Biochemistry Mnemonics

Essential amino acids PVT. TIM HALL:

Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Leu
Lys
Pvt. is short for Private in the military.
Arg and His are considered semiessential.
Alternatively: "MATT VI PHy".
Dicarboxylic acids (alpha ome!a" #$ thro%!h #&'( common names
")h My! *uch +ood Apple Pie! *"eet
As *ugar#":
)$alic
Malonic
*uccinic
+lutaric
Adipic
Pimelic
*u%eric
A&elaic
*e%acic
Phosphorylation cascade( action d%rin! lo, !l%cose "In the
Phasted 'tate! Phosphorylate":
The phosphorylation cascade %ecomes active "hen %lood glucose is lo".
t-.A( molec%lar shape (ortunately! t)*A +Transfer
)*A, is shaped li-e a capital T.
Vitamins( ,hich are /at sol%ble 0ADE:
Vitamin 0
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
.a10 p%mp( concentrations o/ .a 2s. 0 on inside1o%tside o/ cell p%mp
action n%mber o/ molec%les mo2ed HI0I..:
There is a HIgh / concentration I.side the cell.
(rom this can deduce that the *a0/ pump pumps / into cell and *a out of cell.
Alternatively: 1hen I "as learning this pump +circa 2334,! a %and that "as "in"
"as 0ris 0ross! and a %and that "as "o%t" "as "'ha .a .a
.a":
'o pump moves 0 0 +4 /, in and .a .a .a +5 *a, out.
'adly! as infectious as their de%ut al%um "as! /ris /ross can really no longer
%e classed as "in".
Ins%lin( /%nction I.sulI. stimulates $
things to go
I. $cells: Potassium and 6lucose.
+lycolysis steps "+oodness +racious! 3ather
3ran-lin Did +o By Pic-ing Pump-ins
+to, Prepare Pies":
+lucose
+lucose787P
3ructose787P
3ructose72!87diP
Dihydro$yacetone7P
+lyceraldehyde7P
2!57Biphosphoglycerate
57Phosphoglycerate
47Phosphoglycerate +to,
Phosphoenolpyruvate 9PEP:
Pyruvate
.;id.! .<y. and .Pies. tell you the first part of those three: di7! %i7! and
py7.
.Pr=Pare. tells location of P=P in the process.
#itric acid cycle compo%nds ")h #itric Acid
Is )f +course, A *iLly *Tupid 3unny
Molecule":
)$aloacetate
#itrate
Aconitate
Isocitrate
)$alosuccinate
Alpha7-etoglutarate
*uccinyL7>oA
*uccinaTe
3umarate
Malate
'ily and sTupid used to differentiate succiny and succinaTe
B 2itamin names "The -hythm .early Proved
#ontagious":
In increasing order:
Thiamine +<2,
-i%oflavin +<4,
.iacin +<5,
Pyrido$ine +<8,
#o%alamin +<24,
Testosterone con2ersion to DiHydroTestosterone
;ihydrotestosterone is an active form of testosterone. Its conversion needs an
en&yme :
3ive
Alpha
-eductase
This reaction occurs in the peripheral +"3A-", tissue such as adipose
tissue.
D0A( si!ns D0A:
Dehydrated
0etones0 0ussmaul %reathing0 0 drops
Acidosis
Amino acids( properties 'ung to the <everly Hill%illies
melody:
>ome an. listen to my story a%out the a7mi7nos
(ive Al7i7phats -ic- off our sho"
6lycine! Alanine! Valine and then
eucine and Iso ma-e up half of ten
1ell the ne$t thing you -no" are three aromats
phenylalanine+(, is right off the %at
t?rosine has alcohol ne$t to its ring
And tryptophan+1, has indole dou%le ring thing.
'ulfur in >ysteine@ it loves to %ond
'ulfur Methionine is much more a sno%
Alcoholic 'erine! "ell "ouldn.t you -no"!
And Threonine.s AH gives a "arm glo".
