was absent in patient.

Treatment(Rx):
1) Normal Saline-500 ml
Sig:110 ml bid *3/4 days
2) DNS-500 ml
Sig:115 ml bid *3/4 days
3) Ranitidine inj
Sig:0.4 ml IV *3/4 days
4) Beekom-l inj
Sig:0.5 ml IV *3/4 days
5) Immediate blood transfusion
Sig:100 ml once
6) Electrobian Powder 1 pouch
Sig: Feed ad libitum
7)Imferon injection ( Iron Dextran 50 mg/ ml)
Sig: 0.6 ml IM once followed by oral therapy

Table 6. Hematological Report

Test Findings Unit Range
Haematological
Report

WBC Count 5,100 mm3 4,000-11,000
Differential Count
Neutrophil 60 % 40-70%
Lymphocyte 39 % 20-40%
Monocyte 00 % 2-10%
Eosinophil 01 % 1-6%
Basophil 00 Cells/mm3 0-1%
Platelets 20,000 gm/dl 1,50,000-4,00,000
Hb% 7.7 cells/mm3 12-16
RBC 4.31 gm/dl 3.5-5.5
MCH 17.8 gm/dl 25-32
MCV 60 gm/dl 80-98
MCHC 30.3 gm/dl 32-36
PCV 25.3 % 36-48


Clinical Findings on 2
nd
Day of Treatment after blood transfusion
Temperature : 100.8
Capillary Refill Time (CRT) : >3sec
Mucous Membrane slight pink
Heart rate 100/min
Pulse:88/min
Dehydration : 5-6%
Respiration Rate : 44/min
Fig.4-Blood Transfusion

Enema done with 100ml soap water on 2nd day of treatment
Defecated within 10min after enema
Faeces was black and hard
Again enema was done with 100 ml soap water
On 3
rd
day also fluid therapy was done, from 3
rd
day it had started eating .It
was drinking little from the first day.
Then it was feeding and drinking well, well alert, expressing normal
behavior after 4
th
day of treatment.


Follow Up
On 22 April 2014 (2071/01/09) it was found dead. The owner lost his hope and did
not informed timely about the dog.







Fig.5-Dead Dog
Fig.6-Pale mucus mem. just after death



CASE II

Osteodystrophy Fibrosa In Colt
Name of the owner: Broodmare Stud Farm
Address: Bharatpur, Chitwan
Species: Equine
Name of Horse: Prithak
Sex: Male
Breed: Heavy Breed
Age: 3 years
HISTORY
First observed sign was difficulty in eating.
Big head appearance started 8-9 months earlier.
Stunted growth compared to other horses of same batch.
No increment of height as compared to its collaterals.
No hsitory of wheat bran feeding.
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Typical snoring sound.
Nasal discharges due to narrowing of nasal passage.
Falling of tooth.
Bilateral elangement of nasal bones which are not painful

Table 7. Hematologial Report (Osteodystrophy Fibrosa In Colt )

S.No. PARAMETERS OBSERVED
NORMAL VALUE
*
1 WBC Count (mm
3
) 3,400 5,400-14,300
Differential Count
A Neutrophil (%) 63 23-85
B Lymphocyte (%) 22 15-77
C Monocyte (%) 00 0-10
D Eosinophil (%) 11 0-10
E Basophil (%) 00 0-3
2 Platelets (cells/ cu mm) 1,10,000 1,00,000-3,50,000
3 Hb% (gm/dl) 19.00 11-19
4 RBC (million/cumm) 14.2 6.8-12.9
5 MCH (pg) 13.4 12.3-19.7
6 MCV (fl) 42.0 37-59
7 MCHC (gm/dl) 31.9 31.0-38.6
8 PCV (%) 59.6 32-53

PCV is increased.
Calcium Level is decreased
Phosphorus level is increased
Alkaline phosphatase is increased.

Table 8. Serological Report (Osteodystrophy Fibrosa In Colt )

S.No. PARAMETERS OBSERVED NORMAL *
1 SGOT/AST (U/L) 277.0 220-600
2 Calcium (mg/dl) 10.6 11.2-13.6
3 Phosphorus ( mg/dl) 4.9 1.7-3.9
4 SGPT/ALT (IU/dl) 15.0 3-23
5 Alkaline Phosphatase (IU/L) 587.0 140-400

Confirmation
Based on history, clinical findings, hematological and serological report results it was confirmed
as Osteodystrophy Fibrosa.


Treatment
The treatment was done as follows:
Caldee Inj. (Calcium Injection)
Sig:- 10 ml x O.D. in 7 days.
Adivise
Keep the colt in ration containing high calcium:phosphorus ratio i.e. 4-6:1

Follow up
During follow up it was found that horse was recovering but the process of fibrosis cant be
reversed so the big head appearance was still present. As literatures say it requires 6-12 months
for recovery and it says maxillary swelling will remain even the animal has recovered.

