UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

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Final Year Project Report
Masters
PhD



DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK


This declaration is made on the 10..day ofJune..2014.


Students Declaration:
I SHARIFAH NUR SYUHADA BT WAN ALWI (29042), from FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING hereby declare that the work entitled PLANNING ANALYSIS FOR
HYDROPOWER ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW IN BARAM RIVER USING
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK APPROACH is my original work. I have not copied
from any other students work or from any other sources except where due reference or
acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by
another person.


10 June 2014 Sharifah Nur Syuhada Bt Wan Alwi (29042)
Date submitted Name of the student (Matric No.)




Supervisors Declaration:
I PROF. DR. FJ PUTUHENA hereby certifies that the work entitled PLANNING
ANALYSIS FOR HYDROPOWER ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW IN BARAM
RIVER USING LOGICAL FRAMEWORK APPROACH was prepared by the
above named student, and was submitted to the FACULTY as a * partial/full
fulfillment for the conferment of DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF CIVIL


ENGINEERING WITH HONOURS, and the aforementioned work, to the best of my
knowledge, is the said students work.

Received for examination by: PROF. DR. FJ PUTUHENA Date : 10 JUNE 2014



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where research was done)*
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[The instrument is duly prepared by The Centre for Academic Information Services]

i


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my project supervisor, Prof.
Ir. FJ Putuhenafor his guidance and advices throughout the Final Year Project. Without
his support and interest, this thesis would not be the same as presented here.
I would also like to give an honor to the Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB),
Sarawak River Board (SRB) and Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) for
giving cooperation with me to find relevant information and kindly support my thesis.
Lastly , I wish to thanks those who have assisted me, either direct or indirectly
throughout the entire progress of my Final Year Project. Thank You

















ii

ABSTRACT

The study of environmental impact and socio-economic impact is an important
element need to be considered before construct any hydropower project at inland
community. This study was aimed to identify the problem occur due to existing river
condition and dam construction. Problems will be determined and improved by using
the Logical Framework Approach. The UluBaram area which is considered the
inlandcommunity is chosen for this study. All the data were obtained from the existing
Social and Environmental Impact and Assesment (SEIA) report for Baram Hydropower
project. Conclusion and recommendation is based on the Logical Framework Matrix
that has been constructed from the data given.





















iii

ABSTRAK

Kajian kesan alam sekitar dan kesan sosio-ekonomi adalah elemen keperluan
penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan sebelum membina apa-apa projek kuasa hidro di
masyarakat pedalaman. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti masalah yang berlaku
kerana keadaan sungai yang sedia ada dan pembinaan empangan. Masalah akan
ditentukan dan diperbaiki dengan menggunakan Pendekatan Rangka Kerja Logik
(LFA). Kawasan Ulu Baram yang dianggap masyarakat pedalaman dipilih untuk kajian
ini. Semua data ini telah diperoleh daripada Laporan Sosial dan Alam Sekitar yang telah
sedia ada untuk projek kuasa hidro Baram. Kesimpulan dan cadangan adalah
berdasarkan kepada Matriks Rangka Kerja Logik yang telah dibina daripada data yang
diperoleh.










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TABLE OF CONTENT

Pages
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Abstrak
Table of Content
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
1.1 Physical Condition and Development of Baram River
1.2 Issue and problem
1.3 Objectives of this study
1.4 Scope of the study

CHAPTER 2:LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Activities and Development at Baram River.
2.1.1 Inland Navigation Development
2.1.2 Urban and industrial development
2.1.3 Hydropower Development
2.1.4 Water supply Development
2.2 Issues and Problem
2.3 Hydropower
i
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iv
vii
viii
ix


1
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2.4 Logical Framework Analysis
2.4.1 Terminology Of Logical Framework Approach
2.4.1.1 Project description
2.4.1.2 Goal
2.4.1.3 Purpose
2.4.1.4 Component Objectives
2.4.1.5 Inputs
2.4.1.6 Assumptions
2.4.1.7 Indicators
2.4.1.8 Means of Verification (MOVs)
2.4.1.9 Vertical Logic ( IF-THEN causality)
2.4.2 Strength and Weakness Logical Frame Approach

CHAPTER 3:METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Project Design with Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
3.2 Analysing the Existing Situation
3.2.1 Problem Analysis
3.2.2 Stakeholder Analysis
3.2.3 Objective Analysis
3.2.4 Alternative Analysis
3.3 Identify Main Project Elements
3.4 Identify the External Factors
3.5 Identifying the Indicators and Means of Verification
3.6 Filling up the Logical Framework Matrix

CHAPTER 4:DATA & ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
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13


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4.1 Issues and Problem
4.2 Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
4.2.1 Step 1: Problem Analysis
4.2.2 Step 2: Stakeholder Analysis
4.2.3 Step 3: Objectives Analysis
4.2.4 Step 4: Alternative Analysis
4.2.5 Step 5 : Identify The External Factor
4.2.5.1 Overall Objective
4.2.5.2 Specific Objective
4.2.5.3 Result (Output)
4.2.5.4 Activity (Solution)
4.2.6 Step 6 : Assumption
4.2.7 Step 7 : Identify theIndicators and Means of
Verification
4.2.8 Step 8 : Filling Up the Logical Framework Matrix

CHAPTER 5:CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Conclusions
5.3 Recommendation