Acid7aspartic+;, and glutamic+=, are ioni&ed
1ith p/ of B! their protons are lysed!
asparagine+*, and glutamine+C, play a different role
1ith amides they.re neutral %ut they %oth have poles
lysine+/, and a)ginine are the %asic -ind!
<ut Histidine.s imida&ole can.t ma-e up its mind!
Proline! the last one! coming at the end
It.s imine! an odd%all! proteins use to %end.
3abry disease( presentation 3AB-4:
3erile episodes
Angio-eratomas0 Alpha galactosidase A deficiency
Burning pain
-enal failure
4outh death
+lycolysis en5ymes "High Profile People
Act Too +lamorous! Picture Posing Every
Place":
He$o-inase
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Phosphofructo-inase +P(/,
Aldase A
Triose phosphate isomerase
+lyceraldehyde757phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate -inase
Porphyrias( ac%te intermittent porphyria symptoms D P.s:
Pain in a%domen
Polyneuropathy
Psychologial a%normalities
Pin- urine
Precipitated %y drugs +eg %ar%iturates! oral contraceptives! sulpha
drugs,
B6.(creatinine ele2ation( ca%ses AB#D:
A&otremia +pre7renal,
Bleeding +6I,
#ata%olic status
Diet +high protein parenteral nutrition,
+7PD( oxidant dr%!s ind%cin! hemolytic anemia AAA:
Anti%iotic +eg: sufametho$a&ole,
Antimalarial +eg: primaEuine,
Antipyretics +eg: acetanilid! %ut not aspirin or acetaminophen,
Vitamin B8 (niacin nicotinic acid" de/iciency( pella!ra The
5 D.s of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
*ote vitamin <8 is the 8;.s.
+lyco!en stora!e( Anderson9s (IV" 2s. #ori9s (III" en5yme de/ect
AB#D:
Anderson.sFBranching en&yme.
#ori.sFDe%ranching en&yme.
Ather"ise! can.t really distinguish clinically.
Tan!ier9s disease( hallmar: "Tan!ierene tonsils":
Hallmar- is large orange tonsils.
Important clinical note: there is no increased ris- of atherosclerosis!
Gust li-e eating tangerenes.
.a;10; p%mp( mo2ement o/ ions and <%antity 0; and
in each consist of $ characters! so so 4 /H are pumped in.
.a; and o%t each consist of 8 characters! so 5 *aH are
pumped out.
Hemo!lobin bindin! c%r2e( ca%ses o/ shi/t to ri!ht "#ADET!
face ri!ht#":
#A4
Acid
4!57DP6 +a-a 4!5 <P6,
E$ercise
Temperature
#oa!%lation common path,ay( /actors in order &' ; = > $ ?
&8
>oagulation common path"ay:
(actor @ to (actor V to (actor II to (actor @III
Vitamin 0 dependent co/actors "*e2eral Tend
To .icely *top #lots":
(actor *e2en! Ten! T,o! .ine.
Protein *! Protein #.
+ protein type /or respecti2e receptors "0I** and
0I#0 till you.re *I#0 of *E@" +CI'' and CIC till you.re 'IC of
'C',:
This gives the 67protein type +6<! 6i! or 6s, for all the
receptors. )eceptors are in alpha%etical order:
alpha2FA
alpha4FI
%eta2F*
%eta5F*
M2FA
M4FI
M5FA
;2F*
;4FI
H2FA
H4F*
V2FA
V4F*
3olate de/iciency( ca%ses A 3)LI# D-)P:
Alcoholism
3olic acid antagonists
)ral contraceptives
Lo" dietary inta-e
Infection "ith 6iardia
#eliac sprue
Dilatin
-elative folate deficiency
)ld
Pregnant
.iacin de/iciency( si!ns and symptoms The famous B ;.s:
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death +if untreated,
#itric acid cycle compo%nds ")ur #ity Is
0ept *afe And *ound 3rom Malice":
)$aloacetate
#itrate
Isocitrate
alpha70etoglutarate
*uccinyl7>oA
*uccinate
3umarate
Malate
+alactosaemia( en5yme de/iciency +ALIP6T:
+alactose & Phosphate 6ridyl Transferase.