Case Study III

Signalment of the case
Name of owner: Siris Guruji
Address: Bharatpur-2, Bageswari Temple
Species: Bovine
Breed: Pahadi Jersey
Sex: Female
Age: 2
nd
lactation
HISTORY
Restlessness since 2 days
Frequent standing and sitting
Little vulval discharge
Continous Straining(Uterine contraction) to expel the fetus
Anorexia and stress
SYMPTOMS
Vulva swollen, dilated
Jelly type vulval discharge seen

Exhausted and stressed
Not being able to stand
Frequent contraction of uterus to expel fetus

Diagnosis: Tentatively diagnosed as Dystocia.
But confirmatory diagnosis was done by per vaginal palpationand found that cause
dystocia was right sided uterine torsion.Diagosed by Dr. D. K. Singh.

Table 9.
Serum biochemistry
Fig.8-Right sided uterine torsion







Fig.9-Rolling in right side



TREATMENT/CORRECTION
i) By using plank method. Which consists 4 steps-
1. At first direction of the torsion was determined.
2. A plank was then placed on the flank.
3. Then cow was turned in required direction.
4. Torsion was rechecked for correction. As torsion was corrected the fetus was pulled
out slowly by tying with strong ropes at appropriate parts.
ii) Inj. Oxytetracycline (OTC) LA
sig. 30 ml *72 hr 2 inj.
iii) Calcium, Magnecium and Phosphorus supplement
sig. 500ml (thiacal) I/V slowly SD.
100ml (calfos) Orally * OD* 5 days
RESULT/ FOLLOW UP
Fetus was already dead but cow become normal in health within a week.
























Topic of Interest

EFFICACY OF FENBENDAZOLE AGAINST CESTODES IN GOATS OF IAAS
FARM


































ABSTRACT




Fenbendazole is a broad spectrum anthelminthic drug which can be given at
any stage of the patient such as pregnant or non-pregnant, early or advanced
pregnancy etc. It is safer than albendazole with respect to the teratogenic
effect. I did my experiment in 16 goats which were divided into four groups
having 4 goats in each group. Two groups were treated, one group positive
control and other group negative control. Fenbendazole was given in two
forms, one drenched orally @5mg/kg b.wt. suspension (1ml contains 25 mg,
Karnataka, TTK Product) and other mixed in feed(0.25mg/gm of feed).The
trial was conducted for two months. Initial EPG was done and EPG was
repeated at 15 days interval. In initial EPG, Cestodes (Moniezia) were seen
but during the fourth reading EPG of Cestodes reduced to zero. Only Eimeria
was present. According to mathematical formula, my result showed 100%
efficiency but since the data obtained was not consistent statistics couldn't be
applied and It couldn't be said efficient just with a single trial. So further
research should be done regarding the efficacy of fenbendazole against
Cestodes.

Key words : Fenbendazole, EPG, Cestodes, Efficacy

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

Febendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic drug which is effective against both larval
and adult parasites.
It's mode of action is; it blocks the glucose uptake mechanism.
Cestodes are parasites of economic importance that belongs to phylum platyhelminthics
due to which there is huge loss of growth and performance.

1.2 Rationale of Study
In Field practice, Fenbendazole is given at haust (single dose). Especially in large
animals it is difficult to deworm them in our context. We use traditional "Dhungro" to
drench medicine. Some animals are very aggressive and difficult to handle.
It would be easier to feed them if we offer the medicine (dewormer) in feed.
To see how much is Fenbendazole effective while giving in feed or drenching orally the
trial was done in 16 goats.
Fenbendazole is safer than albendazole, can be given at any stage of patient such as
pregnant or non pregnant ,early pregnancy, late pregnancy etc.
To see whether resistance develops or it becomes effective while giving continuously for
a longer period of time.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 General Objective
To determine efficacy of fenbendazole against cestodes in Goats
1.3.2 Specific Objective
To determine the reduction in EPG of cestodes after fenbendazole treatment.
To assess the efficiency using clinical parameters; change in body weight, coat colour
(skin condition) etc.




Limitation of the study
Limited time frame
Interrupted power supply
Limited laboratory facilities
Literature Review

According to the Journal of South Africa Vet Assoc.1980 Mar;51(1):25-26 title "Anthelminthic
efficacy of Fenbendazole against cestodes in sheep and cattle",anthelmintic efficacy of
Fenbendazole against Moniezia expansa was tested in sheep and cattle at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg
b.wt. mass.27 out of 30 lambs(90%) and 8 out of 12(66%) calves were cured of infection.

According to Ciordia, H.et al., Doses of 10 and 15 mg were 100% efficacious in reducing the
number of tapeworm scolices, and a dose rate of 7.5mg /kg was 91.7% effective.

