~ j APPENDIX "K"

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WElR AND OlUFICE FLOW
TABLE OF CONTENfS PAGE
A. WEIR.S ................................................ _ .......... K-1
I. Weir Shape ............................................... :. . . K-1
2. Weir Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1
3. Weir Crest Length ...................... ........................ K-1
4. Weir Tailwater .................................................. K-1
5. Weir Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1
6. Weir Roadway Overtopping ....................................... K-1
B. ORIFICE
I. Orifice Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-2
2. When An Orifice Functions As a Weir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-2
3. Transitional Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-2
4. Low Head Orifice Flow . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-2
5. Orifice Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-3
6. "C" Values . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-3
Figure "K-1"
Figure "K-2"
Figure "K-3"
Figure "K-4"
Figure "K-5"
Figure "K-6"
Figure "K-7"
Figure "K-8"
Table "K-1"
Table "K-2"
Table "K-3"
Table "K-4"
List ofFigures
Weir Shapes and Tenns .......................... ; .......... K-4
Sharp, Not Sharp, and Broad-Crested Weirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-5
Suppressed Weirs ........................................... K-6
Contracted Weirs ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-7
Free Discharge of Submerged Weirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-8
Orifice Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-12
Orifice, Weir, & Transitional Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-13
Orifice "C" Value Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-13
List ofTables
Weir Equations and "C" Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-9
Values of C in the Broad-Crested Weir Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1 0
Values ofC and aL for Use in the Basic Rectangular Weir Equation . . . K-11
Orifice Coefficients ofDischarge .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-14
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APPENDIX "K"
WEIR AND ORIFICE FLOW
A. WEIRS A weir is a notch of regular fonn through which water flows. The term is also applied
to a structure containing such a notch (Brater & King). Weirs may be a depression in a tank or
reservoir, and overflow drain, a or other non-closed opening through which water may
flow. Various types of weirs are further defined in Appendix "R".
1. Weir Shape Weirs are classifed by the shape of the opening, such as rectangular,
. triangular (V-notch), and trapezoidal. Typical weir shapes, along with parameter tenns
used herein, are shown on Figure
11
K-l" on page K-4.
2. Weir Profile Weirs are further classified by the cross sectional shape over which the water
will flow, such as sharp-crested, not sharp-crested, and broadcrested weirs. These are
depicted in Figure "K-2" on page K-5.
3. Weir Crest Length Weirs are also classifed by how wide the weir crest is with respect
to the approach flow. Suppressed weirs are shown on Figure "K-3
11
(page K-6), and
contracted weirs on Figure "K-4" (page K-7).
4. Weir Tailwater Another classification of weirs pertins to whether or not the weir operates
under free or submerged discharge conditions, which is depicted on Figure "K-5" on page
K-8.
.5. Weir Equations Weir equations for the various classifications discussed above and
depicted in Figures "K-1" through
11
K-5" are provided on Table "K-I
11
on page K-9, which
also provides appropriate "C" values or refers to Table "K-2" or
11
K-3" on pages K-10 and
11.
6. Weir Roadway Overtopping This usually occurs at a sag vertical curve in a roadway.
The flow will be similar to flow over a broadcrested weir, usually with the need to
approximate head and length inasmuch as the roadway elevation is not constant.
Procedures for analyzing roadway overtopping with or without culvert flow, and more
detailed discharge "C" values for roadway overtopping, are provided in Appendix "L",
Section B-2, and exemplified in Section B-4d.
DEC 1994 K-1
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B. ORIFICE An orifice is a horizontal or vertical opening with a closed perimeter through which
water flows. If the perimeter is not closed, or if the horizontal or vertical opening has only
partially full flow, the orifice acts as a weir.
K-2
1. Orifice Head The head "H" used in the orifice equation is the distance between the water
surface and center of orifice for free discharge conditions, and the difference in elevation
of water surfaces for submerged orifices. This is depicted on Figure "K-6" on page K-12.
2. When An Orifice Funrtions As A Weir
a. Yertica] Orifices With vertical openings, such as are used for curb opening inlets and
small bleed-off facilities, orifices act as a weir up to the depth equal to the opening
height, ancl as an orifice at depths above 1. 4 times the opening height. Between 1. 0
and 1.4 times the opening height, flow is in transition between weir and orifice flow.
b. Horizontal Orifices The depth at which a horizontal orifice acts as a weir varies
depending upon the opening size, shape, and grate type (if any). Based upon
infonnation provided in HEC-12, it appears that in the range of 1 ft2 to 4 ft
2
(or 1 ft.
diameter to 2 ft. diameter), weir flow governs up to a depth provided by the
approximate relationship:
H = 0.08 D + 0.35'
Where:
H == ponding depth, ft; and
D = orifice width (length), or diameter, ft.
Ponding depths above that provided by the equation above generally result in transitional
f l o w ~ which is discussed below. Reference is made to Figure "K-7" on page K-13 and
Figure "K-1 "on page K-4.
3. Transitional Flow Transitional flow will likely be different than that calculated by either
the orifice or weir equation. However, error will not be significant if the orifice equation
is used for transitional depths, both for horizontal and vertical orifice openings.
4. Low Head Orifice Flow For stormwater drainage applications, orifices are used to meter
outflow from a detention facility or as a hydraulic device which intercepts flow. In either
application, the head on the orifice is often low, or at least the orifice is to function per
design at low heads. The low head condition requires special consideration.
Where the head on an orifice, and in particular a vertical orifice, is small compared to the
height (or size) of the orifice, the orifice equation provides results which may deviate
significantly from theoretical and actual discharges. Rather than derive a separate equation
DEC 1994
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5.
for such conditions, the coefficient of discharge ("C"), which is the product of the
coefficient of velocity and coefficient of contraction, may be adjusted to counteract
discrepancies. Experimentally, the "C" value has been "calibrated" to provide acceptable
results for various conditions, including low head, and therefore with use of the appropriate
"C" value, the same orifice equation may be use under various conditions.
Orifice Equation Orifice flow shall be calculated by
Q = . CA (2gH)
0