There is an assay called the 6aliput test for this.
Metabolic acidosis (normal anion>!ap"( ca%ses 1ith
hyper-alemia: -AI*E /H:
-TA type B
Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency
Iatrogenic: *HB>l! H>l
"*tenosis": o%structive uropathy
Early uremia
1ith hypo-alemia: -eD6#E /H:
-enal TA type 2 and 4
Diarrhoea
6rine diversion into gut
#ar%onate anhydrase inhi%itor
E$7hyperventilation
#reatine phosphate( amino acid prec%rsors "*ice +AMs#":
+lycine
Arginine
Methionine
6am is slang for a person.s leg! especiallay an attractive female.s leg: "*ice
gams F nice legs#"
>reatine phosphate is a muscle energy store! and spontaneously converts to
creatinine "hich is e$creted in the urine in direct proportion to muscle mass:
clinically useful! such as in M' ;$.
.itric oxide( amino acid prec%rsor 1hen the dentist "or-s on
your teeth! you say! "AAAr!B (Ar!inine"" %efore he administers .itric
)xide (.)" to ta-e the pain a"ay.
Ather players necessary for *A synthesis: *A synthase! >aHH! *A;PH.
Heme synthesis( amino acid prec%rsors to basic %nit o/ porphyrins
heme (pyrrole rin!" ";racula "ants to *%c- a #o7ed.s
%lood 9thin- heme: "ith his +lystening teeth#":
*%ccinyl #oA and +lycine are precursor amino acids to pyrrole
rings! "hich is the %asic unit of porphyrins and heme.
En5ymes( classi/ication ")ver The HILL":
)$idoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
Pompe9s disease( type "Police F Po H lys":
Pompe.s disease is a lysosomal storage disease +alpha 2!B
glucosidase,.
+ol!i complex( /%nctions "6olgi Distrib%tes A *PAM":
Distrib%tes proteins and lipids from =)
Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
*ulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assem%ly
Add A7oligosugars to serine and threnonine
Modify *7ologosugars on asparagine
Phenyl:eton%ria( ,hich en5yme is de/icient PHenyl-etonuria
is caused %y a deficiency of:
Phenylalanine
Hydro$ylase
Malate>aspartate sh%ttle "MAD commute":
Malate in.
Alpha7-etoglutarate and D+Aspartate, out.
D.A bond stren!th (n%cleotides" "#ra&y +lue":
'trongest %onds are %et"een #ytosine and +uanine! strong li-e #ra&y
+lue +5 H7%onds,! "hereas the AFT only have 4 H7%onds.
This is relevant to ;*A replication! as the "ea-er AFT "ill %e the site "here
)*A primer ma-es the initial %rea-.
En5yme :inetics( competiti2e 2s. non>competiti2e inhibition
1ith 0ompetitive inhi%ition: 0m increases@ no change in Vma$.
1ith .on7:ompetitive inhi%ition: .o change in 0m@
Vma$ decreases.
*ic:le cell anemia( m%tation "H%* isn.t Very
+ood":
At *i$th position of H< %eta chain! Valine is present instead of
+lutamic acid.
Hyper!lycemia( 8 classic si!ns and symptoms D0A:
Dehydrated
0etoacidosis
Acetone %reath
Vitamins( ,hich are /at sol%ble "The 3AT cat is in
the ADE0 +attic,":
3at solu%le vitamins are A!D!E!0.
#itric acid cycle compo%nds ")h# #an I
0eep *ome *%ccinate 3or MyselfI":
)$aloacetate
#itrate
Isocitrate
0etoglutarate
*uccinyl coA
*%ccinate
3umarate
Malate
#arbon monoxide( electron transport chain tar!et ">A %loc-s
>A":
>ar%on mono$ide +>A, %loc-s >ytochrome A$idase +>A,
Electron transport chain( -otenone9s site o/ action )otenone
is a site specific inhi%itor of comple$ one.
