Eurocode 3 Stress Ratio Presentation 5 by Lee CK

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU
Regency Steel Asia Symposium on

Impact of Structural Eurocodes on Steel and
Regency Steel Asia Symposium on
Impact of Structural Eurocodes on Steel and
Composite Structures
Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in
Composite Structures
Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in
Eurocode Eurocode 3 3
Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in
Eurocode Eurocode 3 3
Associate Professor Lee Chi King Associate Professor Lee Chi King
Division of Structures and Mechanics
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
N T h l i l U i i Nanyang Technological University
5 August 2013
1
Topics of presentation
Introduction
Classification of steel sections under EC3 Part 1-1
Recall what you learnt in Year 1 Mechanics of Materials Recall what you learnt in Year 1 Mechanics of Materials
Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5
Why Class 4 sections are troublesome? Plate-like y
buckling and effective width
Calculation of Class 4 sections properties according to
EC3 Part 1-5 EC3 Part 1 5
Comparison with BS 5950
Examples of section properties calculations
A plate girder with Class 4 web
A Class 4 box section
Implications on buckling strength calculations Implications on buckling strength calculations
Summary and Conclusions
2
2
Introduction
Classification of steel sections under
EC3 Part 1-1
Recall what you learnt in Year 1 y
Mechanics of Materials
3
3
Introduction
Classification of steel sections
Cl 1 t Cl 4 St l S ti Class 1 to Class 4 Steel Sections
Classification is important as it determines
how resistances are calculated in many how resistances are calculated in many
design procedures.
Class 1: can develop plastic hinge with the
rotation capacity required for plastic analysis rotation capacity required for plastic analysis
without any reduction of resistance.
Class 2: can develop plastic moment
i t b t li it d t ti it resistance but limited rotation capacity.
Class 3: can only develop elastic distribution
where extreme fiber stresses can reach yield
but local buckling prevents development of
the full plastic moment resistance.
Class 4: develops local buckling Class 4: develops local buckling
before attainment of yield.
4
4
Introduction
Classification of steel sections
Classes 1 - 4 Steel Sections properties
Classes 1 and 2: Plastic deformation, load independent
Effective area under compression A Gross area A Effective area under compression A
eff
Gross area, A
G
.
Bending resistance related to the section Plastic Modulus,
W
pl
(from handbook or simple calculations).
Class 3: Elastic deformation load independent Class 3: Elastic deformation, load independent
Effective area under compression A
eff
Gross area A
G
.
Bending resistance related to the section Elastic Modulus,
W (from handbook or simple calculations) W
el
(from handbook or simple calculations).
Class 4: Elastic deformation, load dependent!
Effective area under compression A
eff
< Gross area A
G
.
Bending resistance related to the section Effective
Section Modulus, W
eff
which in general requires iterative
calculations to establish.
Additional moments could be generated due to shift in
section centroid.
5
5
References
References
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part 1-1 General rules
for buildings (BS EN1993-1-1:2005) [EC3 Part 1-1]
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part 1-5 Plated
Structural Elements (BS EN1993-1-5:2005) [EC3 Part 1-5]
Darko Beg et. al. Design of plated Structures Eurocode 3:
Design of steel structures: Part 1-5- Design of plated structures,
ECCS d E t & S h 2010 [TA684 DA457 f] [B ] ECCS and Ernst & Sohn, 2010 [TA684.DA457sf] [Beg]
Lee C. K. and Chiew S. P., 2013, An efficient modified flanges
only method for plate girder bending resistance calculation only method for plate girder bending resistance calculation ,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 89, pp. 98-106
[Lee and Chiew, 2013] [ ]
6
6
Introduction
Recall what you learnt in Year 1 MoM
Centroid, 1
st
and 2
nd
moments of area
For a given section, the first and second moments of area above the
d th d fi d
z
y-y and the z-z axes are defined as