5
Where:
Q = orifice outflow in CFS;
C = coefficient, which varies with conditions;
g = gravitational constant (which may be assumed to be 32.2 ftlsec
2
); and
H = height of head in feet, per Figure "K-6" on page K-12.
6. "C" Values "C" values have-been found to vary minimally between free discharge and
submerged condition, and therefore the difference is often ignored, the "C" value being
adequate for both situations, all other conditions being the same.
DEC 1994
Table "K-4" on page K-14 provides "C" values for use in most stormwater applications.
This and other tables provide information which indicates that "C" values for sharp-edged
orifices under most conditions range between 0.59 and 0.66. Under special conditions, such
as prolonged bottom and sides (frequent stormwater application), values may be as low as
0.487; or for orifices which are rounded, values may be as high as 0.952.
Per HEC-12, use a "C" value of0.67 for stormwater inlets.
K-3
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for many applications, the
approach velocity is small, the
velOcity head Is negligil1le, and
may 11e ignored.
RECTANGUlAR WEIR
TRAPEZOIDAL
0
CURB
II II IIIII [Jw
k >I
L
WEIR LENGTH (SUMP CONDITION) = L + 2W
WEIR LENGTH (ON GRADE SIDE FLOW) = l
CATCH BASIN INLET
CREST
p
GENERAL TERMS
H1
CREST
TRIANGUlAR (V-NOTCH) WEIR
< D2
NOTE: ROUND ORIFICES
ACTING AS WEIRS MAY
BE READILY ANALYlED
USING CULVERT NOMQGRAPHS IN OR APPENDIX "L"
ORIFICES FUNCTIONING AS WEIRS
(UNDER Hl CONDITIONS SHOWN)
WEIR SHAPES AND TERMS FIGURE K.;l
VA
P>O
PROFILE
)
p ~ 0
PROFILE
>
MAY HAVE
CREST ----,n--..
o.s p
P>O
SECTION A-A
A WEIR THAT HAS A MAXIMUM OF 90 ANGLE
ON THE UPSTREAM EDGE OF THE CREST, AND
WHICH IS SHORT ENOUGH IN THE DIRECllON
OF FLOW, OR IS ANGLED ENOUGH, THAT THE
NAPPE WILL NOT BE SUPPORTED, NOR WILL
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES ON THE SIDES BE
DEVELOPED, IS A SHARP-CRESTED WEIR.
(Brater & King)
SHARP-CRESTED
P ~
SECTIONB-B
A WEIR THAT HAS A TRAPEZOIDAL,
TRIANGULAR, OR OTHER PROFILE THAT HAS
A GREATER THAN 900 UPSTREAM CREST
ANGLE, IS A NOT SHARP-CRESTED WEIR.
NOT SHARP-CRESTED
P ~
SECllON c-c
SMARP, NOT SHARP, AND BROAD-CRESTED WEIRS FIGURE K-2
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SECTION A-A
.._]
A
PlAN VIEW
NO END OR SIDE CONTRACTIONS
SECTION 8-B
PlAN VIEW
INSIGNIFICANT END CONTRACTIONS
SUPPRESSED WEIRS (ContractioJl$ are .Suppressed) FIGURE K-3
K-6
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SECTION A-A
PlAN VIEW
RECTANGULAR WEIR
p?. 0
SECTION B-B
PlAN VIEW
TRIANGUlAR N-NOTCH) WEIR
PLAN VIEW

c
COMPOUND WEIR
CONTRACTED WEIRS
SECTIONC-C
FtGURE K-4
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FREE DISCHARGE
IF H2 .S. 0.2 H1, TREAT THE WEIR AS THOUGH IT HAD FREE DISCHARGE (Merritt)
IF H2 .S. 0.66 H1, TREAT A BROAD-CRESTED WEIR AS THOUGH IT HAD FREE DISCHARGE (Merritt)
IF D .S. 0.85 (P+H1), TREAT A SHARP CRESTED WEIR AS THOUGH IT HAD FREE DISCHARGE (Merritt)
FOR D > 0.85 (P+H1), REDUCE SHARP-CRESTED WEIR CAPACilY 13Y THE EQUATION 13ElOW (APWA). IT MAY 13E
REASONABlE TO USE THE SAME EQUATION TO CALCULATE BROAD-CRESTED CAPACITY FOR H2 > 0.66 H1.
= 1- (13.-ater & Klne,LinelenbufB)
H1
SUBMERGED
FREE DISCHARGE & SUBMERGED WEIRS FIGURE K-5
Y.l n
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WEIR
CRESTlYPE
END CONDITIONS
RECT.
!'I-NOTCH
WEIR EQUATION
HtTERM
TRAP
SHARP
BROAD SUPRESSED
CONTRACTED
(See Notes 1 & 2)
C VALUES (See Note 2)


SeeNote3
.[ ( H1
v2 )'.5

Gw = CL(Ht's]
+- -
SeeJable


2g 'K-2'


See (n = 0)
(n =llfone
aw = c( L - 9W)lHt'
5
]
Note
sldels
[ ( H1 + iY.5 -(I;) 1.5]
3

3.33
n =21ffWo
sides are Francis Weir Equation (applicable
contracted)
for Hl .s L/3)


Gw = c(i)Laq[Ht's]
[( H1 + *ys- ([g}s]
See Table
Basic or Theoretical Weir Equation
'K-3'


Q,., = CL'm[Ht'..t
7
]
[( H1
* )'.47 - ( )'.47]
+
3.10

aw = c

[( H1
(i;J.5]
0.58 to0.60 +

= CL[Ht's]
[ ( H1 + iY.5 - ([g}.5]
3.367
Clpollettl weir, side slopes = 1 H:4V
[ ( H1 + I; ys -([g)'s]
C2&C3

aw = C2L[Ht2w] + C3L[Ht3 2.5] (Ht
2
Term)
must be

determined
[( H1 + *)
25
- (:;J
5
]
I t:IJII.I''"" ""'' "'"'Y
(Ht
3
Term)
NOTES:
1. Qw ehown le bae"d upon For submerged dlecharge, adjuet Information provided on Figure "K-5".
2. If the approach v"loclty le lnelgnlflcant, then H1 may ueetf for Ht. Otherwlee, the Ht term le determined by the equatlone above.
3. An equation for a contracted broadcreeted rectangular weir w.ae not found. For that condition, the Francie weir equation le
recommended s "C" value of 3.0 Instead of 3.33.
WEIR EQUATIONS AND "C" VALUES TABLE Kl
,.

....... . TABLEK-2
0
VALUES,<?FC IN THE llROAD CRESTED WEIR EQUATION
. (Table 5-3 tn.!ICUJdbookofHydraufjcs, Bratet a,nd Iqng, 6th Edi_tion)
Measured Breadth of Crest
he.adin
feet, H
0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 10.00
0.2 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.48 2.44 2.38 2.34 2.49
0.4 2.92 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.61 2.60 2.58 2.54 2.50 2.56

0.6 3.08 2.89 2.75 2.64 2.61 2.60 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.70
0.8 3.30 3.04 2.85 2.68 2.60 2.60 2.67 2.68 2.68 2.69
1.0 3.32 3.J4
2.98 2.75 2.66 2.64. 2.65 2.67 2.68 2.68
1.2 3.32 3.20 3.09 .2.86 2.70 2.65. 2.64 2.67 2.66 2.69
1.4 3.32 3.26
3.20 2.92 2.77 2.68 2.64 2.65 2.65 2.67
1.6 3.32
3.29 3.07 2.89 2.75
2.68 .
2.66 2.65 2.64
1.8 3.32 3.32.
3.31
3';07 2.88 2.74 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64
2 .. 0 3.32
3.31
3.30 3.03 2.85 2.76 2.72 2.68 2.65 2.64
2.5 3.32
3.32
3.31 3.28 3.07 2.89 2.81 2.72 2.67 2.64
3.0 3.32
3.32
3.32 3.32 3.20 3.05 2.92 2.73 2.66
2.64
3.5 3.32
3.32
3.32 3.32 3.32 3.19
2.97 2.76 2.68 2.64
4.0 3.32
3.32
3.32 3.32 3.32 3.32
3.07 2.79 2.70
2.64
4.5
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.32 3.32 3.32
3.32 2.88 2.74
2.64
5.0
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.32 3.32
3.32
3.32 3.07 2.79
2.64
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.32 3.32
3.32
3.32 3.32 2.88
2.64
5.5
For c values and/or roadway overioj>ping conditions, reference is made to HDS-5 or Appendix "L", Section B-2 .
.......