REFERENCES

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LIST OF TABLES


Table Page
2.1
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

Strengths and weakness of LFA
List of principal stakeholders of Baram Hydropower
Project
Logical Framework Matrix
Issues and Problems
List of stakeholders
Category of Stakeholder (Stakeholder Analysis 2)
Stakeholder Analysis 3
Alternative Analysis
Assumption
Indicators and Means Verification
Logical Framework Matrix for Adequate Environmental
Flow at Baram River
13
20
25
27
30
31
32
35
37
38
41










viii


LIST OF FIGURES


Figure Page
1.1
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
Schematic Map of Ulu Baram Area
Two Phases and Seven Steps of the LFA
IF-THEN Relationship
Flowchart of construction Logical Framework Matrix
Problem Analysis
Objective analysis
Relationship between assumption and objectives
Problem Tree
Objective Tree


2
9
13
17
18
21
23
29
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS


LFA Logical Framework Approach
SEIA Social and Environmental Impact Assesment
EIA Environmental Impact Assesment
SEB Sarawak Energy Berhad
SRB Sarawak River Board
DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage
HEP Hydro Electric Project



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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
Sarawak with a land area of 124450 sq. km consist of 55 navigable rivers with a
combined length of 3300 km. Rivers has always played a prominent role in Sarawakian
life. The rivers in Sarawak are a major mode of transportation for passengers, goods and
logs.
The Baram River is one of the major river basin in Sarawak, it is also the second
longest river in Sarawak, after the Rajang River. Baram River is the major route that
connects places along Ulu Baram, it also leads to the Sarawak National Park, Mulu
Caves. The environmental flow of Baram River needs to be sustained, due to the
endangered wildlife species that lives along the river and the safety and health of the
local residents of Ulu Baram.(see Figure 1.1)





2









Figure 1.1: Schematic Map of Ulu Baram Area

Baram river basin is one of the 13 chosen area in Sarawak to construct
Hydropower Project. The proposed Baram dam is likely to be built on the stretch of the
Baram River between Long Kesseh and Long Nahaah, subject to confirmation of the
site investigations and the Social and Environmental Impact (SEIA) study which has
been carried out by the Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB). It is a hydroelectric project
(HEP) that uses the power of the flow of water through turbines (four sets of Francis
turbine generating units) to generate 1,000 MW of electricity. The Baram dam is a
Roller-Compacted Concrete dam with a height of 150m and a catchment area of
8,978km
2
. The size of the reservoir is 388km
2
.
The Planning Analysis for Hydropower Environmental Flow in Baram River,
using the Logical Framework Analysis (LFA), assumes that the environmental flow are
instruments of a change. The project is implemented in order to change the current
situation into a more desirable situation. The project consists of three elements, an input
of resources, the implementation of certain activities, and will result in a number of
outputs that are expected to contribute to desired objectives. The objectives that the
project seeks to achieve relate to the improve situation.

3

The Logical Framework Approach (LFA) was first adopted by U.S Aid in the
early1970s. Since then the LFA has been used by many larger donor organizations, both
multilateral and bilateral. The LFA is a management tool that facilitates planning,
execution and evaluation of a project. The LFA has a power to communicate a complex
and costly project clearly and understandably on one up to five sheets of paper. This is
achieved by structuring the main elements of a project in a matrix (the logical
framework) which summarizes the project, highlighting logical linkage between
intended inputs, planned activities and expected results and record the underlying
assumption.


1.2 Physical Condition and Development of Baram River
Baram River is approximately 607 km long and it navigable up to 371 km. The
catchments area of Baram River is about 22,325 sq. km and is located in a tropical
rainforest region. The average elevation of the basin is 602 m, with a maximum
elevation of 4,833 m. Rainfall in the basin is quite high, averaging 3,225 mm. annually
and is spread throughout the year. The river is quite sinuous in a nature, particularly in
its lower reaches. Currently, the development that was taken places in the Baram River
Basin includes the ; Navigation, Hydropower Development and Water Supply
Development.


1.2 Issue and problem
There are some issues and problem regarding the hydropower development in
the Baram River. The construction and operation of the hydropower dam affect the river
environment, especially the inland navigation for the villagers along the Baram river.


1.3 Objectives of this study

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This study is aimed to establish an approach and tool for evaluating and
monitoring the environmental flow along Baram River. Specific objectives of this study
is to apply Logical Framework Approach as a tool for integrating the requirement of
environmental flow with the the operation hydropower dam or in other words for the
Integrated Water Resources Management in the Baram River.


1.4 Scope of the study
To examine and analyze the current issues and problem, in relation to Logical
Framework Approach Development for improving the Environmental Flow condition at
Baram River especially due to current and proposed navigation facilities and other water
resources infrastructure development.











5





CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW


2.0 Introduction
The literature review will present the greater detail about the activities and
development carry out at Baram River include existing and future development, issues
or problems and institutional, laws and regulations involved in Hydropower
Development at Baram River and Logical Framework Approach. This chapter will also
present some of the relevant project development in Baram River.


2.4 Activities and Development at Baram River.
Baram River is the second longest river in Sarawak after Batang Rajang. Baram
River plays important roles for hydropower development, navigation, urban and
industrial development, land development, tourism development, aquaculture and
agriculture development, and water supply development.

6


2.4.1 Inland Navigation Development
The Baram Rivers are also the principle means for log transportation as well as
storage (log ponds). Log activities in this area mostly located Tinjar River and Tutoh
River where this river is tributaries of Baram River. There two type of raft playing
(Barge Tow) at Baram River. First is small raft where it long 200-300m. This raft move
from Tinjar and Tutoh to Marudi. Second is a big raft (500m-800m) where it move from
Marudi to Kuala Baram.