= =
A
z
A
y
yda S zda S
z
da
z
y
G

= =
A
2
z
A
2
y
A A
da y I da z I
y y
z
S
y
and S
z
are both zero if the y-y and the z-z axes pass through the
centroid G.
For a rectangular section I is given by
A A
b
d
For a rectangular section, I
y
is given by
d th ll l i th h ld th t
y
y
G
d
y
y
h
12
bd
I
3
y
=
and the parallel axis theorem hold so that
y
y
bd A , Ah I I
2
y y
= + =
7
7
Introduction
Recall what you learnt in Year 1 MoM
Elastic Modulus and bending stresses
Bending stresses (tension ve) and moment:
Z
Top
I I
Bottom
B
y
bottom max, y
T
y
Top max, y
z
I
M and
z
I
M = =
f and f
y bottom max, y Top max,

Z
T
and Z
B
are the distances between the top and
bottom fibres and the natural axis (NA).
Re rite
Bottom
y , y p ,
W M and W M Rewrite .
are the elastic moduli at the top and
bottom fibres of the section.
B el, bottom max, y T el, Top max, y
W M and W M = =
B y B el, T y T el,
z I W and z I W = =
For unsymmetrical section that Z
T
> Z
B
then .
The top fibre will reach f
y
first while the bottom fibre stress is still < f
y
The stress ratio is defined as
B el, T el,
W W <
The stress ratio is defined as
T
B
B el,
T el,
Top max,
bottom max,
Z
Z
W
W

=
8
8
T B el, Top max,
Class 4 sections under EC3 Class 4 sections under EC3
Part 1-5
Why Class 4 sections are
t bl ? Pl t lik b kli d troublesome? Plate-like buckling and
effective width
C l l i f Cl 4 i Calculation of Class 4 sections
properties according to EC3 Part 1-5
Comparisons with BS 5950
9
9
Plate-like buckling and Column-like buckling
Plate-like buckling under direct stress
Thin plate with side supports tends to buckle before f
y
is reached for the whole plate.
Under direct stress, a thin plate with aspect ratio =a/b 1 will have sufficient post-
buckling strength => Plate-like buckling.
Geometrically prefect plate => Pre and post critical behaviors are obvious but more
b
gradual for imperfect plate.
For shorter plate with lower a/b value, the post-buckling resistance gradually
diminishes => 2D behavior changes to 1D (column) like behavior.
a
b
g ( )
[Beg: 2.4.1, Fig. 2.12]
[EC3 Part 1-5: 4.4 Fig. 4.3]
10
10
Note: In EC3 Part 1-5, b is always the dimension of the
edge where the direct stress is applied
Plate-like buckling and effective width
Effective width
p
for thin plate
After
cr
(elastic critical stress) is reached, resistance of the plate is not exhausted.
Stress re distribution occurs and ultimate resistance reached after f is reached at Stress re-distribution occurs and ultimate resistance reached after f
y
is reached at
the two sides near the supports.
The non-uniform stress distribution (
act
) is not convenient for design and the
Eff ti Width M th d d t i l i EC3 P t 1 1 d P t 1 5 Effective Width Method are used extensively in EC3 Part 1-1 and Part 1-5.
Reduce the gross width to an appropriate Effective Width
p
b
eff
adjacent to the
edges and assume that f
y
is reached there.
reduced cross
section method
b /2 b /2
f
y
y
act
lim
f
reduced stress
method
b
eff
/2 b
eff
/2
y lim
f
b
y lim
f
a
[Beg: 2 4 1 Fig 2 13]
11
11
b
[Beg: 2.4.1, Fig. 2.13]
Effective width
p
for thin plate
The effective width of a thin plate depends on
B d t diti t th t id Boundary support conditions at the two sides,
Geometry of the plate (a, b, and thickness),
The loading conditions => Direct stress distribution along the edges The loading conditions Direct stress distribution along the edges.
Obviously, no buckling for any part of the plate which is under tensile
stress.
12
12
Stephen P. Timoshenko
(1878-1972)
Effective width
p
for thin plate Effective width
p
for thin plate
Classification of Sections: [EC3 Part 1-1, Table 5.2].
Calculations of b
eff
: [EC3 Part 1-5, Tables 4.1] (Internal compression part) Calculations of b
eff
: [EC3 Part 1 5, Tables 4.1] (Internal compression part)
and 4.2 (Outstand flanges) with key parameter defining the stress ratio.
13
13
Effective width
p
for thin plate Effective width
p
for thin plate
The parameter defines the effective width
p
, b
eff
The reduction factor for the web is defined as [EC3 1-5: 4 4(2)] The reduction factor for the web is defined as [EC3 1 5: 4.4(2)]
+
) 0 055(3
0.055 0.085 0.5 for 1.0
p
+ >
+ =
0.055 0.085 0.5 for
) 0.055(3
p
2
p
p
T bt i T bt i ff ti ff ti idth idth
pp
bb
k 28.4
b/t
=
p
To obtain To obtain effective effective width width