''-\_)
............ ..,---
. -'!'"
..
15.00
2.68
2.70
2.70
2.64
2.63
2.64
2.64
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
2.63
..
Table K-3
Values of C and fl. L for use in Basic Rectan2;u lar Weir Equation (See Figure K-1)
weir crest/channel width = Lr;/L("'
Hl/P 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
-
Coefficient of discharge C
0 0.587 0.589 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.597 0.599 0.603
0.5 0.586 0.588 0.594 0.602 0.610 0.620 0.631 0.640
1.0 0.586
0.587 0:597 0.611 0.625 0.642 0.663 0.676
1.5 0.584
0.586 0.600 0.620 0.640 0.664 0.695 0.715
2.0 0.583
0.586 0.603 0.629 0.655 0.687 0.72 0.753
2.5 . 0.582
0.585 0.608 0.637 0.671 0.710 0.760 0.790
..
3.0 0.580
0.584 0.610 0.647 0.687 0.733 0.791 0.827
Any 0.007
Adiustment for crest l n ~ h AUft (Adiusted length L. = L(' + AL)
0.008 0.009 . 0.012 1
0.013 . I 0.014 I
0.013 -0.005
Reproduced :from Table 3.3.15, Mark's Standard Handbookf<?r Mechanical Enf{ineers
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NOTE: lliE APPROACH VEWOTY IS
USUALLY MINIMAL AND
IGNORED FOR ORIFICES.
q_ __ _..__ ____ __, NO
TAILWATER
77777777/J 7///77//77777
FREE DISCHARGE SUBMERGED DISCHARGE
HGL
- - - - - - ...1-:-..--__..---.J....
----
-----
APPLICATIONS OF ORIFICE FREE DISCHARGE
FOR HORIZONTAL ORIACES, H(ft) > O.OOD(fl:) + 0.?15; OTHERWISE, WEIR FLON CONDffiONS EXIST
(ORIFICE o ... IS NOT SUBMERGED)
'
APPLICATIONS OF SUBMERGED ORIFICE
ORIFICE HEAD FIGURE K-6
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USE ORIACE
EQUATION
RANGE
ORIFICE
FLO'N
RANGE OF
TRANSmONAL
FLOW
1.4 D
NOTE: FOR lARGE CIRCULAR VERTICAL ORIFICES, USE OF CULVERT
HOMOGRAPHS IN THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S HDS-5
OR APPENDIX "L" MAY BE HELPFUL. THE HOMOGRAPHS NOT ONLY
ACCOUNT FOR WEIR, TRANSITIONAL, AND ORIFICE FLOW AT THE
APPROPRIATE HEAD RANGES, BUT ALSO ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR
WEIR FLOW CALCULATIONS ON A CIRCULAR WEIR.
ORIFICE, WEIR, & TRANSITIONAL FLOW
S7
fl
- -
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S::O r-


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ZZ%4
TYPE I MEJI(S=O)
M.E..IIl (S=5%)

FOR mBLE A
ORIEICE FOR TABLE "K-.4" B
ORIFICE "C" VALUE CONDITIONS
FIGURE K-7
-+1
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Qe!EICE
FOR !ABLE "K-!1" I c
FIGURE K-8
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K-14
NOTE: THIS ISA REPRODUCilON OF PORTIONS OR ALL OF TABLES 4-3, 4-7, AND 4-8 OF
"HANDBOOK OF HYDRAUUCS"
A. Smith's Coefficient of Discharge for Circular and Square Orifices with Full Contraction
o( ciKulat arificM, feet ,.,f ,.,..,,.are uriftr.,.. f4:CIC
-
lind,

feet
0.02 o.oc o.ur 0.1 0.2 0.41 1.0 0.02 O.ot 0.07 0.1 0.2 o.e 1.0
I
1-
----
1-
-------------------- 1-
..... 0. 63'1 0.62t 0.4118 0.4 . ..... o.eu 0.4128 0.4121
0.85$ 0.4130 0.618 0.4113 0.601 0.593 o.e o.ero o.eu 0.4123 0.4117 0.605 0.598
0.1126 0.61$ 0.1110 0.601 0.590 0.8 0.41S2 o.e:u 0.620 0.411$ 0.605 0.600 0.5117
0.644 0.4123 0.4112 0.608 0.600 0.5115 0.5111 1 0.628 0.818 0.1113 0.605 0.601 0.5W
0.637 0.1118 0.608 0.605 0.600 O.SPII 0.51)3 1.5 0.62:1 0.1114 0.810 0.605 0.602 0.001
0.4132 0.1114 o.eoo O.eot O.SQII 0.507 0.5V6 2 0.637 0.41111 0.4112 0.808 0.605 O.eot 0.002
0.6211 0.4112 0.605 o. 410.'1 o.m 0.5118 O.SIHI 2.5 0.4134 0.1117 0.4110 0.4107 0. 10.5 O.&of 0.002
0.627 0.1111 O.GOt 0. 410.'1 0.5GQ 0.608 0.6117 3 0.632 0.6141 .0.6011 0.4107 0.605 0. tiOol 0.603
0.823 0.6011 0.603 0.602 o.m o.s07 0.51111 4 0.828 0.814 0.608 0.608 0.605 0. 410.'1 0.002
0.818 O.W'I 0.602 0.600 0.5118 0.$07 0.6D6 e 0.823 0.1112 0.4107 0.1105 o.eot 0.603 0.602
0.814 0.1105 0.601 0.600 0.508 0.5D6 O.SPI! 8 0.8111 0.610 0.608 0.1105 O.eot 0.603 0.602
0.1111 0.803 0.599 0.5118 0.5117 0.5D6 0.695 10 0.8.16 0.608 0.1105 0.604 0.603 0.602 0.601
0.601 0.599 0.5117 0.5Pe O.SIHI 0.5IHI o.m 20 0.608 0.604 0.602 0.602 0.602 0.601 0.600
0.5PII 0.61115 O.SIH O.S!H O.SIH 0.51l3 50 0.602 0.601 0.601 0.600 0.600 0.5119 0.5GQ
0.5113 0.5Jl2 0.5J)2 0.5112 0.5112 0._1112 0.6112 100 0.5119 0.5118 0.5118 0.6118 O.&VI 0.5118 0.5118
B. Coefficients of Discharge for Types I, II, AND III Orifices
Values rL C for nrious :!:if:: cl -wuer above top
Deptb rL
c('
Figwe