2.4.2 Urban and industrial development
The development of Baram River is including the tourism industries, business
centre, administrative centre, housing estate, shop houses, factories, etc. The industrial
zone is located at Kuala Baram (Estet Perindustrian Kuala Baram) about 1,564 ha. and
Marudi (Kawasan Perindustrian Ringan Marudi) about 12 ha.


2.4.3 Hydropower Development
According to Liefting (2012); The Baram Dam (Baram Hydro-electric Dam
Project) is a proposed gravity dam on the Baram River in the Malaysian state of
Sarawak on the island of Borneo. The site of the dam is 250 kilometres (160 mi) inland
from Miri, the second largest city in Sarawak. The dam is part of the Sarawak Corridor
of Renewable Energy. The dam will be 162 metres (531 ft) tall and its reservoir will
cover an area of 39,000 hectares (96,000 acres). At least 20,000 people from 25
longhouses will be displaced when the dam is built.


2.4.4 Water supply Development

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The existing water consumption for the township of Long Lama is being
recorded by Jabatan Kerja Raya Marudi (JKR). The existing water supply facilities were
designed and constructed in 1966. The existing intake comprises a floating pontoon on
Batang Baram and is being secured to a tree trunk nearby by means of a rope. It has
been in use since 1980. The old intake located nearby and constructed in 1960s have
been abandoned and only one of the piers with short length of pipe remains. Regular
shifting of the existing floating pontoon to deeper location is required during low water
level to avoid the silt that gathers near the river bank. This year JKR hydraulic Branch
plan to propose a new water supply scheme, which able to serve the local community
till year 2025 at Long Lapok Township and half from Baram River surrounding area. At
present, the proposed site has no treated water serving the local community; the water
source for daily domestic consumption mainly comes from rainwater harvesting and
river water.


2.5 Issues and Problem
Baram Dam is one of the 12 dams project in Sarawak to begin construction.
The Baram dam is expected to generate 1,000megawatts ( MW) of power. The
construction of the dam will affect the environmental flow of the rainforest near the
Baram Dam. Social and Environmental Assement (SEIA) Report on the Baram River
has been established by Sarawak Energy.
The SEIA Report suggesting that some of maintenance and preservation should
be made to sustain the river for the community needs and wildlife near the proposed
Baram Dam.


2.6 Hydropower
According to Energy Information Administration (2008), the source of
hydropower is water and its one of the renewable energy sources that generates
electricity and it is widely used in the world. It is one of the oldest sources of energy
and was used thousand of years.

8

According to Paish (2002), the development of hydro-electricity in the 20
th

century was usually associated with the building of large dams and hundreds of massive
barriers of concrete, rock and earth were placed across river valleys world wide to
create huge artificial lakes.
According to Ryan (2009), Electricity can be produced unlimited when dam has
finished construct. The sluice gates on the dam system can be used to cut down the
electricity generation when electricity is not needed. The water can be saved for use
another time when electricity demand is high. Dam structure is designed to last many
years and so can contribute to many generation. The lake that forms behind the dam can
be used for water sports. The large dams become tourist attractions in their own right
and the lakes water can be used for irrigation purposes. Dam system does not produce
any green house gases when producing electricity and yet the dam system does not
pollute the atmosphere.
The disadvantages of hydropower dam are, the cost used to construct a dam is
extremely expensive and must be built to a very high standard. The high construction
cost of dam must be able to operate for many years before can profitable. Also, the
constructing of large dam can cause serious geological damages and can destroy the
natural environment. Flooding is an example of the natural environment damages
caused by the construction of a large dam. Once flooding happened, people have to
move out and find another new place. Building a dam may lead problems between
neighbouring countries because the water supply from the river has been disturbed and
the situation may become worse if the river is shared with other countries.


2.4 Logical Framework Analysis
Planning activities using the LFA consists of two (2) distinct phases. The first phase
concerns an analysis of the existing situation. The first phase concerns of the existing
situation. There are four different steps can be identified in the Analysis Phase. The
second phase of LFA Planning is the phase in which the project is designed. This phase
have three (3) different steps. The detail is elaborated in the following sub-chapters.
These seven steps are presented in figure 2.1 below:


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A. Analysing The Situation
1. Problem Analysis
2. Stakeholder Analysis
3. Objective Analysis
4. Alternative Analysis
B. Designing The Project
5. Project Element
6. External Factors
7. Indicators

Figure 2.1 : Two Phases and Seven Steps of the LFA (source:AusGUIDElines)


2.4.2 Terminology Of Logical Framework Approach
A brief description of the terminology is given below:


2.4.1.1 Project description
Provides a narrative summary of what the project intends to achieve and
how. It describes the means by which desired end are to be achieved (the
vertical logic).


2.4.1.2 Goal
Refers to the sector or national objectives to which the projects is
designed to contribute in sustainable way, e.g. increased incomes,
improved nutritional status, and reduced cost. The goal helps set the

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macro level context within which the project fits and describes the long
term impact that the project is expected to contribute towards. (But not
itself achieve or be solely accountable for)

2.4.1.3 Purpose
Refer to what the project is expected to achieve in terms of sustainable
development outcome at the end, or soon after, the project life. Examples
might include increased agriculture production, higher immunization
coverage or improved safety in the jetties. There should generally be only
one purpose statement.


2.4.1.4 Component Objectives
Refer where the project or programme is relatively large and has a
number of components (output) it is useful to give each component an
objective statement. These statement should provide a logical link
between the outputs of that component and the project purpose. Outputs
refer to the specific results and tangible product (goods and services)
produced by undertaking a series of tasks of activities.


