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= a
2
Z
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
25
Example 1
Find v
1
and v
2
.
The equivalent resistance as
seen from the primary:
R
pr
=
200
5
2
= 8 O
v
1
=
R
pr
R
pr
+ 2
v
s
=
8
8 + 2
50cos1000t
= 40cos1000t V
v
2
= 5 v
1
= 200cos1000t V
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
26
Example 2
O
(
= k 10
2
2
1
pr
N
N
R
Find the turn ratio (N
1
:N
2
) to achieve maximum transfer to
the 10 k.
The equivalent resistance as
seen from the primary:
For max. power transfer, we
want R
pr
= 50 .
14
10000 50
1
2
2
2
1
~
=
N
N
N
N
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
27
Example 3 (1)
Find V
c
.
The equivalent resistance as seen from the primary:
The voltage across
the primary:
Z
pr
= (5 j8) 3
2
= 45 j 72 O
v
1
=
Z
pr
Z
pr
+ (30 + j20)
80Z 50
0
=
45 j 72
75 j52
80Z 50
0
=
84.9Z 58
0
91.26Z 34.73
0
80Z 50
0
= 74.42Z 73.27
0
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
28
Example 3 (2)
The voltage across the secondary:
The capacitor voltage V
c
:
V
C
=
j8
5 j8
v
2
=
8Z90
0
9.43Z 58
0
24.80Z 73.27
0
= 21.0Z 74.73
0
v
2
=
v
1
3
=
74.42Z 73.27
0
3
= 24.80Z 73.27
0
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
29
Small transformer construction
a) Lamination, b) Iron core with winding
Iron core
Terminals
Secondary
winding
Insulation
Physical Structure
The transformer laminations (or coating of shellac, enamel or
varnish) is to insulate adjacent turns from shorts between
winding.
Core type
-Reduce heat loss
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
30
Summary of Objectives
You should be able to:
1. Understand the dot convention and mutual inductance.
2. Analyze circuits with coupled inductors and transformer.
3. Understand the properties of ideal and linear
transformers.
4. Use transformer for impedance matching.
5. Use transformer for voltage level adjustment.
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
31
Machine Outline
(a) DC machine fundamental
(b) DC machine torque relation (dynamics)
(c) AC machine fundamental
(d) AC machine torque relation (dynamics)
DC Motor Experiment
F=BLi
L
F
Mercury - kind of inductor
F=BLI
Homemade DC Motor
Rotate
Two-Pole DC Motor
Stator
Rotor
Mech Power Elect Power
Generator
Mode
Field Current to create
flux
Mech Power Elect Power
Motor
Mode
Field Current to create
flux
DC Machines
DC Motor Types
Separately Excited (field excitation by a
separate electric circuit)
Self-excited
Shunt
Series
Compound
Parallel+series
Connect in series
i
c
L
e
m
One turn on the armature
(As the armature rotates the wire ab is moved in the stator
field)
a
b
e
t
a
b
One Turn on the Armature
Torque on one Turn
c c c
T f r BLi r = =
Torque on ab
Lorentz Force on ab
c c
f BLi =
Magnetic Flux Density, B
B
A
|
=
Area under each pole, A
2 rL
A
p
t
=
E
c
c
p i
T
|
t
=
p - no. of pole in
the stator field
Per pole
New Tc = 2Tc (old)
Armature Torque
E
c
c
p i
T
|
t
=
Torque on one Turn
Torque on N turns
c
c
Np i
T
|
t
=
Coil current
a
c
I
i
a
=
Number of parallel paths, a = 2 for Wave winding
a = p for Lap winding
) (
a
pN
K
I K T
a
a a
t
|
=
=
Armature Back emf
Voltage induced on one turn
2 2
c m
e BLV BL r e = =
Total induced voltage
a a m
E K |e =
DC Motor Equations
a a
T K I | =
Armature Torque, Nm =
Armature back e.m.f. =
Armature constant =
a
pN
K
pa
=
a a m
E K |e =
Mechanical Power =
m a a m
W T K I e | e = =
We use Pm more
frequently than W
Armature Circuit
t a a a
V E I R = +
Example 1-DC motor fundamental
The speed at no load for a separately-excited DC motor is 1200 RPM
when the armature is connected to 115 Volts.
What armature voltage should we apply to change the speed
to 1800 RPM?
to 100 RPM?