According to Guadalope, M., et al. 2007. From the infected dogs (321), 150 animals were
selected for the study. Distribution, randomly divided the animals into three study groups of 10
dogs per parasite and per treatment group: group A, mebendazole, group B, febendazole and
group C febantel-pyrantel-praziquantel. The therapeutic efficiency against ascarids and
ancyclostomids (day 9-16) was very high (75-100%) for the 3 groups, for T. canis 100% in group
A,80-90% in group B, 97-100% in group C; for T.leonina 98-100% in group A,100% in group B,
92-94% in group C and for Ancyclostomids 100% in group A,99-100% in group B,90-100% in
group C. On the other hand, the highest efficacy against Taenidae infections was in group B(90-
100%),followed by group C(73-91%) and group A(70-90%).
According to Sanyak, P.K..1994.. Plasma concentrations of the parent compound fenbendazole
and the two metabolites, viz. oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulfone, were much lower in buffalo
compared with cattle, at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight as indicated by lower area under
concentration curve and concentration maximum. At a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight there were
corresponding increases in plasma metabolite concentrations in cattle. However, buffaloes did
not show a similar corresponding increase.
According to Sanyak, P.K.;1993.Plasma metabolite levels were measured in buffalo and cross-
bred cattle after daily intraruminal administration of fenbendazole at 0.5 mg/kg body weight. An
equilibrium between the absorption of fenbendazole and disposition of its metabolites could be
observed between days 3 to 6 and remained almost unchanged thereafter. The buffaloes had a
lower uptake of the anthelmintic and lower plasma levels of its metabolites than in cattle. The
findings were compared with those obtained after a single intraruminal therapeutic dose of
fenbendazole.
According to Ghaei, C.2007.Anthelminthic agents (albendazole, praziquantel, fenbendazole)
were tested for their effectiveness in treating coenurosis in naturally infected sheep which were
given different doses of these agents. The autopsy revealed degeneration (calcification) of the
cysts in the brains of treated animals; while the cysts in the untreated sheep were viable. This
study showed that the best results were obtained by using albendazole at a dosage of 25 mg/kg
and composed fenbendazole + praziquantel at a dose of 0.5 g for each affected lamb, along with
praziquantel at a dose of 100 mg/kg.


Materials and Methodology

3.1 Sampling procedure and sample size
Purposive sampling technique was applied
16 goats of approx. same age and weight were selected irrespective of the sex, ear
tagging was done for identification
3.2Experimental Design
Animals were divided into four groups having four animals in each group divided as follows.
T0: Fed concentrates only
T1: Fed concentrate in pellet form in which Fenbendazole is mixed@ 0.25mg/gm
T2: Fed concentrate and Fenbendazole suspension drenched orally @ 5mg/kg bwt
P: Neither concentrate nor Fenbendazole




Faecal sample was collected per rectally in plastic bags. They were labeled and
transported to lab and kept in refrigerator at 2-4
0
C before observation.

3.2 Quantitative techniques for concentrating eggs

3.2.1 Flotation method using common salt (Nacl).
3 gm of faecal sample was weighed in electronic balance and trichurated in mortar and
pestle and dissolved in 42 ml of water.
It was then filtered using sieve and kept in glass. Each glass was labeled.
Then filtrate was kept in 3 test tubes, equal amount in each test tubes.
All 3 test tubes were centrifuged and supernatant was discarded, then saturated salt
solution was added in equal amount in all 3 test tubes.
Then sediment was mixed well in salt solution using small stick or glass rod.
It was allowed to stand for 5/10 mins
From the top surface 0.15 ml of the solution was kept in Mc Master counting chamber.
It was covered with slide using needle so as to prevent air bubble formation.
Microscopic examination of the prepared samples
The samples were examined under 10x power microscope using Mc Master counting
chamber. Initial EPG was done followed by the EPG after treatment in every 15 days
interval.
3.3 Calculation of Efficiency of Fenbendazole
The percent efficacy of anthelmintic was calculated on the basis of reduction in mean
Egg Per Gram(EPG)PT using the formula described by Wirtherle et al.(2004).
FECR% = [(FECbt- FECat)/ FECbt]*100
Where,
FECR% denotes percentage fecal egg count reduction,
FECbt and FECat represent the mean egg count before and after treatment,respectively.
Data Analysis
The data so generated was entered into a computer software Microsoft Excel 2007 and analysis
was done using paired t-test using statistical software Open Epi. All the statistical analyses
were performed at 95% level of confidence and p-value less than 0.05 was considered as
significant.




