2 types of non-renewable energy sources

Conventional and Unconventional

Examples of Conventional non-renewable energy sources
Petroleum, Natural Gas, Coal and Nuclear
Examples of Unconventional non-renewable energy sources
Oil shale and natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
Examples of renewable energy sources
Solar photovoltaics, Solar thermal power, Passive solar air and water heating, W
ind, Hydropower, Biomass, Ocean energy, Geothermal, Waste to Energy
Which continent has the biggest regional share of crude oil production?
Middle East with 30.6%
What does OPEC stand for?
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
How many countries have at least 60% of the world's crude oil reserves?
13
Which countries has the most crude oil reserves?
Saudi Arabia 25% and Canada 15%
What controls most of the world's oil supplies?
OPEC
What are the possible effects of steeply rising oil prices
Reduce energy waste
Shift to non-carbon energy sources
Higher prices for products made with petrochemicals
Higher food prices; buy locally-produced food
Higher airfares
Smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles
Upgrade of public transportation
Which country uses more oil than it produces?
United States
It produces 9% of world's oil but imports 60%
What major sources of energy do we use?
3/4 Nonrenewable fossil fuels
The rest from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources
What is net energy?
The amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after the amo
unt of energy needed to make it available is subtracted
Which country consumes energy the most?
United States
Followed by western Europe , Japan and China
What is renewable energy?
Resources that can be replaced or regenerated and will never run out (at least n
ot for a very long time)
What is nonrenewable energy?
Resources will eventually run out - once used they cannot be used again
What are fossil fuels?
Carbon-based materials that formed over millions of years from the remains of an
cient plants and animals
Examples of fossil fuels
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Why are fossil fuels important?
Industrial societies rely on fossil fuels as the main source of its energy
They contain stored chemical energy, which is converted into large amounts of us
eful heat energy when the fuels are burned
How do fossil fuels produce electricity?
1. Fuel is burned and the heat produced is used to boil water
2. The high-pressure, superheated steam created is used to turn the turbine
3. The turbine turns a generator which generates electricity
4. The cooling towers cool the steam which condenses as water and can be recycle
d in the power station
5. The natural gas is burnt and the hot gases produced are used directly to turn
the turbine
What are the energy changes in a coal or oil power station?
Input energy
Chemical
Kinetic
Electrical
Heat
Output energy
What do we get from oil?
Petroleum or crude oil (conventional oil)
Fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas)
Oil extraction and refining (gasoline, aviation fuel, heating oil, diesel oil, a
sphalt)
Petrochemicals (products of oil distillation)
World oil consumption
What are the advantages of oil?
Conventional oil has a high net of energy yield and relatively inexpensive
What are the disadvantages of oil?
Using conventional oil causes air and water pollution and releases greenhouse ga
ses to the atmosphere
Heavily oils from oil sand and oil shale exist in large supplies but have low ne
t energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional oil has
What waste do fossil fuels produce?
Carbon dioxide (main waste)
Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides (contribute to smog and acid rain)
Ash
What are the advantages of conventional oil?
Ample supply for 93 years
Low cost
High net energy yield
Easily transported between countries
Low land use
Technology is well developed
Efficient distribution system
What are the disadvantages of conventional oil?
Need to find substitutes within 50 years
Large government subsidies
Environmental costs
Artificially low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternatives
Pollutes air when produced and burned
Releases CO2 when burned
Water pollution
Why does Shale oil causes more environmental problems than oil shale rock?
Because of its low yield
What are the advantages of heavy oils from oil shale and oil sand?
Moderate cost
Large potential supplies
Easily transported
Efficient distribution system
Technology well-developed
What are the disadvantages of heavy oils from oil shale and oil sand?
High cost
Low net energy yield
Environmental costs
Large amount of water needed for processing
Severe land disruption
Severe water disruption
Air pollution and CO2 pollution when produced and burned
What makes natural gas useful and clean-burning fossil fuel?
It is a mixture of gases
More than half of is Methane
What do we get from conventional natural gas?
Pipelines
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) - low net energy yield
What are the advantages of conventional natural gas?
Ample supplies
High net energy yield
Low cost
Less air pollution than other fossil fuels
Lower CO2 emissions
Easily transported by pipeline
Low land use
Good fuel for fuel cells, gas turbines and motor vehicles
What are the disadvantages of conventional natural gas?
Nonrenewable resource
Releases CO2 when burned
Government subsidies
Environmental costs
Methane can leak from pipelines
Difficult to transfer
Can only shipped across ocean
What are the advantages of coal?
Conventional coal is very plentiful and has a high net energy yield and low cost
Well-developed technology
Air pollution can be reduced with improved technology
What are the disadvantages of coal?
Conventional coal has a very high environmental impact
Gaseous and liquid fuels produced from coal have lower net energy yields and hig
her environmental impacts
Severe land disturbance, air pollution and water pollution
Severe threat to human health
Large government subsidies
High CO2 emissions
Radioactive particle and toxic mercury emissions
Why is coal important?