pp
bb
eff eff
we we
need b, t, need b, t, (stress ratio) only. (stress ratio) only.
The buckling factor k
() for web (internal compression element) is

defined in the last row of [EC3 1-5: 4.4, Table 4.1]
Note: Compressive stress +ve Tensile stress -ve
14
14
Note: Compressive stress +ve, Tensile stress -ve
Calculations of Class 4 slender section properties
Principle of section properties calculation by EC3 Principle of section properties calculation by EC3
The section is first broken down to individual plates with lateral supports.
Each of these plates is classified based on its geometry and stress Each of these plates is classified based on its geometry and stress
distribution.
The effective width
p
, b
eff
of the plates are calculated.
C f G Combine all the plates back, calculate the location of the new centroid G,
A
eff
and W
eff
and any other section properties needed.
M
Ed
N
Ed
[Beg: 2.4.2.2, Fig. 2.14]
15
15
Principle of section properties calculation by EC3 Principle of section properties calculation by EC3
The reduced, effective section (with all non-effective areas removed) is
then treated as a Class 3 section with linear strain distribution.
The ultimate resistance of the section is reached when the centre of the
compressive plate located furthest from the new centrod G is yield.
So why Class 4 sections are zebras?
If both axial force and bending moment act simultaneously, the calculation
of b should based on the combined stress distribution of b
eff
should based on the combined stress distribution.
For a non-symmetrical section under N
Ed
, the shift in centroid GG for a
distance e
N
will generate an additional moment M=N
Ed
e
N
and it should
be considered for the updated stress distribution calculation, which in
turns further change b
eff
and e
N
and so on ..
G
G
G
e
N
16
16
S h Cl 4 ti b ? So why Class 4 sections are zebras?
For a symmetrical section under M
Ed
, the reduction of effective area in the
compression part also shift the centroid GG. compression part also shift the centroid GG.
While there is no change in M
Ed
, to balance the moment, there must be a
change in the stress distribution and the stress ratio which changes b
eff
d i ff i G d and in turns affecting G and so on
f
y
f
y
f
y
G
G NA: Gross
Class 4 web
<f
NAs: Effective
f
G
<
Compression Tension
Flange: Class 1,2 or 3, Web: Class 4
Non effective
area
Effective area

