RC

Lecture # 2:
Major periods in the
life of Rizal
Major periods in the life of Rizal
Rizal learned to read,
write and listened to stories
Values and virtues he developed:
Industrious
Creativity
Rational thinking
dignity
1861-1872
1
Rizal as a student in Ateneo
Significant development:
Philippines as fatherland
Religion
Education
1872-1882
2
Rizal went to Europe
1882- 1892
3
1892 - 1896
4
Rizal exile in Dapitan and his death
RC
Lecture # 2 part 2:
The 19
th
Century world
of Jose Rizal
What are the important
developments during
the 19
th
century?
1. Growth and
development of
Nationalism
Nationalism
Sense of loyalty or psychological
attachment that members
of a nation share
Growth of Nationalism
can be attributed to two
major revolution
American Revolution (1776)
Resulted to the establishment of the
United States of America
1
French revolution
Ousting of the Bourbon Dynasty and
abolition of the feudal system
2
Ideology:
liberty, fraternity
and equality
Nationalism influenced
the modern world
tremendously
Cultural Unity
Common language, history and territory
1 Cultural unity to political reality 2
Territory of each people
coincide with its state
boundaries
Every nation has the right for
freedom and development
3
Positive:
National unity
Progress
independence
Negative:
ideas of national superiority
and national mission
could lead to aggressive crusades
and counter crusade
2. Rise and Gradual
Spread of Liberalism and
Democracy...
It is actually a consequence
of the growth and
development of nationalism
Principal ideas of Liberalism
liberty and equality
American Revolution: realized successfully
French Revolution: partly achieved
Liberalism
Representative government
Equality
Individual freedom
Freedom of
the press
Speech
Assembly
Arbitrary arrest
Democracy
Gradually established thru the following:
Promulgation of law
Reforms thru legislation
Abolition of slavery
Adoption of liberal constitution
Suffrage
Political, economic and social rights
to the people
Feb. 19, 1861
Czar Alexander II
Proclamation emancipating
22,500,000 serf
To appease the discontent
of Russian masses
1861- 1865
American Civil War
President Lincoln issued Emancipation
Proclamation (Sept 22, 1863)
freeing the Negro slave
June 1, 1861
Benito Juarez
became the
president of Mexico
Emperor
Napoleon III
Archduke Maximilian
of Austria as puppet
emperor of Mexico
installed
Mexico
Archduke
Maximilian
Benito
Juarez
Could not obtain military aid
from Americans
Valiant Indians & Mexican
freedom fighters
Mexico
After the American Civil War President Juarez
with the help of the Americans defeated the
French forces
Battle of Queretera (May 15, 1867)
Executed Emperor Maximilian
(June 19, 1867)
Emperor Napoleon III
Defeated in the Franco-Prussian War
Second French Empire collapsed
3. Industrial Revolution
Transformation of manufacturing
brought about by the invention
and use of machines.