2.4.1.5 Inputs
Refer to the resources required to undertake the activities and produce the
outputs, e.g. as personnel, equipment and materials. However, inputs
should not be in matrix format.


2.4.1.6 Assumptions

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Refer to conditions which could affect the progress or success of the
project, but over which project managers have no direct control, e.g.
price changes, rainfall, land perform policies, non-enforcement of
supporting legislation. An assumption is a positive statement of a
condition that must be met in order for project objectives to be achieved.
A risk is negative statement of what might prevent objectives being
achieved.


2.4.1.7 Indicators
Refer to the information we need to help us determine progress towards
meeting stated project objectives. An indicator should provide, where
possible, a clearly defined unit of measurement and a target detailing the
quantity, quality and timing of expected results.


2.4.1.8 Means of Verification (MOVs)
Should clearly specify the expected source of the information we need to
collect.How the information will be collected should be considered and
who will be responsible, and the frequency with which the information
should be provided.


2.4.1.9 Vertical Logic ( IF-THEN causality)
Constructing the project description of the matrix involves a detailed
breakdown of the chain of causality in the project design.

This can be expressed in terms of :
IF inputs are provided, THEN activities can be undertaken.

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IF activities are undertaken, THEN outputs will be produced.
IF outputs are produced, THEN specific objectives will be
achieved.
IF specific objectives are achieved, THEN the project purpose
will be supported.
IF the project purpose is supported, this should THEN contribute
towards the overall objectives


Figure 2.2 : IF-THEN Relationship (source : AusGUIDElines)


2.4.3 Strength and Weakness Logical Frame Approach
The strengths and weaknesses of Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) has
been summarized into the Table 2.0 below.

Table 2.1: Strengths and weakness of LFA ( S. Klaas & B. Annette)
Issue Potential strengths Common problems Possible dangers

Vertical
Logic

Provides logical
link between

Getting
consensus on

Oversimplificatio
n of objective.

13

means and ends.
Places activity
within broader
development
environment.
Encourages
examination of
risks.
objectives.
Reducing
objectives to a
simple linear
chain.
Inappropriate
level of detail
(too much or too
little)
Objectives
become too rigid
(blueprint)
Ignoring
unintended
effects.
Hides
disagreements.


Horizontal
Logic

Require analysis
of whether
objectives are
measurable.
Helps establish
monitoring and
evaluation
framework.

Finding
measurable
indicators for
higher level
objectives and
social projects.
Establishing
unrealistic targets
too early.

Downgrading of
less quantified
objectives.
Rigid targets.
Information
overload.



Format and
application

Links problem
analysis to
objective setting.
Visually
accessible and
relatively easy to
understand.
Can be applied in
participatory
way.

Prepared too late
and
mechanistically.
Problem analysis
and objective
setting not always
linked. Risks
marginalized.
High demands for
training and
judgement.

The same fixed
format applied in
all cases.
Used for top
down control.
Can alienate
staff. Becomes a
fetish rather than
a help.




14





CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY


4.0 Introduction
This chapter will describe more detailed on the Adequate Environmental Flow in
Batang Baram by using Logical Framework Analysis (LFA). Therefore, the steps and
procedure by using LFA are explained more clearly and detail in order to achieve the
objective of the study.


3.1 Project Design with Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
The steps to construct the Log Framework Matrix is summarized and presented
in the flowchart in the figure 3.1 below.




15


Figure 3.1: Flowchart of Constructing Logical Framework Matrix


3.2 Analysing the Existing Situation
LFA incorporates four main analytical elements to help guide the design
process:
i) Problem Analysis
ii) Stakeholder Analysis
iii) Objectives Analysis
iv) Alternative Analysis
3.2.1 Problem Analysis

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Based on the available information, the existing situation is analyzed: i.e. the
main problems are identified and the main cause and effect relationships between
these problems are visualized in a problem tree. The activities undertaken in the
problem analysis are as follow:
i. Main existing problems were identified, based on available information.
ii. One focal problem were selected for the analysis and the problem tree
were developed
iii. Substantial and direct causes of focal problem were identified
iv. Substantial and direct effects of focal problem were identified
v. A problem tree showing the cause and effect relationship between the
problems were constructed. (see figure 3.2)


Figure 3.2: Problem Analysis

The problem analysis is complete when the stakeholders are convinced that all
essential information has been included in the network in order to explain the main
cause-effect relationship characterizing the problem.

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3.2.2 Stakeholder Analysis
After the main problems, and the cause and effect relationship were identified, it
is important to give further consideration to who these problems actually impact on
most, and what the roles and interests of different stakeholders might be in addressing
the problems and reaching solutions. The main solutions of stakeholder analysis are:
i) To better address distributional and social impacts of projects, programs and
policies.
ii) To identify existing or potential conflicts of interest, and factor appropriate
mitigation strategies into activity design. Stakeholder analysis is about asking
the questions: Whose problem and, if a project intervention strategy is
proposed: who will benefit?

The main steps in stakeholder analysis include:
i) Identify the principal stakeholder
ii) Investigate their roles, interests, relative power and capacity to participate.
iii) Identify the extent of cooperation or conflict in the relationship between
stakeholders.
iv) Interprete the findings of the analysis and defining how this should be
incorporated into project design. When looking at who at stakeholders are, it is
useful to distinguish between the target group and the broader group of
stakeholders (the target group being one of the principal stakeholders).