#atabolism steps o/ branched chain amino acids "Truc-
hit the )x to Death":
Transamination
)xidative decar%o$ylation
Dehydrogenation
Adrenaline mechanism "AB# of Adrenaline":
Adrenaline77J activates Beta receptors77J increases #yclic
AMP
#itric acid cycle compo%nds "#an I 0eep
*elling *e$ 3or Money! )fficerI":
#itrate
Isocitrate
alpha 0etogluterate
*uccinyl >oA
*uccinate
3umerate
Malate
)$aloacetate
*ic:le cell disease pathophysiolo!y *I#0le cell
disease is due to a *u%stitution of the *I#0sth amino acid of the
< chain.
+l%ca!on /%nction "Mr. +l%ca has +one to the
cAMP to %ring o%t some +l%cose":
6lucagon elevates glucose %y cAMP mechanism.
In/antile Beriberi symptoms )estlessness
'leeplessness
<reathlessness
'oundlessness +aphonia,
=atlessness +anore$ia,
6reat heartedness +dilated heart,
Alternatively: 6et D of .em "ith BE-I: Breathless0 Big
hearted! Eatless! -estless! Insomnia.
Hyper2itaminosis A( si!ns and symptoms "Increased Vitamin A
ma-es you HA-D":
Headache0 Hepatomegaly
Anore$ia0 Alopecia
-eally painful %ones
Dry s-in0 Dro"siness
3astin! state( branched>chain amino acids %sed by s:eletal m%scles
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Essential amino acids "PVT. TIM HALL al"ays ar!ues!
never tires":
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Lue
Lys
Al"ays argues: the A is for Arg! not Asp.
.*ever tires.: T is not Tyr! %ut is %oth Thr and Trp.
.a10 p%mp action +'ing loudly to the chorus of "/iss Him
6ood%ye",: ".a! .a! .a 77 o%t# .a! .a!
.a 77 o%t# 0! 0 goes...inside#"
Action of pump is 5 *a out and 4 / in
Acetyl#oA and acetacetyl#oA( amino acids /ormin! them "A
Li!hter Lease" +A yTr eIs,:
AFAcetyl>oA or Acetoacetyl >oA
LyFLysine
TrFTryptophan
LeFLeucine
IsFIsoleucine
Van den Ber!h reaction (Ca%ndice test" "Indirect
reacting %iliru%in F 6nconGugated %iliru%in":
<oth start "ith vo"els! so they go together: Indirect K 6nconGugated.
Type & !lyco!en stora!e disease Type & F one +Von,!
ie Von 6iere-e.s disease
En5ymes( competiti2e inhibitors "#ompetition is hard
%ecause "e have to travel more :ilometers (0m" "ith the same 2elocity":
1ith competiti2e inhi%itors! 2elocity remains same %ut 0m
increases
3abry9s disease 3AB-49*:
3oam cells found in glomeruli and tu%ules0 3e%rile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency0 Angio-eratomas
Burning pain in e$tremities0 BL* increased in serum0 Boys
-enal failure
4M genotype +male! M lin-ed recessive,
*phingolipidoses
#olla!en concisely co2ered #)LLA+E.:
#7terminal propeptide +procollagen,0 #ovalent #ross lin-s0
# vitamin0 #onnective tissue0 #artilage0 #hondro%lasts0
#opper #ofactor +#ovalent #ross lin-ing,
)utside the cell is "here collagen normally functions0 )steo%lasts0
)steogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydro$ylase0 Lysyl o$idase +o$idatively deaminates lysyl and
hydro$ylysyl residues to form collagen cross lin-s! last %iosynthesis step,
Long triple helical fi%ers0 Ligaments
Alpha chains0 Attached %y H %onds form triple heli$0 Ascor%ate
for hydro$ylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro7Alpha chains +postranslational
modification,
+ly in every third position0 +lycosylation of hydro$yl group of
hydro$ylysine "ith +lucose and +alactose@ +Algi allo"s
procollagen to +A outside of cell
E$tracellular matri$0 Eye +cornea! sclera,0 Ehlers7;anlos
'yndrome
.7terminal propeptide +procollagen,0 .onhelical terminal
e$tensions
*ote: Procollagen =AV=s the cell to %e c=AV=d %y procollagen peptidases
Metabolism sites "Lse both arms to H6+":
Heme synthesis
6rea cycle
+luconeogenesis
These reactions occur in bothcytoplasm and mitochondria.