England, Belgium, France,
Germany and
United States of America
Industrial revolution Positive:
Rise of factory system
Mass production of goods
Improvement on the standard of
living
Urbanization of society
Specialization/ distribution of labor
Positive:
Invention of labor-saving devices
Beginning of industrial capitalism
Fostering of liberalism and
nationalism
Encouragement of peoples mobility
Negative:
Widening of the gap between the rich
and the poor
Unending economic warfare between
labor and capital
Child and women labor
Imperialistic rivalry of different
countries
There are different groups
who try to eliminate or lessen
the negative effects of
Industrial revolution
laissez-faire policy
Governments non-interference
in trade and bussiness
Liberals
the control of industries and resources should be
done by the government
To promote equal opportunity
and the welfare of the people
Socialist
All factors of production should controlled and
owned by the government
Classless society and
dictatorship of the proletariat is established
Communists
The government should regulate
the use of private property
Humane treatment for workers,
respect for workers right
and social justice
Catholic church
4. Advancement of Science
Scientific discoveries which
transform to material improvements
for the population
Scientific inquiry
scientific knowledge into practical benefits
(biology, medical science, physics and chemistry)
18
th
century
That everything could be explained by reason
Age of Engligthment
3 significant consequences
Importance of science 1
on mind of ordinary citizens
(everyday experiences)
Philosophical implication
of science
2
Spread on the different section of the
population
Technical advances into optimistic faith on the
capability of man to achieve progress
Way of truth & objective reality 3
Union of careful experiment
and abstract theory
Result of scientific revolution
Challenge the traditional beliefs in
religion an politics
Headway to Western European
countries (center of learning)
4. Resurgence of Western
Imperialism
19
th
century
Expansion into non- Western lands
(Asia and Africa)
West relied on force to conquer and rule
Non-westerners: racial inferiors
Flowering of Western Imperialism
England: worlds leading imperialist power
Global colonial empire
Britiania rules the waves
(Queen Victoria)
England:
Asia
Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Maldives, Aden,
Malaya, Singapore & Egypt
South Pacific
Australia and New Zealand
Flowering of Western Imperialism
France
French Indochina
Conquered Vietnam, annexed Cambodia & Laos
Flowering of Western Imperialism
Dutch
Colonized a vast & rich Archipelago
& named it Netherlands East Indies
(Indonesia)
Flowering of Western Imperialism
Russian
Expand eastward to Asia,
conquering Siberia
Occupied Kamchatka, Kuriles & Alaska
Flowering of Western Imperialism
Russian
joined England, France & Germany against
the Chinese Empire
Trans-Siberian Railway:
the worlds longest railroad
(Vladivostok to Moscow)
Germany
Turned to the islands of the mid-Pacific world
Carolines & Palaus archipelagoes
as colonies of Germany.
Spain
claimed sovereignty over
Carolines & Palaus by right of dicovery
Spain & Germany
Submitted the Carolina question to
Pope Leo XIII for arbitration
Decision of the Holy Father
Recognizing Spains sovereignty over
Carolines & Palaus
Two (2) concession to Geramany
Right to trade
Right to establish a coaling station
During the Hispano-German imbroglio
Rizal visited Maximo Viola
in Barcelona
Rizal also wrote an article
about the Carolina questions published
in La Publicidad, a newspaper
owned by Don Miguel Morayta
Spain was stagnating as a world power
Lost colonies:
Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
El Salvador , Guatemala, Paraguay & others
5. Optimism and Confidence in
Progress
Achievements of men in the 19
th
century
1. Extension of human rights to many
people
2. Promotion of higher education
3. Education for nationalism in schools
4. Investment in science to serve mankind
5. Improvement of public health
6. Emergence of realistic literature
RC
Lecture # 2 part 3:
19
th
century-
Spain & Philippines
Spain
Political Instability
Downward spiral as a world power
1830: American colonies became independent
Carlist Wars: Struggle for throne
Frequent changes of government
1 1835 to 1897
50 governor general: 1 year & 3 months
Dec. 1853 to Nov. 1854
4 governor generals
Hampered political and economic
development in the Philippines
Abandonment of Mercantilism
laissez faire or free market
Trade: countries and their colonies
Official policies: International commerce
Philippines:
Open for foreign trade
Rise of Middle of class
New political ideas
Opening of suez canal
Ilustrados enlightened ones
2
Galleon Trade
During the Spanish era Manila became the
leading commercial center in the region
Also known as Manila-Acapulco Trade
Not all could participate in the Galleon trade
In the 19th century when commercial liberty
was adopted as a European policy the Galeon
trade decline
Lasted for 2 centuries until its abolition
Philippines during
the time of Rizal
Reduccion plan by Fr. Juan de Plasencia
Town Plaza
Administrative Organization
Directly governed by Spanish crown (Ministry of Colonies)
1
Government
Unitary Government
Governor-General:
head of the Spanish colonial government
Vice Royal Patron
Commander in chief of the colonial army
Exercised the: Executive, Legislative, and
Judicial
Local Government:
Alcaldias: Provinces
Towns or pueblos
Barrios or barangay
Barrios or Barangays
Ayuntamiento: city
Union of church and State
Friars controlled over local government
Frailocracy
Union of Church & the State
in Spanish Era
Clergy are active in the government & have
political powers.