Table 3.1:List of principal stakeholders of Baram Hydropower Project
1. Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) 5. Department of Environmental (DOE)
2. Sarawak River Board (SRB) 6. Forest Department Sarawak
3. Public Works Department (JKR) 7. Sarawak Tourism Board
4. Department of Irrigation and Drainage
(DID)
8. General Public


18


3.2.3 Objective Analysis
After the problem tree has been completed and initial stakeholder
analysis has been undertaken, the objective trees will be prepared.
The objective tree uses exactly the same structure as the problem tree,
but with the problem statements (negatives) turned into objective statements
(positives). However, the results of the stakeholder analysis may have helped to
give better focus to priority problems and not all of the original problem
statements may therefore need to be translated into objective statements.
While the problem tree shows the cause and effect relationship between
problems, the objective tree shows the objectives and solutions relationship
between the main goal/ overall objectives, the objectives and solution
relationship is better known as the mean-ends relationship. (see figure 3.3)



Figure 3.3 : Objective Analysis


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3.2.4 Alternative Analysis
The purpose of the alternatives analysis is to identify possible alternative option,
assess the feasibility of these and agree upon one project strategy. The alternative
options are based on the means-ends relationships of objectives tree.
The various alternatives option has to be discussed by all stakeholders involved.
The different stakeholders have to agree upon on the most favoured option. Criteria that
should be considered in selecting the most viable alternative include total cost, benefit
to prority groups, probability of achieving objective and social risks. Other possible
criteria are:
i. Technical: Appropriateness, use of local resources, market suitability,
etc.
ii. Financial: Costs, financial sustainability, foreign exchange need, etc.
iii. Economic: Economic return, cost effectiveness, etc.
iv. Institutional: Capacity, capability, technical assistance inputs, etc.
v. Social/Distributional: Distribution of costs and benefits, gender issues,
socio-cultural constraints, local involvement and motivation etc.
vi. Environmental: Environmental effects.


3.3 Identify Main Project Elements
Once the project strategy has been chosen, the main project elements are derived
from the objectives tree and transferred into the narrative summary in the first column
of logical framework. In total, 5 project elements will be identified. These elements are
development objectives, immediate objectives, outputs, activities and inputs or
resources.

The development objectives the anticipated long terms objectives towards which
the project will contribute (project justification). Immediate objective describes the

20

intended effects of the projects (projects purpose) for the direct beneficiaries as a
precise state future condition. The outputs are expressed as objectives that the projects
must achieved and sustain within the life of the project. Their combined impact should
be sufficient to achieve the immediate objectives.


3.4 Identify the External Factors
External factors are conditions that must exist if the project is to succeed but
which are outside the direct control of project management. In the step six the external
factors that must be met are identified. In order to identify the external factors it is
useful to start at the bottom of the project matrix and work upwards.

First, the input needs to be examined. The question that needs to be answered is:
Are the inputs sufficient to undertake the anticipated activities or do additional events
need to take place outside the project? These additional events that must take place are
the external factors that are to be identified.
External factors need to be identified for each level of the project. Once all
external factors have been identified, it is useful to verify if the logical framework is
valid. Starting from bottom, verify all level that the proposals follow logically from
each other and that they are complete. The relationship between assumption and
objectives is shown in figure 3.4 below:


21


Figure 3.4: Relationship between assumption and objectives


3.5 Identifying the Indicators and Means of Verification
Indicators are specified in the second column in the logical framework. Indicators
specify how the achievement of project objective will be measured and verified. They
provide the basis for monitoring project progress (completion of activities and the
delivery of outputs) and evaluating the achievement of outcome (component objectives
and purpose).
Measurement can be quantitative, qualitative or behavioral. Because single
indicators seldom convey a comprehensive picture of change it might be necessary to
use more than one indicator. The characteristics of good indicators are including the
following:
i) Substantial: it reflects as essential aspects of an objective in precise terms.
ii) Independent: Independent at different levels. Since the development and
immediate objective will be different, and each indicator is expected to

22

reflect evidence of achievement, the same indicators cannot normally be
used for more than one objective.
iii) Factual: Each indicator should reflect fact rather than subjective impression.
It should have the same meaning for projects supporters as to informed
skeptics.
iv) Plausible: i.e. the changes recorded can be directly attributed to the project.
v) Based on obtainable data: Indicator should draw upon data that is readily
available or that can be collected with reasonable extra effort as part of the
administration of the project.

Means of verification is in the third column of logical framework. When
indicators are formulated the sources of necessary to use them should be specified. In
the design of a project the means of verification should be explicitly dealt with. It must
be known what information is required, in what form this information must be and
where this information can be obtained.


3.6 Filling up the Logical Framework Matrix
After the step one until step seven was completed then the results will be put in
the Logical Framework Matrix as shown in Table 3.2 below.

Table 3.2: Logical Framework Matrix
Project Description
(Objective Summary)
Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions
Goal



23

Purpose


Outputs
Activities












24





CHAPTER 4

DATA & ANALYSIS


5.0 Introduction
This chapter will present the issues and problem faced by the Sarawak
Government especially Sarawak River Board regarding Inland Baram Hydropower
Development in the Baram River. The issues and problems will be analyzed using the
Logical Framework Approach (LFA) that encompasses two distinct phases.


4.1 Issues and Problem
The construction and operation of the hydropower dam affect the river environment,
especially the inland navigation for the villagers along the Baram river. The problem
and issues that has been identified are listed in Table 4.1 below.


Table 4.1: Issues and Problems

25

No Issues Problems

1.

River Bank Erosion
Caused by the wash of big
riverine vessels.
loss of land
Cause sedimentation.