mfeec:
5.0 7.0 10..0 0..07 0.1
().3
o.s 0.7 1.0 z.o 3.0
J o.656 .487 .495 .539 .56Z .577 .588 .601 .601 .601 .rot .601
0.164 .495 .550 .619 .630 .631 .630 .6ZS .6Z4 .619 .6JZ .606
JJ o.656 .487 .495 .530 .554 .573 .580 .595 .599 .60Z .60Z .601
0.164 .495 .544 .600 .61Z .618 .623 .6Z7 .6Z8 .6Z7 .6ZZ .617
JlJ 0.656 .530 ..535 .sm .584 .595 .600 .608 .610 .610 .tm .608
0.164 .590 .600 .6Z8 .640 .645 .649 .6SZ .651 .650 .650' .649
j
C. Coefficients of Discharge for Submerged Vecrical Square Orifices with Rounded Comers
o(
iD
Square, 1.0 by 1.0 ........ e52,.H .H& .H5 .eu .H3 .H3,.H4 .He
ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE
(See Rgure K-8 for application)
TABLE K4
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A.
APPENDIX "L"
CULVERTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
IN'TR.ODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1
I. Genera] Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1
2. Overview of Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1
B. CULVERT HYDRAULICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1
1. Inlet and Outlet Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-3
a. Inlet Control Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-5
b. Outlet Control Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-7
2. Roadway Overtopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-7
3. Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-9
a. Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-9
b. Culvert Design Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-9
c. Inlet Control . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-10
d. Outlet Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-12
e. Outlet Velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-15
f. Eva1uation ofResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-16
4. Example Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-16
C. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-27
1. Improved Inlet Design.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-27
2. Specia1 Applications ........................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-27
3. Erosion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-27
4. Debris Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-27
5. Service Life ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-27
a. Corrosion Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-27
b. Abrasion ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . L-28
D. _ DESIGN CHARTS AND TABLES . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-30
Figure "L-1"
Figure "L-2"
Figure "L-3"
Figure "L-4"
Figure "L-5"
Figure "L-6"
Figure "L-7"
Figure "L-8"
_ Figure "L-9"
Figure "L- I or
Figure "L-I I "
Figure "L- I 2
Figure "L-13
List ofFigures
CommonlyUsed Culvert Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-2
Common Culvert End Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-2
Conditions of Inlet Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-4
Conditions of Outlet Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-6
Discharge Coefficients for Roadway Overtopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-8
Weir Crest Length Detenninations for Roadway Overtopping . . . . . . . . . L-9
Culvert Design Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-10
Inlet Control Nomograph (Schematic) .................. : . . . . . . . L-I2
Critical Depth Chart (Schematic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-13
Outlet Control Nomograph (Schematic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-I4
Outlet Velocity Parameters ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... _. . . L- I 7
Normal Depth for Uniform Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-35
Subcritical Culvert Brink Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-36, 37
' APPENDIX "L"
CULVERTS
A. INTRODUCTION
By reference, FHW A HDS-5 is the adopted design criteria for culvert analysis. For convenience,
this appendix contains information, figures, and charts from the 1985 version of the HDS-5.
However, it should be understood that culvert analysis and design criteria is based upon the
current edition ofHDS-5, and not necessarily the information provided in this appendix.
1. General Discussion HDS-5 combines information and methodology contained in FHW A
Hydraulic Engineering Circulars (HEC) .5, 10, and 13 with other more recent culvert
information developed by governmental agencies, universities, and culvert manufacturers.
Information extracted therefrom and provided in this appendix is limited to:
Basic culvert hydraulic principles
Design procedures using HDS-5 charts
Examples using the charts
Reproduction of most ofthe design charts.
For more information on culvert hydraulics, and also regarding improved inlets such as
~ "' tapered inlets, the HDS-5 should be referred to.
2. Ovenriew of Culverts A culvert is a hydraulically short conduit which conveys fluid.
Culverts are constructed from a variety of materials, such ,as concrete, corrugated
aluminum;and steel, PVC, or polyethylene. Culverts may also be lined to improve abrasion
resistance, reduce corrosion, or improve hydraulics. Culverts are available in a variety of
shapes, the most common of which are shown in Figure "L-1 ". A variety of end treatments
may also be used to more efficiently meet the requirements of a specific culvert. Common
end treatment types are shown on Figure "L-2".
B. CULVERT HYDRAULICS
1. Inlet and Outlet Flow Control A culvert barrel may flow full over its entire length, which
does not often occur, or only partly full. Usually only a part of the barrel flows full.
In general, if the. barrel does not flow full, or does so for only a short distance, flow
capacity is governed by the inlet. This condition is called "iruet control," because it occurs
when the culvert barrel is capable of conveying more flow than the inlet will accept. If the
culvert flows full for all or most ofits length, then it is likely that the barrel is incapable of
conveying as much flow as the inlet opening will accept. The control section for flows
under these conditions is at the culvert outlet or further downstream. Hence, this flow
condition is said to be "outlet control". Factors influencing inlet and outlet control are
~ ~ shown in Table "L-1 ".
DEC 1994 L-1
CIRCULAR BOX (RECTANGULAR) ELLIPTICAL
PIPE ARCH
METAL BOX
ARCH
Figure "L-1" -.Commonly Used Culvert Shapes
PROJECTING BARREL
END SECTION
Figure "L-2"- Common Culvert End Treatments
L-2 DEC 1994
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Table "L-1"
Factors Influencing Culvert Performance
Factor Inlet Control Outlet Control
Headwater Elevation
X X
Inlet Area
X X
Inlet Edge Configuration X X
Inlet Shape
X X
Barrel Roughness X
Barrel Area X
Barrel Shape X
Barrel Length X
Barrel Slope
*
X
Tailwater Elevation X
* Barrel slope affects inlet control performance to a small degree, but may be neglected .
OEC 1994
a. Inlet Control Examples Figure "L-3" depicts several different examples of inlet
control flow. The type of flow depends on the submergence of the inlet and outlet
ends of the culvert. In all of these examples, the control section is at the inlet end of
the culvert. Depending on the tailwater, a hydraulic jump may occur of
the inlet.
Condition "A" of Figure "L-3" depicts a condition where neither the inlet nor the
outlet end of the culvert are submerged. The flow passes through critical depth just
downstream of the culvert entrance and the flow in the barrel is supercritical. The
barrel flows partly full over its length, and the flow approaches normal depth at the
outlet end.
Condition "B" of Figure "L-3" shows that submergence of the outlet end of the
culvert does not assure outlet control. In this case, the flow just downstream of the
inlet is supercritical and a hydraulic jump forms in the culvert barrel.
Condition "C" of Figure "L-3" is a more typical design situation. The inlet end is
submerged and the outlet end flows freely. Again, the flow is supercritical and the
barrel flows partly full over its length. Critical depth is located just downstream of the
culvert entrance, and the flow is approaching normal depth at the downstream end of
the culvert.
L-3
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L-4
A
WAlER SURFACE
------
OUTLET UNSUBMERGED
8
WATER SURFACE
OUTLET SUBMERGED
INLET UNSUBMERGED
c
WATER SURFACE
INLET SUBMERGED
WATER SOOfACE
OUTLET SUBMERGED
Figure "lr3" -Conditions of Inlet Control
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DEC 1994