It comes in several forms
Burned mostly to produce electricity
Burned in 2100 power plants, generates 40% of the world's electricity
What are the three largest coal-burning countries?
China
United States
Canada
Environment costs of burning coal (Why is coal a dirty fuel?)
Severe air pollution
Sulfur released as SO2
Large amount of soot
CO2
Trace amounts of mercury and radioactive materials
Dirtiest fossil fuels to burn
What is the slowest-growing energy source?
Nuclear Power
Why is nuclear power expected to decline more?
Uses a lot of money
Poor management
Low net yield of energy of the nuclear fuel cycle
Safety concerns
Need for greater government subsidies
Concerns of transporting uranium
What is nuclear fuel?
It is used to generate electricity but it does not burn and so it does not relea
se any greenhouse gases
What is nuclear fission?
Splitting of atoms and releasing huge amounts of heat energy
What is the worst nuclear power plant accident in the world?
Chernobyl, Ukraine
What are the advantages of nuclear fuel cycle?
Large fuel supply
Lowe environmental impacts
Moderate land disruption and water pollution
Moderate land use
Low risk of accidents
What are the disadvantages of nuclear fuel cycle?
Huge government subsidies
Low net energy yield
High environmental impact
Risk of catastrophic accidents
No widely acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes
Subject to terrorist attacks
What waste does nuclear power produce?
Radioactive waste
Uranium (separated from waste and reused)
Plutonium (highly-radioactive product; used in the construction of nuclear bombs
)
Why is dealing with radioactive wastes difficult?
High-level radioactive wastes must be stored safely for 10,000-240,000 years
Where to store radioactive wastes?
Deep burial (safest and cheapest)
Solutions to nuclear waste
Can be turned into glass
Bury deep underground (few suitable sites)
Dump at the bottom of the sea
What is the power of the future?
Nuclear fusion
What is solar energy?
Energy that comes form the sun
How can you collect solar energy?
Through photovoltaics and heat engines
What is photovoltaics?
It is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level
What is photovoltaic cell?
A device that converts sunlight into direct current through photoelectric effect
Who was the first man who noted the photoelectric effect?
Edmund Bequerel in 1839
Who constructed the first PV cell?
Charles Fritts in 1880
What is the first usage of PV cell?
Vanguard 1 satellite in 1958
Why did the price of photovoltaic price declined?
Increase in oil price and increase in production of PVs
What is wind power?
2% of sun energy is converted to wind energy
Differential heating of the earth's surface and atmosphere induces vertical and
horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth's rotation and contours o
f the land
What is windmill?
It captures wind energy and then uses a generator to convert it to electrical en
ergy
What does large wind turbines do?
Deliver electricity at lower cost than smaller turbines
Well suited for offshore wind plants
What does small wind turbines do?
Local electrical grids
Lower costs
Landscape considerations
How much can a wind turbine produce?
Between 1/4 to 2MW of electrical power
What is Hydroelectric?
Largest source of electricity from renewables
Needs guaranteed supply of water
What rotates turbines?
Kinetic energy
How much electricity does hydropower plants produce?
24% of the world's electricity and 1 billion people
How does hydropower plants work?
They harness water's energy and use simple mechanics to convert that energy into
electricity
What are the basic components of conventional hydropower plant?
Dam
Intake
Turbine
Generators
Transformer
Power lines
Outflow
What is a dam?
It holds back water, creating a large reservoir which is often used as a recreat
ional lake
What is the most common type of turbine?
Francis Turbine
Examples of geothermal energy sources
Hot water reservoirs
Natural stem reservoirs
Geopressured reservoirs
Normal Geothermal gradient
Hot dry rock
Molten magma
Direct uses of geothermal energy (for sources below 150 celcius)
Space heating
Air conditioning
Industrial processes
Drying
Greenhouses
Aquaculture
Hot water
Resorts and pools
Melting snow
Examples of direct uses
Ground heat collectors
Borehole heat exchange
Generation of electricity appropriate for sources more than 150 celcius
Dry steam plants
Flash steam plants
Binary cycle plants
Hot dry rocks
What are the geothermal's harmful effects?
Brine can salinate soil if the water is not injected back into the reserve after
the heat is extracted
Can cause land subsidence and can lead to an increase in seismic activity
Power plants that do not inject the cooled water back into the ground can releas
e H2S, which is fatal when inhaled
Noise pollution from drilling of wells
What are the advantages of geothermal?
Useful minerals can be extracted
Will create more jobs
Can be online 100% of the time
Less C02 emissions
Do not require a lot of land
Where can we find geothermal energy?
Regions near volcanoes, hot springs and fumaroles
Which is the most successful country in using geothermal energy?
Iceland
What is the first commercial wood-burning plant?
ARBRE