Vt=Ea=Ka(fine)Wm
Example 1-DC motor fundamental
N
S
N
S
A 4-pole dc machine has a wave winding of 300 turns.
The flux per pole is 0.025 Wb.
The dc machine rotates at 1000 RPM.
a. Determine the generated voltage.
b. Determine the mechanical power (kW) generated if the current
through each turn is 25 A.
c. Solve (a) and (b) for lap-wound armature.
Current - Speed Relation
E
a
R
a
I
f
+
-
I
a
Field Winding
V
t
+
-
a
t a a a
dI
V I R E L
dt
= + +
0
t a
a
a
V E
I
R
=
t a m
a
a
V K
I
R
|e
=
Torque - Speed Relation
t a m
a
a
V K
I
R
|e
=
E
a
R
a
I
f
+
-
I
a
Field
Winding
V
t
+
-
m
a
a
a
a
t
R
K
R
K
V T e
| |
2
) (
=
Torque-Speed Curve
5
a
K | =
4
a
K | =
3
a
K | =
2
a
K | =
m
a
a
a
a
t
R
K
R
K
V T e
| |
2
) (
=
Speed-Torque Curve
2
a
K =
3
a
K = 4
a
K =
5
a
K =
The torque-speed relation above can be rearranged as
Motor Acceleration
static
d
T T J C
dt
e
e = + +
where J is the combined inertia of the rotor and the load; C is the
viscous damping coefficient; and T
static
is the static load
AC machine fundamental
Ladder under a magnet
Ladder tries to but can never catch the magnet.
The ladder will be slipping behind
1. Metal ladder moving left at v;
2. Voltage & current (Faradays law);
3. Lorentz force on Ladder as shown
Operation principle-Ac motor
Squirrel Cage
Squirrel Cage Motor
Squirrel-cage motors- most common type
Wound rotor motor- frequent start &stop
Synchronous motor large size, low speed (<300rpm)
Single-Phase Motors- small applications
Stator field in
3-Phase induction motor
Two-pole three-phase stator
A
A
B
B
C
C
2
s
f
n
p
=
synchronous speed-speed at which the stator field rotates
Example : The synchronous speed for a three-phase two-pole AC motor in
Australia is 50 Hz.
f = frequency of the source Hz p=Number of stator
poles per phase
Slip ratio
s
s
n n
s
n
=
n -rotor speed, ns-the synchronous speed
SNs=Ns-N
=frequence of rotor current
Example- n
s
Example : Calculate the synchronous speed of a four-pole induction motor excited by a
3f 50-Hz source.
What would be the synchronous speed for the same motor in USA where the line
frequency is 60 Hz?
Winding Connection
Windings can be connected to 3-phase AC sources. Which can be connected in different ways
+ Z = + + =
Z = + =
Z = + =
120 ) 120 cos( 2
120 ) 120 cos( 2
) cos( 2
u u e
u u e
u u e
rms c rms c
rms b rms b
rms a rms a
V V or t V v
V V or t V v
V V or t V v
c
a
b
wye or star
c
a
b
Delta (D)
Y- Connection
3
Line
phase
phase Line
V
V
I I
=
=
c
a
b
wye or star
Delta (A) Connection
c
a
b
3
Line
phase
phase Line
I
I
V V
=
=
Similarly, the load can be connected in Y/Delta
Example- slip ratio
A 3-| induction motor is running at almost 1500 RPM under no load
conditions. The speed is reduced to 1400 under full load.
Calculate
a. The number of poles?
b. The slip ratio at full load?
A. 2f/p=1500rpm=1500/60
p=4
B. S=Ns-N/Ns=0.05
Example- slip ratio
The rotor of this motor can be represented by
the following LR component
What is the rotor impedance under full load
conditions?
What is it under no-load conditions?
Full load
Ns-N/Ns=s
S*1400/60=FR
2piFR=WR
No load
S*1500/60=FR
WR*LR=impedance
Mechanical Model
s s s
P T e =
Stator Power
Under steady-state conditions
s m
T T =
Imagine, we turn the stator mechanically
Mechanical Power
m m m
P T e =
( )
R s m m s m
P P P T e e = =
Rotor Losses
or
( )
s m
R s m s s m
s
P T s T sP
e e
e e
e
= = =
s
*****a missing slide before this slide
Pls refer to the updated notes
Talking about source ofbdifferent power loss
Power Relations
R
s
P
P
s
=
1
m R
s
P P
s
=
The motor power depends on the slip. The power varies because the power factor varies.