DEC 1994
b.
Condition "D" ofFigure "L-3" is an unusual condition illustrating the fact that even
submergence of both the inlet and the outlet ends of the culvert does not assure full
flow. In this case, a hydraulic jump will fonn in the barreL The median inlet provides
ventilation of the culvert barrel. If the barrel were not ventilated, sub-atmospheric
pressures' could develop which might create an unstable condition during which the
barrel would alternate between full flow and partly full flow.
Outlet Control Examples Figure "L-4'' illustrates various outlet control flow
conditions. In all cases, the control section is at the outlet end of the culvert or further
downstream. For the partly full flow situations, the flow in the barrel is subcritical.
Condition "A" of Figure "L-4" represents the classic full flow condition, with both
inlet and outlet submerged. The barrel is in pressure flow throughout its length. This
condition is often assumed in calculations, but seldom actually exists.
Condition "B" of Figure "L-4" depicts the outlet submerged with the inlet un-
submerged. For this case, the headwater is shallow so that the inlet crown is exposed
as the flow contracts into the culvert.
Condition "C" ofFigure "L-4" shows the entrance submerged to such a degree that
the culvert flows full throughout its entire length while the exit is unsubmerged. This
is a rare condition. It requires an extremely high headwater to maintain full barrel flow
with no tailwater. The outlet velocities are usually high under this condition.
Condition "D" ofFigure "L-4" is more typical. The culvert entrance is submerged by
the headwater and the outlet end flows freely with a low tailwater. For this condition,
the barrel flows partly full over at least part of its length (subcritical flow) and the
flow passes through critical depth just upstream of the outlet.
Condition "E" ofFigure "L-4" is also with neither the inlet nor the outlet end
of the culvert submerged. The barrel flows partly full over its entire length, and the
flow profile is subcritical.
L-5
L-6
t
.HW
WATER
SURFACE
,_
~
A
B
c
D
E
Figure "L-4"- Conditions of Outlet Control
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w.s.
DEC 1994
!)
2. Roadway Overtopping Overtopping will begin when the headwater rises to the elevation
of the roadway. The overtopping will usually occur at the low point of a sag vertical curve
on the roadway. The flow will be similar to flow over a broad crested weir. Flow
coefficients for flow overtopping roadway embankments are found in HDS No. I;
"Hydraulics ofBridge Waterways", as well as in the documentation ofHY-7, the "Bridge
Waterways Analysis Model
11
Curves from the latter reference are shown in Figure "L-5".
Figure "L-5"-A is for deep overtopping, Figure "L-5
11
-B is for shallow overtopping, and
Figure "L-5"-C is a correction factor for downstream submergence. The broadcrested weir
equat!on defines the flow across the roadway.
DEC 1994
Q is the overtopping flow rate in ft
3
/s
cd is the overtopping discharge coefficient
L is the length of the roadway crest, ft
HWr is the upstream depth, measured from the roadway crest to the water
surface upstream of the weir drawdown, ft
The length and elevation of the roadway crest are difficult to determine when the crest is
defined by a roadway sag vertical curve. The sag vertical curve can be broken into a series
ofhorizontal segments as shown in Figure "L-6"-A Using the weir equation, the flow over
each segment is calculated for a given headwater. Then, the incremental flows for each
segment are added together, resulting in the total flow across the roadway.
Representing the sag vertical curve by a single horizontal line (one segment) is often
adequate for culvert design. (Figure "L-6"-B) The length of the weir can be taken as the
horizontal length of this segment or it can be based on the roadway profile and an
acceptable variation above and below the horizontal line. In effect, this method utilizes an
average depth of the upstream pool above the roadway crest for the flow calculation.
It is a simple matter to calculate the flow across the roadway for a given upstream water
surface elevation using the weir equation. The p r o l ~ m is that the roadway overflow plus
the culvert flow must equal the total design flow. A trial and error process is necessary to
detennine the amount of the total flow passing through the culvert and the amount flowing
across the roadway. Performance curves may also be superimposed for the culvert flow and
the road overflow to yield an overall solution as is discussed later in this appendix.
L-7
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pAV[D
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2.90 1.00
0.16 020 0.214 0.28 0.!2
HWJL
A) DISCHARG COEFFICIENT FOR 0.90
HWr /Lr > O.le (Deep Overtopping)
3.10
PAVEO
!.00
2.90
2.80
2.70
2.60
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HW r ft.
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0.80
.0.70
o.so

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8) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR C) SUBMERGENCE FACTOR
1.0
H W r I Lr O.IS (Shallow Overtopping)
(Correction Fa.ctor For Downstream Submergence)
Figure "L-5" -Discharge Coefficients for Roadway Overtopping.