Church officials could also served as an acting
Governor-General
Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta (1719-1721), Bishop
Juan Arrechederra (1745-1750), Bishop Miguel Lino de
Espeleta (1759-1761) Arcbishop Manuel Rojo (1761-1762)
Frailocracy
government by friars
Friars recommendation were highly regarded
by the governor general and
provincial officials
They could send a individual to jail or make
him as a traitor to be exiled or executed.
Guardia Civil
Patterned after the famous and well-disciplined
Guardia Civil in Spain
1867: purpose of dealing with outlaws & renegades
1880: most feared instrument of summary arrest
(filibusteros or enemies of government and church)
Audiencia Real
Supreme court and lower court
Territorial audiencias
Courts of first instance
Justice of the peace courts
Appeals for civil and criminal cases
Settling important issues on governance and
auditing agency
No legislature during the Spanish era
Representation in the Spanish Cortez
or law making body was abolished in 1837
Las Leyes de Indias as basic law
Modified by royal decress
Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
1
st
period (Ventura de los Reyes):
Abolition of the galeon trade
2
nd
& 3
rd
period:
Philippine delegates were not as energetic
& devoted in parliamentary work
Representation in the Spanish Cortes was
abolished in 1837.
Cuba & Peurto Rico were granted
representation by the Spanish Constitution
of 1876
Spanish colonial administration was
corrupt and inefficient
1. Distance of Philippines to Spain
2. Absolute power of the governor general
3. Selling of lower positions to the highest
bidders
Social Structure of Filipino Society
2
Encomeinda System
Rewards of the Spaniards in the conquest and
establishment of settlement in the colony.
1558: King of Spain ordered that land be
distributed to his loyal subjects.
The right to collect tributes or taxes
The man who receive it is called encomendero
Kind of encomiendas:
1. Royal encomienda
2. Ecclesiastical encomienda
3. Private encomienda
Forced Labor
Royal Decree (July 12, 1883)
Not only native Filipinos
but also all male Spanish residents but it was
never implemented in the country,
Paid for the work
Natives are not paid and
to exempted to work natives should
pay a fee called falla
Conditions set for POLO Y SERVICIO
Must not work in a distance place, that
they could not return to their families
Natives are separated
from their families and was sent
to far flung provinces
Men who are physically incapable
should not be overworked
Natives were overworked and as a
result thousands of natives died
Social Structure
Doctrine of limpieza de sangre
or purity of blood
Peninsulares and Insulares
Indios or natives
Spanish mestizos, Principalia
and Chinese mestizos
Educational System 3
Parochial school
Centred: teaching of fear of God and
obedience to the friars
Native are inferior students
Under the control of the friars
Primary Education
one elementary school for boys
one elementary school for girls
Normal school for training of teachers
(mastery of Spanish language)
Educational Decree 1863
Over-emphasis on religion
Limited and irrelevant curriculum
Obsolete classroom facilities
Inadequate instructional materials
Absence of academic freedom
Racial prejudice against the Filipinos in school
Weakness
Economic Status 4
Country opened to foreign trade (1834)
Increase in production of agricultural
production (exports: sugar, rice and tobacco)
Increase of socialization between Filipinos
(natives) and Spaniards
Ilustrados
Human rights denied to Filipinos
Spanish authorities
who cherished their human rights
or constitutional liberties in Spain
denied them to Filipinos
In theory
Spanish colonial system
was the best of the all
colonial system.
Law of Indies
It protected the
natives against
exploitation
No equality before the Law
Christianity: all men, irrespective of
color & race, equal before God
Spanish colonial authorities:
were Christians
regarded brown-skinned
Filipinos as inferior being
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