Power Factor
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
n
s
Rotar speed
Stator Equivalent Circuit
R
s
L
S
R
C
Lm
E
1
V
1
I
1
I
C
I
m
Leakage
inductance
per phase
Stator
magnetizing
component
Induced
voltage in
stator
phase
Core
loss(small)
Statir loss(small)
Simplified Stator Circuit
Lm
E
1
V
1
I
1
L
S
Blocked Rotor
E
BR
I
R
L
R
R
R
First, consider the rotor being blocked
2
1
1
BR
N
E E
N
=
This is at frequency e
s
Normally, the rotor would rotate at e
R
2
s R
BR BR
s
E E sE
e e
e
= =
Rotor Equivalent Circuit
E =sE
2 BR
I
R
L
R
R
R
BR
R
R
S R
E
I
R
j L
s
e
=
+
BR
R
R s R
sE
I
R js L e
=
+
Divide by s
Rotor Equivalent Circuit
E
BR
I
R
X =j L
R S R
e
R /s
R
(1 )
R R
R
R R
R s
s s
= +
Power to the rotor
2 2 2
(1 )
R
R R R R R
R s
I I R I R
s s
= +
Air gap Power
Rotor Loss
MechanicalPower
Internal
resistance
Combined Circuit
Ac machine
Simple Equivalent Circuit
1
R
R
E
V
I
R
jX
s
'
=
'
+ Total impedance
Example- AC machine model
A 3-phase 450-V 50-Hz six-pole 10-hp squirrel cage induction motor has been tested to
determine the following circuit parameters:
R'
R
=0.50 Ohms
X
E
= X
S
+ X'
R
= 1.3 Ohms
X
m
= 10 Ohms
Assuming a A-connected stator, calculate the stator per-phase line current and the power
factor at a slip of 10%.
What should be X
E
to have a power factor of at least 0.9 ?
Very easy
Equation of Motion
m load
d
T T J C
dt
e
e = + +
Motor Torque = Load Torque + Inertial Torque + Friction
Motor Torque (per phase)
2
1
R R
m
S
I R
T
s e
' '
=
Air gap power
Motor Torque
Motor Torque (per phase)
2
1
R R
m
S
I R
T
s e
' '
=
Substitute the current
( )
2
1
2
2
2
R
m
R S
S R
R V
T
R s
X X
s
e
'
=
'
'
+ +
Wrong equation
Shd be square of the whole equation
Total Motor Torque
For three phases
( )
2
1
2
2
2
3
R
m
R S
S R
R V
T
R s
X X
s
e
'
=
'
'
+ +
Simple equivalent
circuit
Torque-Speed Curve
s=1
s=0
Max
Torque
s
max
Find maximum torque
( )
2
1
2
2
2
3
R
m
R S
S R
R V
T
R s
X X
s
e
'
=
'
'
+ +
T-s equation
To find maximum, differentiate wrt s
2
1
2
2
2
1
0
m R
s
R
E
dT R V d
ds ds
R
s X
s
e
(
(
'
(
= =
( ' | |
+
| (
\ .
Maximum Torque
R
max
E
R
X
s s
'
=
2
1
max
2
s E
V
T
X e
=
Maximum Torque
The slip when the torque is maximum
This is what can be put onto the motor shaft by the motor. The motor will stall if the load torque exceeds
the motor torque.
Another T-s relation
( )
2
1
2
2
2
3
R
m
R S
S R
R V
T
R s
X X
s
e
'
=
'
'
+ +
R
max
E
R
X
s s
'
=
2
1
max
2
s E
V
T
X e
=
max
2 2
max max
2s s T
T s s
=
+
Example- AC motor dynamics
EE2901s Basic Electricity & Electronics
79
The stall torque (maximum torque) for a 3f four-pole 50-Hz motor is 40 N-m. The slip
ratio at that torque is 5%.
a. Calculate the speed at stall conditions.
b. If the slip at full load is 2%, determine the ratio between the start-up current and the
full-load current.
c. determine the operating speed if the full-load torque is slowly increased to 20 N-m
AC Motor Classes
Class A
Quick Start
Class B
Common Duty
Class C
Common Duty
Class D
Rugged
Low Efficiency