2.

Low River Flow


Caused by monsoon and
riverbank erosion
Caused by the impact of the dam
construction
Affect the navigation to the
upper river
Caused impact to the river
ecosystem


4.2 Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
There are 8 steps to fill the Log Framewoek Matrix according to flowchart
shown in figure 3.1, which has been explained in the previous chapter.


4.2.1 Step 1: Problem Analysis
It is decided that inadequate environmental flow should be considered in the
focal problem. When the focal problem has been identified, then the problem tree of
substantive and direct causes and effect can be established.

26
















Figure 4.1: Problem-Tree
Impoundment Stage
Inadequate Environmental Flow in Batang Baram
Navigation Problem River Ecosystem Damage
Existing River
Condition Problem
Dam Construction Impact
Economic Loss
- Time Delay
- Shorter Route
- Limitation of Cargo Size
Low River
Flow
Riverbank
Erosion
Construction Stage
Operational Stage

Ecosystem
Degradation
Wildlife
Habitat Loss

Long duration of
construction caused
negative impact to the
river ecosystem
especially to the fish
River diversion caused
problem to the river
environmental flow
Long duration of water
impoundment caused
impact to the navigation
and the ecosytem
Insufficient quantity of
water released caused
problem to the river
ecosystem and
navigation

Conflicting demand
of the water use for
distribution of water
to the residents,
navigation, irrigation
and hydropower
purpose.
Caused impact to
the ecosystem
especially to the
fish during fish
migration

27


4.2.2 Step 2: Stakeholder Analysis
In problem analysis, the main problem and its cause and effect relationship has been
identified and the problem tree has been established. After that stakeholder analysis has to
carry out in order to identify to who address these problems and who actually impact on
most. It is about asking the questions: Whose problem and if the project intervention
strategy is proposed: Who will benefit
Based on the available data and the problem tree that been established, it is found
that many stakeholders as listed before play very important role and function in order to
solves the problems.

Table 4.2: List of stakeholder
No Stakeholders Interest or objectives
1. Sarawak Energy Berhad
(SEB)
- The owner of the Baram Hydropower
Development
2. Sarawak River Board
(SRB)
-

-

Prevention of river pollution, conservation
and rehabilitation.
River remains safe and clean for all
beneficial purpose.
3. Public Works
Department (JKR)
- To investigate, design, construct and
maintain Civil Engineering Work such as
dam, weir, bridges, wharves, roads
aerodrome and waterworks.
- To advise the government at all levels on
matters related to their function.

28

4. Department of Irrigation
and Drainage (DID)
- Responsibilities for engineering construction
along the river.
3. Department of
Environmental (DOE)
-
-
Monitoring the environmental
Responsible of environmental education and
awareness.

5. Forest Department
Sarawak
- Environmental protection, protection and
conservation of endangered wildlife and rare
plants, establishment of National Parks and
wildlife sanctuaries, and the control of the
harvest of the permanent forest estate based
on the principle of sustainable forest
management.

6. Sarawak Tourism Board - To increase the contribution of the tourism
industry through employment growth,
diversifying the economic alleviate, property
regional development and foster national
integration.

9 Mass Media - Giving information to the public.
10

General Public -
-

-
User of the river
Safe and sufficient environmental flow at the
river for all activities.
Clean rivers

After all stakeholders has been listed, they are categorize as shown below.

Table 4.3: Category of Stakeholder (Stakeholder Analysis 2)
No. Institution Interest Group

29


1.

Sarawak State Government
Community/ General
Public
2. Federal State Government
3. Mass media Owners


A closer look is taken of this group. They are Sarawak State Government,
Community and General Public.

Table 4.4: Stakeholder Analysis 3
State Government Community and General Public
Problem 1. Inadequate
Environmental Flow
1. Economic losses which will
affect the river flow.
2. Unsafe navigation caused by the
low river flow.

Interest To provide adequate
environmental flow
Adequate environmental flow in the
river for the navigation facilities and
preservation of the ecosystem.
Potential Able to influence the
problem
Can caused low river flow due to the
dam development
Linkage Dependent on the
cooperation of
community
Participation in Hydropropower and
Water Resources Development.



30

4.2.3 Step 3: Objectives Analysis
In this step the problem tree in step 1 are reformulated as positive statements and
become objectives tree as shown in figure 4.2 below.

31


















Figure 4.2: Objective-Tree
Adequate Environmental Flow in Batang Baram
Navigation Facilities
Retain River Ecosystem
Overhaul the Existing
River Condition
Minimize Dam Construction Impact on the Environmental flow through
Integrated River Basin Management
Economic Profit
- longer route
- larger cargo size
- minimize time delay

Build a gorge
along the
shoreline to
minimize the
riverbank
erosion
hazard
Dredging the
river to
increase the
river depth
Dam Construction Stage
Impoundment Stage

Operational Stage

Sustain the river
ecosystem
Preserve
Wildlife

Proper timeline
Construction
Mgt during
construction

Proper river
basin
management

Release
sufficient
amount of water
Minimize the
duration of water
impoundement
Proper
irrigation
Reliable
water
supply


32

4.2.4 Step 4: Alternative Analysis
Alternative 1 Dredging the river to increase the river depth
Alternative 2 Build a rocky shoreline (Gorge) to minimize rivebank erosion hazard
Alternative 3 Integrated water resource management

Alternative 1 is to increase the low flow of river to allow boating on upper Baram River.

Alternative 2 is to build rocky shoreline along the riverbank to minimize the erosion
hazard caused by waves from water transport, logging activities and other activities.