DEC 1994 \1
II
I I
A.IIETHOD I SUBDIVISION INTO SEGMENTS
8.N[THOD t USE OF A SINGLE IEGIIENT
Figure "L-6"- Weir Crest Length Determinations for Roadway
3. Design Procedures
DEC 1994
a. Method The design approach presented in HDS-5 is to analyze a culvert for various
types of flow control (both inlet and outlet), and then design for the control which
produces the minimum performance. Flow control for a given culvert may oscillate
between inlet and. outlet control under various flow conditions; however, using the
"minimum perfonnance" procedure, the culvert will be designed for the least favorable
hydraulic conditions.
b.
The culvert design method presented in HDS-5 (and herein) uses design charts and
nomographs which are based upon data from numerous hydraulic tests and theoretical
calculations. This culvert design method provides a convenient and organized
procedure for designing culverts, and considers both inlet and outlet control. While
it is possible to follow the design method without an understanding of culvert
hydraulics, this is not recommended. The result could be an inadequate and possibly
unsafe structure.
Culvert Design Form The Culvert Design Fonn, shown in Figure "L-7", has been
formulated to guide the user through the design process. (Note. - The FHW A
Culvert Design Form shown in the example problems per IIDS-5 has been modified
and is presented as Table "L-5", Culvert Design Worksheet.) Suminary blocks are
provided at the top of the form for the project description, and the designer's
identification. Summaries of hydrologic data of the form are also included. At the top
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right is a s.mall sketch of the culvert with blanks for inserting important dimensions
and elevations.
The central portion of the design form contains lines for inserting the trial culvert
description and calculating the inlet control and outlet control headwater elevations.
Space is provided at the lower center for comments and at the lower right for a
description of the culvert barrel selected.
The first step in the design process is to summarize all known data for the culvert at
the top of the Culvert Design Form. This information will have been collected or
calculated prior to performing the actual culvert design. The next step is to select a
preliminary culvert material, shape, size, and entrance type. The user then enters the
design flow rate and proceeds with the inlet control calculations.
c. Inlet Control The inlet control calculations determine the headwater elevation
required to pass the design flow through the selected culvert configuration in inlet
control. The approach velocity head may be included as part of the headwater, if
desired. The inlet control nomographs provided in Section D of this appendix are used
in the design process. For the following discussion, refer to the schematic inlet control
nomograph shown in Figure "L-8".
"IIOJtCT: ----------
CULVERT OESIGI> ;::o,;;.,c
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COIIIINTI L DISCUSSION:
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at f1r lcDirll MtCHt:Wft 8 Cftlr.II1"DDII
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Figure "L-7" - Culvert Design Form.
DEC 1994
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DEC 1994
1) Locate the selected culvert size (point 1) and flow rate (point 2) on the
appropriate scales of the inlet control nomograph. (Note that for box culverts,
the flow rate per foot ofbarrel width is used.)
2) Using a straightedge, carefully extend a straight line from the culvert size
(point 1) through the flow rate (point 2) and mark a point on the first
headwater/culvert height (HW/D) scale (point 3). The first HW/D scale is also
a turning line.
(NOTE: If the nomographs are put into a notebook, a clean plastic sheet with
a matte finish can be used to mark on so that the nomographs can be
preserved.)
3) If another HW/D scale is required, extend a horizontal line from the first
HW/D scale (the turning line) to the desired scale and read the result.
4)
5)
Multiply HW/D by the culvert height, D, to obtain the required headwater
(HW) from the invert of the control section to the energy grade line. If the
approach velocity is neglected, HW equals the required headwater depth
(HWJ If the approach velocity is included in the calculations, deduct the
approach velocity head from HW to determine HWi.
Calculate the required depression (FALL) of the inlet control section below
the stream bed as follows:
HWd = E ~ ELse
FALL=HWi-HWd
HWd is the design headwater depth, ft (m)
E ~ is the design headwater elevation, ft (m)
ELa is the elevation of the streambed at the face, ft (m)
HWi is the required headwater depth, ft (m)
Possible results and consequences of this calculation are:
i) If the FAll is negative or zero, set FALL equal to zero and proceed
ii)
to step f
If the FALL is positive, the inlet control section invert must be
depressed below the streambed at the face by that amount. If the
FALL is acceptable, proceed to step f.
L-11
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4
4
Figure "L-8" -Inlet Control Nomograph (Schematic).
iii) If the FALL is positive and greater than is judged to be acceptable,
select another culvert configuration and begin again at step a.
Calculate the inlet control section invert elevation as follows:
EL. = EL,r FALL
is the invert elevation at the face of a culvert (ELJ or at the throat
of a culvert with a tapered inlet (ELa).
d. Outlet Contr9J The outlet control calculations result in the headwater elevation
required to convey the design discharge through the selected culvert in outlet control.
The approach and velocities may be included in the design process, if
desired. The critical depth charts and outlet control nomographs provided in Section
D of this Appendix are used in the design process. For illustration, refer to the
schematic critical depth chart and outlet control nomograph shown in Figures "L-9"
and "L-1 0", respectively.
L-12 .DEC 1994
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DEC 1994
1)
2)
Detennine the tailwater depth above the outlet invert (TW) at the design flow
rate. This is obtained from backwater or normal depth calculations, or from
field observations.
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100 400 100 100 1000
FLOW RATE (Q)
Figure "lr9" - Critical Depth Chart (Schematic).
Enter the appropriate critical depth chart (Figure "L-9") with the flow rate and
read the critical depth ( d,J de cannot exceed D!
(NOTE: The de curves are truncated for convenience when they converge. If an
accurate de is required for de > .9D consult the Handbook of Hydraulics or other
hydraulic references.
3) Calculate (de+ D)/2
4) Determine the depth from the culvert outlet invert to the hydraulic grade line
(he,).
ho = TW or (de+ D/2), whichever is larger.
5) From Table "L-4" in Section D, obtain the appropriate entrance loss
coefficient, kc, for the culvert inlet configuraiion.
L-13
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2000
4
1000

120
Figure "L-10"- Outlet Control Nomograph (Schematic).
. 6) the losses through the culvert barrel, H, using the outlet eontrol
nomograph (Figure "L-10") or equation (5) or (6) if outside the range of the
nomograph.
i) If the Manning n value given in the outlet control nomograph is
different than the Manning n for the culvert, adjust the culvert length
using the formula:
(9)
is the adjusted culvert length, ft (m)
L is the actual culvert length,. ft (m)
is the desired Manning n value
n is the Manning n value from the outlet control chart.
DEC 1994
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DEC 1994
7)
8)
ii)
iii)
Then, use L
1
rather than the actual culvert length when using the
outlet control nomograph.
Using a straightedge, connect the culvert size (point I) with the
culvert length on the scale (point 2). This defines a
point on the turning line (point 3).
Again using the straightedge, extend a line from the discharge (point
4) through the point on the turning line (point 3) to the Head Loss (H)
scale. Read H, which is the energy Joss through the culvert, including
entrance, fiiction, and outlet losses.
{NOTE: Careful alignment of the straightedge is necessary to obtain
good results from the outlet control nomograph.)
Calculate the required outlet control headwater elevation.
{10)
where EL
0
is the invert elevation at the outlet.
If the outlet control headwater elevation exceeds the design headwater
elevation, a new culvert configuration must be selected and the process
repeated. Generally, an enlarged barrel will be necessary since inlet
improvements are of limited benefit in outlet control.
e. Outlet Velocity . Compare the headwater elevations calculated for inlet and outlet
control. The higher of the two is designated the controlling headwater for at expected
to operate with that higher headwater for at least part of the time.
The outlet velocity is calculated as follows:
1) If the controlling headwater is based on inlet control, determine the normal
depth and velocity in the culvert barrel. The velocity at normal depth is
assumed to be the outlet velocity.
2) If the controlling headwater is in outlet control, determine the area of flow at
the outlet based on the barrel geometry and the following:
i)
ii)
Critical depth if the tailwater is below critical depth. (This is an HDS-
5 proCedure, although HEC-14 advocates use of a theoretically more
correct procedure of using the true culvert brink depth ofY
0
);
The tailwater depth if the tailwater is between critical depth and the
top of the barrel; and
L-15
i
!
I
.,
!I
I
:I
iii) The height of the barrel if the tailwater is above the top of the barrel.
Reference is made to Figure "L-11 ", which schematically shows culvert outflows and
depths.
f. Evaluation of Results Repeat the design process until an acceptable culvert
configuration is determined. Once the barrel is selected it must be, fitted into the
roadway cross section. The culvert barrel must have adequate cover, the length
should be close to the approximate length, and the headwalls and wingwalls must be
. dimensioned.
If outlet control governs and the headwater depth referenced to the inlet invert) is less
than 1.2D, it is possible that the barrel flows partly full through its entire length. In
this case, caution should be used in applying the approximate method of setting the
downstream elevation based on the greater of tailwater or
( ~ + D)/2. If an accurate headwater is necessary, backwater calculations should be
used to check the result from the approximate method. Ifthe headwater depth falls
below 0. 75D, the approximate method should not be used.
If the selected culvert will not fit the site, return to the culvert design process and
select another culvert.
4. Example Problems The foil owing example problems illustrate the use of the design
methods and charts for selected culvert configurations and hydraulic conditions. The
problems cover the foJiowing situations:
i) Problem No. 1 Circular pipe culvert, standard 2-2/3 by 1/2 in (6.8 by 1.3 em)
CMP with beveled edge and reinforced concrete pipe with groove end. No
FALL.
ii) Problem No. 2 Reinforced cast-in-place concrete box culvert with square
edges and with bevels. No FALL.
iii) Problem No. 3 Elliptical pipe culvert with groove end and a FALL.
iv) Problem No.4 Analysis of an existing reinforced concrete box culvert with
square edges, including road overtopping analysis.
L-16 DEC 1994
)
\
......
' I