Mitochondrial D.A (mt D.A" properties "mt ;*A".
mt stands for:
Maternal Transfer
Mutates Tremendously +high mutation rate,
)rbital names be/ore alphabetical order be!ins "*o%er
People Don.t 3ind +ood In 0illing":
Ar%ital names for electrons are *!P!D!3!+!I!0.
After that! alpha%etical order %egins.
)xidation 2s. red%ction( electron !ain1loss "LE) the
lion says +E-":
Lose Electrons F )$idation.
+ain Electrons F -eduction.
Ben5ene rin!( order o/ s%bstit%ents Meta: the t"o
stic-s representing functional groups ma-e a capital letter M "ith the
ring.
)tho: can close the top of the functional groups and ma-e a %o$y capital
letter ).
#is1trans (!eometric" isomer nomenclat%re "Dame Dide.
Epposite.":
N is the 4 functional groups on the same side of dou%le %ond.
= is for opposite sides.
)xidation 2s. red%ction( electron !ain1loss )IL -I+:
)$idation Is Loss +of electrons,.
-eduction Is +ain +of electrons,.
#ation 2s. anion( positi2e 2s. ne!ati2e The t in cation
loo-s li-e a plus sign: "ca;ion".
>ation is positive! anion is negative.
)xidation 2s. red%ction( electrochemical cell and electron !ain1loss
A. )IL -I+ #AT:
At the A.ode! )$idation Involves Loss of electrons.
-eduction Involves +aining electrons at the #AThode.
+ibb9s /ree ener!y /orm%la "+ood Honey Tastes
*"eet":
+delta,+ F H 7 T+delta,*
Anion 2s. cation char!e A.ion is A .egative
ion.
Ben5ene rin!( order o/ s%bstit%ents "<en&ene li-es to
-)MP":
(rom ) group moving around the ring:
- group
)rtho
Meta
Para
Ben5ene rin!( e//ects o/ s%bstit%ents on /%rther additions
"<en&ene li-es to -)MP. 1e H)PED she.s %e safe! %ut no" she.s
-noc-ed up. AD)Pt or EEDD9MI":
-)MP: 'u%stituents in order: -7group! )rtho! Meta!
Para.
H)PED: Halogens are )rtho! Para! Electron
"ithdra"ing! Deactivating.
AD)Pt: Addititive su%stituents Direct )rtho K Para.
EEDD9M: Eithdra"ing Electrons Deactivates! Directs
Meta.
#athode( ,hat happens d%rin! electrolysis #urrent
#arries #ations to the #athode for redu#tion.
#is1trans (!eometric" isomer nomenclat%re The letter "N" is
"ritten in a &ig&ag "ay. If you dra" a vertical line splitting it do"n the
middle then its the same halves +same sides of dou%le %ond,. The letter "=" is
"ritten differently so a vertical line splits it into different halves
+different sides of dou%le %ond,.
#is1trans (!eometric" isomers( arran!ement o/ /%nctional !ro%ps
#is starts "ith a # and the functional groups form a #.
Trans! therefore is the other one %y default.
Acids( Le,is acid 2s. Bronsted acid BAD LATE:
BAD: Bronsted Acid Donates hydrogens
LATE: Le"is Acid Ta-es Electrons