1
<f
y
f
y
2
<
1
17
17
In general, when both N
Ed
and M
Ed
are present, an iterative procedure is
needed to calculate the section properties of Class 4 sections, as stated
in [EC3 Part 1-5, 4.3].
Start with
**For each
Compute b
ff
Update
position of
No
Start with
the gross
section
properties
plate of the
section,
compute
stress ratio
Compute b
eff
and ineffective
areas for each
plate
pos t o o
centroid, G
and then
new section
properties
Convergence of
position of G?
p p
Yes
** Only the ratio is needed: Using the linear strain
assumption, usually it can be deduced from the geometrical
Stop with the
latest section
properties
calculated
properties of the section and loading type only (i.e. whether
N
Ed
and/or M
Ed
is applied or not), NOT their magnitudes.
18
18
While Class 4 sections are zebras, in some
cases they are easier to handle
EC3 1 5 ll h f ll i i lifi i h EC3 1-5 allows the following simplifications when
calculating the section properties of Class 4 sections
[EC3 1-5: 4.3].
In general, if both N
Ed
and M
Ed
are present, then
A
eff
could be calculated from the stresses due to compression only,
W ld b l l t d f th t d t b di l W
eff
could be calculated from the stresses due to bending only.
However, iterations may still be needed until the position G (or
values of A
eff
and W
eff
) converged.
For I-sections (e.g. plate girder) and box sections in bending only, only
one iteration step is required (e.g. stop after the first G is computed).
These two simplifications allow hand calculations affordable for many These two simplifications allow hand calculations affordable for many
Class 4 sections.
19
19
Comparison with BS 5950
How Class 4 sections are handed in BS5950?
Class 1 to Class 4 sections defined accordingly as in EC3.
Similar concept in BS 5950: A
eff
,Z
eff
and addition moments generated.
However, for doubly symmetric slender sections, the A
eff
are given
explicitly: No iteration is needed! explicitly: No iteration is needed!
In many cases, most of the centre
parts of the plates are removed.
Effective parts have lengths
limited to at most 20t form ends
with lateral support => Perhaps with lateral support > Perhaps
may be more conservative when
comparing with EC3.
A li i f l f b i An explicit formula for b
eff
are given
when the web is Class 4.
20
20
E l f ti ti Examples of section properties
calculations
A Class 4 box section A Class 4 box section
Implications in buckling strength
l l ti calculations
21
21
g
A plate girder (I section) under pure sagging
moment with Class 4 web about Class 1 flanges
C l l i f i i
10mm
Calculation steps for section properties
According to EC3 1-5, only one iteration is needed
to calculate its section properties.
h
w
=1920
y y G
A
gross
=51200mm
2
I
gross
=3663530.67cm
4
I th 1
st
it ti th h l b i
40 mm
f
y
=355MPa
=0.814
In the 1
st
iteration, assume the whole web is
effective => G at centre of web => compressive
stress = tensile stress => =-1.
400mm
40mm
Thus, from EC3 Part 1-5, Tables 4.1, k
=23.9.
08 . 1 699 . 1
9 . 23 814 . 0 4 . 28
10 / 1920
4 . 28
/
> =
= =
k
t h
w w
p
550 . 0
699 . 1
) 1 3 ( 055 . 0 699 . 1
) 3 ( 055 . 0
2 2
=

=
+
=
p
p
22
p
22
g
In the first iteration b
c
=1920/2=960mm
f
y
b
e1
Again from, from EC3 Part 1-5, Tables 4.1
b
eff
=0.55960=528mm
b
e1
=0.4528=211.2mm
y y G
Compressive
stress
d
c
b
c
(=h
w
/2in
thetwostep
method)
e1
b
e2
x
r
b
e1
0.4 528 211.2mm
b
e2
=0.6528=316.8mm
x= 960-211.2-316.8=432mm
A=10432=4320mm
2
y y G y y G
tensilestress d
t
G
b
t
A=10432=4320mm
2
A
eff
=51200-4320=46880mm
2
r=1920/2-211.2-432/2=532.8mm
G=Centroid ofeffectivesection G=Centroid ofgrosssection
=f
y
<f
y
Since the 1
st
moment of area of the gross section above G should be zero
rA+A
eff
G=0 or G=-532.84320/46880=-49.10mm
23
23
g
f
y
b
e1 ( ) ( )
2
w
3
2
) G r A
t x
( G A I I + + + =
y y G
Compressive
stress
d
c
b
c
(=h
w
/2in
thetwostep
method)
e1
b
e2
x
r
( ) ( )
( )
2
3
2
gross eff
) 49 10 532 8 4320
10 432
(
49.10 51200 10000 3663530.67
) G r A
12
( G A I I
+ =
+ + + =
Di b G d h id f
y y
y y G y y G
tensilestress d
t
G
b
t
( )
4
2
7cm 3522877.06
) 49.10 532.8 4320
12
10 432
(
=
+ +
Distance between G and the centroid of