MODIFIED FROM FIGURES 4.46 AND 4.47 IN (MARICOPA COUNTY)
V
0
=Flow velocity at the culvert outlet or brinl: (fpe;)
Q =Flow in conduct (cfe)
A
0
= Area of flow at 'the culvert outlet or vrinl: (ft2)
Y
0
= Depth of flow at the culvert outlet; or vrink {ft)
TW = tailwater depth (ft)
a", de = normal & critical depth, reepectively
o =Conduit depth or diameter (ft)
Sleep Slope
Note: With oome tailwater conditione, there could lie a llacl:water condition. However, unleee epe9ial conditione l'revent
it, 'there will aloo be timee when flow exite the culvert ae eupercritical flow. Therefore, it le; common practice &
to eet Yo= d", ana calculate A
0
and V
0
accordingly.
OUTLET VELOCITY- INLET CONTROL
lW > D, Yo- D
T
D > TW > , Y
0
- TW DEPTH
D
T
1W note below
Note: For TW < aG, HD&-5 recommenae 5etting Yo= aG, even though it i5 therein that the flow eurface
actually cr05eee below ac a ehort dietance upetream of the c.ulvert brinl:. recommende ueing the lower tlepth
that OCCUr5 right at the culvert brinl:, ana provlaee deeign charte for calculating the theoretical Y
0
The latter method
ie .arguably more .accurate, and ie aloo more coneervative in that It reeulte in .a higher V
0
eetimate for outlet protection
c.alcul.atione. The choice of methode in obtaining Y
0
ie left up to the aeslener. A
0
is upon Y
0
, .and V
0
calculatea

OUTLET VELOCITY PARAMETERS FIGURE L-11
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L-18
a. Example Problem No.1
A culvert at a new roadway crossing must be designed to pass the 25-year flood.
Hydrologic analysis indicates a peak flow rate of 200 ft
3
/s. Use the following site
information:
Elevation at Culvert Face: 100 ft
Natural Stream Bed Slope: 1 percent= 0.01 ftlft
Tailwater for 25-Year Flood: 3.5 ft
Approximate Culvert Length: 200 ft
Shoulder Elevation: 110 ft
Design a circular pipe culvert for this site. Consider the use of a corrugated metal pipe
with standard 2-2/3 by 1/2 in corrugations and beveled edges and concrete pipe with
a groove end. Base the design headwater on the shoulder elevation with a two ft
freeboard (elevation 108.0 ft). Set the inlet invert at the natural streambed elevation
(no FALL) .
..... IC,: .. 1 tUtiOM . I+ oo
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DEC 1994
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HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
CIRCULAR PIPE CULVERTS
WITH BEVElED RING
INLET CONTROl
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IOitVISUI II.. IM4
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
WITH INLET CONTROL
CHART 4
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L
HEAD FOR
CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
"0.012
CHART 6
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1000
000
100
110
soo 00.
400
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STANDARD
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C. M. PIPE CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n0.024
L-21
L-22
Example Problem No. 2
A new culvert at a roadway crossing is required to pass a 50-year flow rate of300
ft
3
/s. Use the following site conditions:
El..ruJ: II 0 ft based on adjacent structures
Shoulder Elev: II3.5 ft
Elevation of Stream Bed at Culvert Face: IOO.O ft
Natural Stream Slope: 2 percent
Tailwater Depth: 4.0 ft
Approximate Culvert Length: 250 ft
Design a reinforced concrete box culvert for this installation. Try both square edges
and 45-degree beveled edges in headwall. Do not depress the inlet (no FALL).
(NOTE: Design charts 8, 10, I4, and 15 are used in this solution.)
.. 041CT: . .hAMfLI