Results
4.1 Table 10. Calculation of efficiency
Grou
p
Initial
EPG BT
(2070/10/
28)
1st EPG
AT
(2070/11/
15)
2nd EPG
AT
(2070/12/
01)
3rd EPG
AT
(2070/12/
15)
Efficien
cy after
15 days
Efficien
cy after
30 days
Efficien
cy after
45 days
G1
(T0)
100 600 400 0 -500 -300 100%
G2 800 200 1900 0 75 -137.5 100%
G3 1300 2500 0 0 -92.31 100 100%
G4 1800 100 600 0 94.44 66.67 100%
A1
(T1)
500 1500 0 0 -200 100 100%
A4 0 400 0 0 - - -
A3 0 0 300 0 - - -
A4 0 0 100 0 - - -
Y1
(T2)
100 0 0 0 -600 100 100%
Y2 0 700 100 0 - - -
Y3 0 0 0 0 - - -
Y4 0 0 0 0 - - -
P1
(C)
200 1200 0 0 -500 100 100%
P2 0 2500 0 0 - - -
P3 100 700 0 0 -600 100 100%

P4
0 900 0 0 - - -
Fig. EPG of T1
Fig.




Result and Discussion
According to my result fenbendazole was not effective after 1st treatment but 2nd and
3rd treatment showed 100% efficiency(Mathematical calculation) but since the data
obtained was not consistent so it couln't be said efficient statistically.
The results obtained by Godara, R., Sharma, R.L., Sodhi, S.S.2011. showed that
fenbendazole was 23.66% effective, Levamisol 63.70% and Ivermectin 98.11% effective
against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.
According to Junquera,P.2014.Fenbendazole has a broad spectrum of activity against
gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms and tapeworms of livestock and effective
against the major parasitic roundworms (e.g.Ancyclostoma, Toxocara, Trichuris,
Uncinaria) and tapeworms of (e.g. Eichinococcus, Dipylidium, Taenia) of dogs and cats
but therapeutic dose of Fenbendazole is not effective against flukes.
But now Fenbendazole (benzimidazle group) is being resistant to gastrointestinal
roundworms in sheep and goats, slightly lower in cattle. Resistance of worms to
benzimidazoles in dogs, cats, pig and poultry are so far not a serious problem.


According to Townsend, R.B., Kelly, J.D., James, R., Weston I. 1997.The anthelmintic
efficacy of fenbendazole (methyl 5-(phenyl-thio)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) against
Moniezia expansa and Trichuris ovis was tested. At dose rates of 5 mg per kg and above,
efficacies were found to be greater than 91 percent against M expansa and greater than 92
per cent against T ovis. At these dose rates efficacy on egg suppression was 100 per cent
for Moniezia and greater than 97 per cent for Trichuris.

According to Gaenssler, J.G., Wilkins, C.A., O'Donnovan, W.M. 1978.Fenbendazole was
administered as an anthelmintic to cattle and sheep by incorporation into feed blocks. The
therapeutic dose of 5 mg/kg live mass for sheep and 10 mg/kg for cattle was administered
in divided dosages over periods of 4 d and in some cases 5 d. The periods were limited to
obviate possible development of resistance. The anthelmintic effect was equal to, or
better than, the standard therapeutic dose administered as a single dose in the form of the
commercially available fenbendazole suspensions, when comparing the results obtained
by the modified non-parametric method of evaluating anthelmintics.

According to Sanyak, P.K. 1993.Fenbendazole (Hoechst India Ltd.) was incorporated at
0.5 g/kg into urea molasses blocks made by two different processes. The proportion of
the drug remaining in the blocks and the plasma concentrations of the parent compound
and its metabolites were measured. Recovery of the drug in blocks made by the cold and
the modified hot processes was 90% and 96%, respectively. The plasma metabolite
profile revealed a plateau between days 4 and 6 of feeding in cattle and buffalo.
However, the plasma concentrations of fenbendazole and its metabolites were low in
buffalo compared to cattle.


Statistics couldn't be applied since the data obtained was not consistent.
Literature also shows that efficacy of fenbendazole is variable. Praziquantel is more
efficient than others (Blood & Handerson, 7th edition).

Conclusion
Fenbendazole couldn't be said effective as there was no difference between treatment
and control group. In control group also parasitic load was zero.
The reason for getting such type of data is because animal do not shed out parasites
equally at every interval of time.
The eggs seen outside the line of worm counting chamber were discarded as a rule(100%
accuracy cannot be obtained because EPG is tentative diagnostic method ).
It was not found to be effective statistically while drenching orally or giving in feed but
EPG count showed 100% efficiency in reducing parasitic load.

Recommendation
Since the result is not consistent , further research should be done regarding the
efficiency of fenbendazole.

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Cyst of Tapeworm Cyst of Tapeworm



Goats feeding Concentrate Paramphistomum egg in Faeces




Strongylus egg Segment of Tapeworm Present in Faeces



Moniezia Egg Cyst of Protozoa(Eimeria)


Nematodirus Egg