compression flange:
d
c
=1000-20+49.10=1029.1mm
Di t b t G d th t id f t i
=f
y
<f
y
Distance between G and the centroid of tension
flange:
d
t
=1000-20-49.10=930.9mm
Section becomes non-symmetrical and the updated stress ratio,
= -930.9/1029.1=-0.905 (We do not need the actual value of M
Ed
!)
24
24
g
Calculation steps for section
properties
If i h d ld ti t it t
f
y
Compressive
d b
c
(=h
w
/2in
b
e1
If wished, we could continue to iterate
k
=21.51 => => =0.522

b
c
=1920/2+49.10=1009.1mm
y y G
stress
d
c c
(
w
/
thetwostep
method)
b
e2
x
G
r
79 1. =
p
b
eff
=0.5221009.1=526.8mm
(c.f. in first iteration: b
eff
=528mm)
But EC3 does not require us to do so!
y y G y y G
tensilestress d
t
b
t
Proceed to calculate the Minimum
effective modulus: W
eff
=I
eff
/d
c
=f
y
<f
y
W
eff
=3522877.067/102.91=34232.60cm
3
W
eff
3522877.067/102.91 34232.60cm
Bending resistance (EC3, no iteration)
M
y,Rd
=34232.601000355/(10001000)=12152.57kNm
If the Flanges only method (BS 5950) is used: If the Flanges only method (BS 5950) is used:
M
fl,Rd
=40040(2000-40)355/(10001000)=11132.8kNm (91.6%)
If the modified Flanges only method is used [Lee and Chiew, 2013]
= 1 07x11132 8kNm=11921 1kNm(98 1%)
M
25
25
1.07x11132.8kNm 11921.1kNm (98.1%)
Rd fl,
M
A Class 4 box section under axial loading
g
A box section with f
y
=275N/mm
2
subjected to
N
Ed
=5500kN acting at G. Is it adequate?
z
b
f
=600mm
Example taken from [Beg: 2.4.8].
Cl ifi ti f b d fl
t =10mm h =600mm
t
f1
=10mm
Classification of webs and flange
Overall section is Class 4
Top flange: b /t =580/10=58>42=Class 4
t
w
=10mm
G
h
w
=600mm
t
f2
=20mm
r
T
=233.8mm
y y
Top flange: b
f1
/t
f1
=580/10=58>42=Class 4
Bottom flange: b
f2
/t
f1
=29< 33 = Class 1
Webs (compression): h
w
/t
w
=570/10=57>42=Class 4
b
f2
=600mm
z
( p )
w w
Webs (pure bending, =-1): h
w
/t
w
=570/10=57<124=Class 1
z
Part of the top flange and the webs will be ineffective.
G will shift down to G, as N
Ed
is applied at G, a sagging moment M will
be generated=>Iterations needed to get section properties!
26
26
g
Stress distributions of section components
z
Top flange: uniform compressive stress
Bottom flange: uniform compressive stress
W b i b di
G
y y
e
N
Webs: compression + bending =>
Linear compressive stress with stress ratio
depends on the location of G
r
T
G
e
N
z
r
T,eff
N at G M= N e (sagging) depends on the location of G
However, remember that EC3 allows the following simplifications:
If both N
Ed
and M
Ed
are present then
N
Ed
at G M= N
Ed
e
N
(sagging)
If both N
Ed
and M
Ed
are present, then
A
eff
could be calculated from the stresses due to compression only,
W
eff
could be calculated from the stresses due to bending only.
These simplifications eventually allow us to compute A and W without These simplifications eventually allow us to compute A
eff
and W
eff
without
any iteration!
27
27
z g
Calculation steps for A
eff
Only N
Ed
is considered, r
T
=233.8mm.
All plates (top and bottom flanges and two webs) All plates (top and bottom flanges and two webs)
=> Uniform compression => =1
k
=4.0 for both flanges and webs

G
r
T
y y
G
e
N
r
T,eff
ftop
=0.725, b
eff,ftop
=420.5mm
web
=0.734, b
eff,web
=418.7mm
z
N
Ed
at G M= N
Ed
e
N
(sagging)
Eventually, e
N
=30.1mm and r
T,eff
=203.7mm, A
eff
=24778.1mm
2
Since only N
Ed
is considered the shift of G to G does not
further change , no more iteration is needed!
28
28
g ,
z
g
Calculation steps for W
eff
Only M is considered, r
T
=233.8mm.
The section is under pure bending The section is under pure bending.
Only top flange is Class 4
=1 and k
=4.0 again for top flange

