CHAPTER 1 E Radio Frequency Amplifiers 1-6 0 Small-Signal RF Amplifier esign

(1-33)
lip/17, %
/
RIM L
Cc. is a coupling capacitor or dc-block. Its value is determined in the same way as that of
a bypass capacitor except that the reactance should be an order of ma:
g
ni
-
nide ieSS than the
amplifier input impedance, i . !his will minimi"e the voltage division between #.c., and
$ence, X. = %&', where ( is the ampl ifier input impedance. In comput ing ( for )*
amplifiers, the input capacitance must not be ignored.
!he next steps in the desi
g
n involve the collector circuit component values. !he de -
sign procedure for a small-si
g
nal amplifier is +uite different from that for a large-signal
power amplifier ,see Chapter -..
*or lar
g
e-. si
g
nal power amplifiers, the desi
g
n is based on determining the impedance
levels. that provide the re+uired output power and bandwidth with rri
v
aximtirn efficiency for a
given supply volta
g
e. *or small-signal amplifiers, the /utput power level is important
only in so far as setting a bias point capable of maintaining linearity for the maximum-
expected signal. !his was considered in the dc part of the design.
!he collector circuit desi
g
n can be approached in at least three ways. /ne approach,
based on a circuit gain re+uirement, would be to determine the re+uired tank impedance
at resonance to achieve the re+uired gain, and then determine the reactances necessary to
provide the re+uired Q and bandwidth. 0 second approach is to determine the output
transformer turns ratio to impedance-match the load to the transistor collector, impedance ibr
maximum power transfer and then calculate the values of L and C to tune the circuit with
the re+uired 0 and bandwidth.
0nother very strai
g
htforward approach for low-impedance- solid-state amplifiers is to
design for a reactance value of 1''-2'' n and then determine the transformer turns ra-
tio, which provides the re+uired 0 and bandwidth. !he gain is set by the resulting circuit
impedance and transformer efficiency.
!he design e+uations, based on an ideal transformer ,coupling coefficient k = &, and
efficiency 117- = &''3. are XL = 1-rrf4, Xc = &%,1arfC., Q = foll25,&6. = QXL, and trans-
former turns ratio,
7ased on an ideal transformer and the schematic of *igure &-&1, design an amplifier for
maximum power transfer at &' 8$" with a bandwidth of 9'' k$" if the transistor has a
collector dynamic impedance of &' kfl. CBE = &9 p*, CBc = & p*, and pd , : 9'.
8aximum output signal power will be 9.( m5 in 9' f1, and the power supply voltage is
,;.&1 <. Collector stray capacitance is 2 p*.
Solution
:
1. : 1%
2
'%,'.= <cc. : 1,9.( m5.%,'.= x &1 <. : & m0
0. >si ng t he rul e of t humb t hat VE = I <, we get RE == VE/ I E &% & m0 : 1 ka :
&.? <%,&' # & m0%9'. : @.9 kf1. R2 = &'.2 <%'.11 m0 : (? ka
1. In order to determine an appropriate input coupling capacitor, we need to calculate
the input impedance level. !o determine i we must know the approximate voltage
gain from base to collector ,to get Ci.. 5ith the collector impedance matched, R, =
(
1
A)(r,.) = 5 8I !hen
)i ,p. A &.r, - ,9&.,1- &1. : &.22 &,&1
where the ac betat has been assumed e+ual to 9'. i -B?- fl. !he couplic1 capacitor
should be about C : C1&-*&'
?
,?.- n.D-
&
= 1''' p*.
0. If the output is to be designed for maximum power transfer, then the
transfo4tner
should transform the 9'-&& load up to match 7
.
0. $ence iip%ris :
rciRi,
0. 5ith theeolleetor impedance thus matched, ) = 5 kf1. !he re+uired bandwidth is 9''
k$",
E
so F4 &'
G
&.v&$"%'.9 8$"-: 1' is the tank-loaded O. XL = Xc
,9 kf1.%1'-
:
19' fl. !he transformer primary inductance should be L XL/2f =.!
19'%1w # 1F 41.t.ti. !his will be tuned with C :k19&
.
19' # &'
?
D
-&
: -( pr. Since.
the collector cifCuit -already-has & p* A 2 p* : ( p*t' ground, the tunin" capacitance
must be about -' i1*. !
y
pically, a '.2-&'-p* variableE capacitor would be used in par-.
allel with a 9--p* silver-mica capacitor.
0. If desired the power gain can be calculated as follows: !he voltage gain from
base+e,
collector has been determined as &=1. Hower gain is voltage gain times current gain .(p
: A211
,
. !he current gain is complicated by tnc amplifier input circuitry. !he e+uivalent
circuit is shown in *igure &-&2. !he base current mat really produces transistot
: ?.1 kit, Ri = &.2 &St ,actually closer to about 2& # 1- : @'- F.. and .4
=
?-.9
RBB = @. 9&. a (?
action i, pi.,2. is shown as iB in *igure &-&2. *or our amplifier,
II. Clearly, most of the input current to the amplifier, ii, will be shunted away by I
!he amplifier input current is
: v1 C&%?.1 kfl, A &%&.2 IcfrI A &% - B ?-. 9 : '.'&2&v& %@-E
!he current in Ri is 1! = ,vi.,&%&.2 kn. : '.'''??u&. $ence the proportion of currentE
to the amplification process is i7lii = '.'''??%'.'&2& -: '.'9=.
!he current gain to the collector will be A1
=
'.'9=&2 : '.'9= # 9' : 2, and the
power gain will be
or
0, : RIr, = 5 IS&&1- &1 : &=1
: CBE " ,& A I 0y B.C7c : &9 A ,& A &=1.& p* : 1'@ p*
Xci C1Ja&'
?
, 1'@ # &'- . & - & : ? -. 9 n
0 : 0I -(: &=
K
X3=
576
p
Ai, ,d7. : &' log 0p : 1?.- d7
t7eta decreases atE - d7%octave above a cutoff fre+uency given by ( : &%C1?. -por,,c)L A cac0 &%
C1?M,9'.,1-.,&- p*.D : ?.? 8$". 0tfo the current gain is p : polvi : 29.( and continues
-
do
w
n to unity al fr ,
the current gain bandwidth product. f
:
Hofp : 9' # ?.? 8$" : 2@9 8$". In any case, at &' N/O,
&2 29 for our transistor.
*II>)L &-&2 0C e+uivalent input
circuit.
R R = R
, 1 ! " #
-?