Alternative 3 is to promotes development and water management to protect the
environment, foster the economic growth and social welfare, and sustain the river
ecosystem caused by the construction of dams which will affect the socio-economic and the
ecosystem of the river.

The above option will be analyzed and the result is stated in table 4.5 below.

33

Table 4.5: Alternative Analysis

Option 1
Dredging
Work
Option 2
Rocky
Shoreline
(Gorge)
Option 3
Integrated
Water
Resource
Management
Option 4
1+2
Option 5
1+3
Option 6
2+3
Option 7
1+2+3
Cost High Small Small High High Small High
Chance of
Success
High Medium Small High High Medium High
Benefit High Medium Small High High Medium High
Project
Timeline
Long Short Long Long Long Long Long
Social Risk Medium Small Small Medium Medium Medium Small


34

Option 4: Combine the dredging method and building the gorge along the river. This
combination have hign chance of success, but the impact to the social is not in optimum
level.
Option 5: Combine the dredging method and Integrated Water Resource Management have
a high chance of success, but without the gorge, there will still be risk to the local.
Option 6: Combine the Integrated Water Resource Management and building the gorge
along the river have medium chance of success. The dredging is important in keeping the
river level constant.
Option 7: Combine all the suggestion, which are dredging the river, building the gorge and
imply the Integrated Water Resource Management. This combination have a high chance of
success and the impact to the social is minimum.

From the analysis, option 7 is chosen because it has a better chance of succees and have
minimal social impact. This combination can help in achieveng optimum results.

4.2.5 Step 5 : Identify The External Factor
4.2.5.1 Overall Objective
The overall objective for this project is to tally the environmental flow at Baram
River with the potential dam construction.


4.2.5.2 Specific Objective
The specific objectives for this project is to improve the navigation facilities and
sustain the river ecosytem.


4.2.5.3 Result (Output)

35

The output for this project is to overhaul the existing river condition and to
minimize the dam construction impact on the environmental flow in Batang Baram.


4.2.5.4 Activity (Solution)
1. Dredging the river to increase the river depth
2. Build a rocky shoreline (Gorge) to minimize rivebank erosion hazard
3. Integrated water resource management


4.2.6 Step 6 : Assumption
The assumption that have been made are shown as in the table 4.6 below.

Table 4.6: Assumption
Activities (Solution) Assumption (Activities to Output)

1. Planning and implementation
dredging work for passage to Miri
Port.

2. Gorge along the river shoreline

3. Integrated water resource
management


- Fund is available
- The tender of construction successfully
to select the contractor.
- Storage capacities for disposal area are
available
- Proper operation of dredging work
toward ensuring the disposal method and
area fulfilled EIA requirement.
- All stakeholders participate and concern
Results (Output) Assumption (Output to Specific

36

Objectives)
1. overhaul the existing river condition

2. minimize the dam construction
impact on the environmental flow in
Batang Baram.
- All stakeholders carry out preservation
of the construction area
- Policies and regulation approved by
government

Purpose (Specific Objectives) Assumption (Specific to Overall
Objectives)
1. to improve the navigation facilities

2. sustain the river ecosytem
- The river flow allow boating on upper
Baram River
- The river allow the fish migration
- The river helps reduced flood flows
Goal (Overall Objectives) Assumption
Tally the environmental flow at Baram
River with the potential dam construction.




4.2.7 Step 7 : Identify the Indicators and Means of Verification

The indicators and means verification that have been identified are shown in the table 4.7
below.
Table 4.7: Indicators and Means Verification


37

Activities Indicator
Means
Means of
Verification
or cost

1.

Planning and
implementation dredging
work for passage


- Consultant
- Dredging
equipment and
operation
- Environment
Impact Assessment
study

-Sarawak River
Board Report
2. Build a rocky shoreline
(Gorge)/ retaining wall to
minimize rivebank erosion
hazard
Environment Impact
Assessment study
-Baram Dam EIA
Report

3. Integrated water resource
management
Environment Impact
Assessment study
Baram Dam EIA
Report
Output
5. to overhaul the existing
river condition
New ordinance by
Sarawak State
Government
Sarawak River
Board Annual
Report.
6. to minimize the dam
construction impact on the
environmental flow in
Batang Baram.
Environmental
Impact Assesment
Study
Baram Dam EIA
Report.

Specific Objective
9. to improve the navigation - Tonnage ships

38

facilities increase.
- Increase tourist

- Sarawak Tourism
Board.
- Sarawak River
Board Report
10. sustain the river ecosytem - Environmental
impact
Assesment Study
- New ordinance
by Sarawak State
Government
- Sarawak River
Board Report
- Baram Dam EIA
Report

Overall Objective

12.

Tally the environmental
flow at Baram River with
the potential dam
construction.
- River ecosystem
will be sustain as
authorized
- Navigation
facilities will be
improved

Baram Dam EIA
Report



4.2.8 Step 8 : Filling Up the Logical Framework Matrix
This is final step in Logical Framework Approach. In this step the Logical Framework will
be filling up as a Matrix four by four as shown in table 4.6 (Logical Framework Matrix)





39

Table 4.8: Logical Framework Matrix for Adequate Environmental Flow at Baram River
Objective Summary Objective Indicator Means of Verification Assumption
Overall Objective
Tally environmental flow at Baram
River with the potential dam
construction.