G
r
T
y y
G
e
M
r
T M
ftop
=0.725, b
eff,ftop
=420.5mm
A
eff,M
=27804.9mm
2
(effective area under bending)
e =20 1mm r =213 6mm
z
r
T,M
N
Ed
at G M= N
Ed
e
N
(sagging)
e
M
=20.1mm, r
T,eff
=213.6mm
W
eff,ftop
=4200cm
3
, W
eff,fbottom
=7558cm
3
Note that we need to recheck to ensure the webs are not Class 4 under
Effective modulus at top
edge of bottom flange
Note that we need to recheck to ensure the webs are not Class 4 under
the bending action of M as the section is now non-symmetrical.
Stress ratio
1
= W
eff,ftop
/W
eff,fbottom
=-0.56, from EC3 1-1, Table 5.2, Class 3
limit 42 /(0 67+0 33 ) 79 8>57 >Web is at least Class 3 and elastic limit=42/(0.67+0.33
1
)=79.8>57 =>Web is at least Class 3 and elastic.
Since only M is considered, no more iteration is needed!
29
29
g
Checking the adequacy of the section under
N
Ed
= 5500kN
W
ff
for bending resistance is defined as the
z
W
eff
for bending resistance is defined as the
effective section modulus at the centroid of the
top flange, which is slightly less than W
eff,ftop G
y y
and is calculated as
r
T
y y
G
e
M
z
r
T,M
3
f2 f1
eff
eff
4144cm
r
t t
h
I
W =
+
+
=
N
Ed
at G M= N
Ed
e
N
(sagging)
M T,
f2 f1
w
r
2
h +
Cross section resistance check according to [EC3, 1-1: 6.2.9.3 Eqn. 6.44]
30 1 5500kN 5500kN
e N N
OK 1.0 0.95
275MPa/1.0 4144cm
30.1mm 5500kN
275MPa/1.0 24778.1mm
5500kN
/ f W
e N
/ f A
N
3 2
y eff
N Ed
y eff
Ed
=> < =

+
= +
M0 M0

In all the above calculations, we do not need to use N
Ed
=5500kN to
obtain the section properties!
30
30
Implications in buckling strength calculations
The previous examples considered the cross section resistance only.
In general, even when only axial force N
Ed
is applied to a Class 4
section addition moments are almost always generated due to the shift section, addition moments are almost always generated due to the shift
of the section centroid.
Such moments should be considered in both section resistance and
buckling resistance checks [EC3 1-1: 6.3.3 Eqns. 6.11 and 6.12].
31
31
Summary and conclusions
Summary and conclusions
Remember that Class 1 and 2 sections are horses, Class 3
sections are mustangs and Class 4 sections are zebras!
While zebras are rare (at least in Singapore) Class 4 sections While zebras are rare (at least in Singapore), Class 4 sections
are more common! (e.g. plate and box girders).
In EC3, the section properties of a Class 4 section depends on
b th it t d th l d li d both its geometry and the loads applied.
To calculate the section properties of a Class 4 section, an
engineer needs knowledge related to plate-like buckling, elastic g g p g,
bending theory, centriod, first and second moments of area and
elastic modulus calculations.
In general iterations are needed to calculate the section properties In general, iterations are needed to calculate the section properties
of Class 4 sections and hand calculations could be tedious.
Some simple calculation tools (e.g. spreadsheet programmes) may p ( g p p g ) y
be helpful.
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End of presentation
f Thanks for your attentions!
All questions are welcome! All questions are welcome!
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RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Regency Steel Asia Symposium on

To obtain To obtain effective effective width width

() for web (internal compression element) is

Distance between G and the centroid of

=21.51 => => =0.522

=4.0 for both flanges and webs

=4.0 again for top flange

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