Child and Adolescents Reviewer

Motor development coordination both in fine

motor skills involving large muscle improves
Puberty - differences that differentiate females
and males
Spermache - first ejaculation of semen
containing ejaculate for the males
Menarche - beginning of menstrual cycle for the
female
FACTORS THAT AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT:
1. Maternal Nutrition Mothers supplies
all the nutrients to the inborn fetus thu
food intake
2. Child Nutrition Adequate nutrition
contributes to a continuous brain
growth, rapid skeletal, and muscular
development.
3. Early Sensory Stimulation Children
under that age tend to be farsighted
FACTORS THAT AFFECT GROWTH
1. Genetic History the child genetic
history influences to a large extent
growth
2. Nutrition Without a good diet, kids
wont grow normally,
3. Medical Conditions Children born
with or develop serious medical
conditions can have stunted growth if
not treated.
4. Exercise Regular physical activity
promotes growth by strengthening
bones and muscles.
5. Sleep About 70 to 80 percent of
growth hormone is secreted during
sleep
6. Emotional Well-being Children must
be nurtured with love, patience, and
understanding.

EXCEPTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
A. Physical Disabilities physical
handicapped
a. Impairment of bone and muscles
system
b. Impairment of nerve and muscle
systems
c. Deformities or absence of body
organs and systems
Causes of Handicaps
1. Prenatal factors affect normal
development before and after
a. Genetic or chromosomal
aberrations Blood incompatibility
of husband and wife
b. Prematurity Birth of the fetus
usually earlier than ninth month
c. Infection caused by bacteria or
virus
d. Malnutrition insufficient intake of
food nutrients
e. Irradiation exposure of pregnant
mother to radioactive elements
f. Metabolic disturbances Inability
of the mother or the fetus to make
use of food intake
g. Drug abuse Entry large quantities
odd medicines

2. Prenatal Factors
a. Birth injuries injuries suffered by
newborn baby
b. Difficult labor hard and prolonged
labor
c. Hemorrhage Profuse bleeding of
the mother during birth
3. Postnatal factors
a. Infections caused by illness
b. Tumor and abscess in the brain
destroy the brain cells
c. Fractures and dislocations
destructions of mobility organs
d. Tuberculosis of the bones TB
germs unlikely to attack the bone
e. Cerebrovascular inquiries injuries
in the head region
f. Post-seizure or post-surgical
complications convulsions after
delivery
g. Arthritis, rheumatism disease
affecting the spinal column
B. Sensory Impairments
1. Visual impairments visual
problem that calls for specific
modification
2. Blindness is inability of the person
to see anything vision is 20/200
THE MOST COMMON VISUAL PROBLEMS
1. Reduced visual Acuity poor sight
2. Amblyopia lazy eye
3. Hyperopia farsightedness
4. Myopia nearightedness
5. Astigmatism imperfect vision
VISUAL PROBLEMS AFFECT STUDENTS
1. Albinism Rapid involuntary side
movement of the eyeball
2. Cataract The lens of the eye changes
from a clear
3. Macular degeneration The central
part of the retina which is called macula
is affected
4. Diabetic retinopathy leading causes
of new cases of blindness and
characterized by hemorrhaging of the
tiny vessels of retina
5. Glaucoma - increase pressure within
the eye, gradual loss of vision
6. Retinitis Pigmentosa inherited
condition which begins with the loss of
night vision
7. Retinopathy of prematurity
(Deterioration of the retina) - High level
of oxygen required for survival of
premature infants
CAUSES OF DEAFNESS
a. Heredity
b. Prematurity
c. Malnutrition
d. Rh Factor blood incompatibility of
parents
e. Overdose of medicine
CLASSIFICATION OF HEARING IMPAIRED
CHILDREN
a. Congenitally deaf Born deaf
b. Adventitiously deaf born with normal
hearing but became deaf due to
accident or illness
a. Prelingual deaf present at birth or
occurring before language or speech
development
b. Postlingual deaf occurs after speech
or language development

a. Conductive hearing loss impaired
hearing due to interference in sound
transmission
b. Sensory neural hearing loss
impairment due to abnormal inner ear
c. Mixed hearing loss combination of
conductive and sensory neural hearing
loss.
ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF HEARNG LOSS:
a. Slight
b. Mild
c. Moderate
d. Severe
e. Profound
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEARNING DISABILITIES
ARE:
a. Dyslexia reading
b. Dysgraphia writing
c. Visual agnosia sight
d. Motor aphasia speaking
e. Dysarthria stuttering
f. Auditory agnosia hearing
g. Olfactory agnosia smelling
h. Dyscalculia - math