River ecosystem will be
sustain as authorized
Navigation facilities will
be improved

Baram Dam EIA Report
Sarawak River Board
Annual Report

Specific Objective
1. to improve the navigation
facilities

2. sustain the river ecosytem

Tonnage ship with depth
more than 3 meters be able
navigable through Baram
River especially upper
river at Kuala Baram
Increase the tourist
attraction by preserving
the river ecosystem
especially the river area
near the Mulu National
Park.

Sarawak Tourism Board.
Sarawak River Board
Report
Baram Dam EIA Report
Specific to Overall Objectives
The river flow allow boating on
upper Baram River
The river allow the fish
migration
The river have controls during
low river flows and flooding
season

40

.Output
1. Overhaul the existing river
condition.
2. Minimize the dam
construction impact on the
environmental flow in
Batang Baram.

New ordinance by
Sarawak State
Government
Environmental Impact
Assesment Study

Sarawak River Board
Annual Report.
Baram Dam EIA Report.

Outputs to Specific Objectives
All stakeholders carry out
preservation of the
construction area
Policies and regulation
approved by government
Activities
1. Planning and
implementation dredging
work for passage
2. Build Gorge along the river
shoreline
3. Integrated water resource
management
Means
Consultant and
Engineers
Environment Impact
Assessment study
Construction materials
Equipment
Labour

Costs
Budget required
Operation Cost
Other pre condition
requirement.
Approval of detail
design.
Approval from
Department Drainage
and Irrigation to build
building along Baram
River Reserve.
Activities to Outputs
Fund is available
The tender of construction
successfully to select the
contractor.
Storage capacities for disposal
area are available
Proper operation of dredging
work toward ensuring the
disposal method and area
fulfilled EIA requirement.
All stakeholders participate
and concern

41





CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS


5.0 Introduction
This chapter will summarized and conclude the Planning Analysis of the
Hydropower Environmental Flow in Baram River and gives the recommendation based
on the study.

5.1 Conclusions
The Baram River is one of the major river basin in Sarawak, it is also the second
longest river in Sarawak, after the Rajang River. Baram River is the major route that
connects places along Ulu Baram, it also leads to the Sarawak National Park, Mulu
Caves. The environmental flow of Baram River needs to be sustained, due to the
endangered wildlife species that lives along the river ,for the safety and health and for
the navigation fascilities of the local residents of Ulu Baram.

The proposed Baram dam is likely to be built on the stretch of the Baram River
between Long Nahaah and Long Keseh, subject to confirmation of the site
investigations and the Social and Environmental Impact (SEIA) study which has been

42

carried out by the Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB). It is a hydroelectric project (HEP)
that uses the power of the flow of water through turbines (four sets of Francis turbine
generating units) to generate 1,000 MW of electricity. The Baram dam is a Roller-
Compacted Concrete dam with a height of 150m and a catchment area of 8,978km
2
. The
size of the reservoir is 388km
2
.

There are some issues and problem regarding the hydropower development in
the Baram River. The construction and operation of the hydropower dam affect the river
environment, especially the inland navigation for the villagers along the Baram river.

The Planning Analysis Hydropower Environmental Flow in Baram River, using
the Logical Framework Analysis (LFA), assumes that the environmental flow are
instruments of a change. The problem analysis with the focal problem Inadequate
Environmental Flow in Baram River has been constructed and the cause of the problem
were identified, which are due to existing river condition and the dam construction;
during construction stage, impoundment stage, and operational stage. These can leads
to the navigation problem and river ecosystem damage.

From the problem analysis, the objective analysis were established. The overall
objective for the study is to achieve Adequate Environmental Flow in Baram River.
The specific objectives for the study are to improve the navigation fascilities and
sustain the river ecosystem. From the objectives, the solution were determined and
identified, which are to overhaul the existing river condition and minimize the dam
construction impact on the environmental flow in Batang Baram.

The alternatives analysis were obtained from the objective analysis. Three
alternatives were established, which are ; Alternative 1 Dredging the river to increase
the river depth, Alternative 2 Build a rocky shoreline (Gorge) to minimize rivebank
erosion hazard, Alternative 3 Integrated water resource management.


43

The three (3) alternatives were analyzed to choose which are the better solution to
achieve the objectives. From the analysis, the three (3) option were to be combined to
achieve better results.

From this study, it can be concluded that, the Hydropower Development at the
Ulu Baram does bring the positive social-economic impacts to the undeserved
community. The dam construction is able to keep the river level constant and improved
the river level especially at the upper Baram River , which is very important for the
navigation and the river ecosystem. These can leads to the better economic profit for
the community.


5.3 Recommendation
Based on the past experience from the construction of Bakun Dam, the people
nearby were facing water shortage problem during the water impoundment process.
This affect their daily routine such as; cleaning, drinking, feeding animals, irrigation
and so on, and they were having difficulties in navigation, which cause them having
food supply shortage. These problems can be a guidance to handle the same problem
that may be occur during the construction of Baram Dam.

The first recommendation that can be made is, construct proper road access
along Ulu Baram that connects to each village without using the inland navigation. This
helps in giving fascilities for the villagers to link to the outside. This can help them to
have enough supply for their daily needs such as food, goods and etc. The road should
be construct before constructing the dam to avoid difficulties for the villagers.The
second recommendation,is to implement proper water resource management, which
helps in giving enough clean water supply for their daily needs such as, cleaning,
drinking, irrigation and etc.

These two recommendation may be useful for the villagers during the
construction and impoundment stage of the hydropower dam. During the operating

44

stage of the hydropower, the recommendation that can be made is to give free water and
electric supply to the villagers that reside nearby the Baram Dam. This can be
considered as offering for the villagers.

45

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