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ITA'tiU: 1+02
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DEC 1994 II
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c. Example Problem No.3
Design a culvert to pass a 25-year flow of220 ft
3
/s. Minimum depth of cover for this
culvert is 2 ft.
'
I05 ft based on adjacent structures
Shoulder Elev.: 105.5 ft
Elevation of Stream Bed at Culvert Face (EL.r): IOO ft
Original Stream Slope: 5 percent
Tailwater Depth: 4 ft
Approximate Culvert Length: I 50 ft
Due to the low available cover over the conduit, use an elliptical concrete pipe. Use
of a small depression (FALL) of about I ft at the inlet is acceptable.
(NOTE: Charts 29, 31 and 33 are used in this solution.)
... UlCT: llo. 9
ST & TIO If ; _ ... 1.t 0(!
CULVERT DESIGN ,OR ..
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80 STABILITY
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,., ... n G(oorr (110
DEC 1994 L-23
L-24
d. Example Problem No.4
An existing 7 ft by 7 ft concrete box culvert was designed for a 50-year flood of 600
fills and a design headwater elevation of 114 ft. Upstream development has increased
the 50-year runoff to 1,000 ftl/s. The roadway is gravel with a width of 40ft. The
roadway profile may be approximated as a broad crested weir 200 ft long. Use Figure
"L-5" to calculate overtopping flows, and the following site data: ,
Inlet Invert Elevation: 1 00 ft
Entrance Condition: Square Edges
Slope: 5 percent
Roadway Centerline Elevation: 116 ft
Culvert Length: 200 ft
Tailwater Information
Flow, ffls TW,ft
400 2.6
600 3.1
800 3.8
1000 4.1
Prepare a perfonnance curve for this installation, including any roadway overtopping,
up to a flow rate of 1,200 ft
3
/s.
(NOTE: Charts 8, 14 and 15, and Figure "L-5" are used in this
solution.)
DEC 1994
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DEC 1994
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C. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Several special considerations are briefly mentioned here, noting that design infonnation is
available in HDS-5.
1. Improved Inlet Design Often a culvert operates under inlet control conditions. When this
is the case, simply adding pre-manufactured flared end sections or other inlet improvements
may often improve culvert hydraulic efficiency and be cost effective. For larger flows and
culverts governed by inlet control, it may be economically advantageous to design a
tapered inlet. Tapered inlets improve culvert performance primarily by reducing the
contraCtion at the inlet control section. Methods and design charts are presented in Section
IV ofHDS-5 for side, slope, and combined side/slope tapered inlets.
2. Special Applications Special applications may not have frequent usage, but infonnation
regarding design is available in Section VI ofHDS-5. These applications include flow
control and measurement through use of culverts, low bend installations, bends, siphons,
junctions, and fish passage.
3. Erosion Control This is an important aspect of culvert design. Riprap protection at
outlets is discussed in Appendix "J". Additional infonnation regarding erosion for inlets,
outlets, and sedimentation is provided in Section VI ofHDS-5 and also FHW A HEC-14,
"Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipaters for Culverts and Channels".
4. Debris Control Debris includes some combination of floating material, suspended
sediment, and bed load. Debris can accumulate at a culvert inlet or become lodged in the
inlet or barrel. Various types of controls are briefly discussed in HDS-5, but a more
comprehensive guide is provided in the FHW A HEC-9, "Debris Control Structures".
5. Service Life The service life of is dependent upon factors such as soil and water
corrosivity, culvert material and coating, sediment and abrasion potential, and loadings.
a. Corrosion Resistance CDOT provides guidelines on the selection of corrosion
resistant culverts. Table "L-2" is a reproduction of a COOT laboratory guideline
which assists in the detennination of a CDOT "Corrosion Resistance" or CR number,
which is then used with Table "L-3" (Table 624-1 in CDOT 1991) to indicate which
culvert types will likely have acceptable service lives. Other guidance on soil and
water PH and electrical resistance and resultant expected service life of metal culverts
is provided in Chapter 5 of the "Handbook of Steel Drainage & Highway
Construction Products".
DEC 1994. L-27
CR
LEVEL
CR 0
CR 1
CR 2
CR3
CR4
CR5
CR6

b. Abrasion Guidelines are given in the AISC handbook for selection of coatings
against abrasion for metal culverts. Concrete resists abrasion well, as does
polyethylene pipe. Some coatings provided for corrosion resistance are also resistant
to abrasion, but most are not. One must be cautious in selection of a coating that must
meet both requirements.
TABLE "L-2"
GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF CORROSION RESISTANCE LEVELS
(Reproduced from a March 21. 1983 COOT guideline)
SOIL WATER
Sulfate Chloride Sulfate Chloride
(SO-+) (CI) pH (504) (CI) pH
t max t max ppm max ppm max
0.05 O.D5
6.0- 8.5 250 250 6.{) - 8.5
0.15 0.15
6.0- 8.5 250 250 6.{) - 8.5
O.o5 O.D5
6.0- 8.5 500 500 6.{) - 8.5
0.15 0.15
6.0- 8.5 500 500 6.{) - 8.5
0.50 1.00 5.0-9.0 1000 1000 5.0-9.0
1.00 1.50 5.0-9.0 moo 2000 5.0-9.0
>1.00 >1.50 <5.0 or >9.0
>?1)00 >2000 <5;0 or >9.0
1.. No epecial corroeion pi"Otection is required when the CR level is zero.
2. This t:al11e is to 11e used as an aid in the selection of a CR Level. 011servations of field conditiont; ehould always ue
considered In mal:ine final decision.
.
3. Concrete gre ueed when the pH of either 'the ooil or water is lese 'than 5 ehould ue coa'ted in accordance with 706.10
of the CD S'tandard
L-28
DEC 1994
{
'
' ;
.I
i
!
l
. I
' l
; I
d
/ ij
d
: i
I I
l!
II
II
I
t
I
II
II
t
I
! i
\
.--.
, Corrosion
Number
......
CRl
CR2 CR3
CR<1
CRS
Corrosion Condition Description
Mild
Mild
Mild
Moderate
Severe Extreme
Corrosion Inside or Outside Pipe
Outside
Inside.
Only
Only
Both
Both
Both
Both
Type of Pipe
Material oVI v"'""'
A Material CDOT
J.D. No.
Description
S peclflcatlon w vI V "''""'Vr
1.
Corrugated Steel Pipe
CSP 707.()2.
NO
NO NO
NO NO NO
2. Bituminous Coated Corrugated
Bit. Co.
Steel Pipe
CSP 707.03
YES
1
NO NO
NO NO NO
3. Aramld Fiber Bonded
A.F. Bo.
Corrugated Steel Pipe
CSP 707.03
YES
YES YES
YES YES YES
4. Corrugated Aluminum Pipe CAP 707.06 YES
2
YES
2
YES
2
YES
2
YES NO
5. Precoated Corrugated Steel
Pipe coated on both sides
PCSP
with 0.010 Inch mlnumum both sides 707.10 YES YES YES
NO NO NO
6. Reinforced or Nonrelnforced RCP or
Concrete Pipe. Type I Cement NRCP 706.02 and .01
YES YES YES
NO NO NO
7. Reinforced .or Nonrelnforced RCP or
Concrete Pipe. Type II Cement NRCP 706.02 and .01 YES YES YES
YES Ncf NO
8. Reinforced or Nonrelnfurced RCP or
Concrete Pipe, Type V Cement NRCP 706.02 and .01 YES YES YES
YES YES YES
9. Chloride PVC 712.14 YES YES YES
YES YES YES
10. fblyethylene PE 712.14 YES YES YES
YES YES YES
1 Coated Steel Structural Plate Pipe of equal or grester dlsmeter, confrormlng to CDOT Section 510, may be subatltuted for Bit. Co. CSP.
2 Aluminum alloy Structural Plate Pipe of eG\ual or greater diameter. conforming to CDOT Section 510. may be substituted for CAP.
3RCP or NRCP made with Type II cement having maximums of 5k C'!>A .and 25% (C<4AF+2C'!>A) may be used for corrosion condition CR-5 If approved.
CULVERT SELECTION FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE TABLE "L-3"
D. DESIGN CHARTS AND TABLES
Except for Table "L-5", and Figures "L-12" and "L-13", the tables and charts provided in this
section are all taken from the 1985 edition ofHDS-5. Not all of the HDS-5 design charts are
provided, but what is provided should be applicable to most culvert applications. The tables and
charts provided herein are listed below to assist in finding the desired material.
I
Table "L-4"
Table "L-5"
Figme "L-12"
Figme "L-1 3"
Entrance Loss Coefficients
Culvert Design Worksheet
Tables and Fieures
Nonnal Depth for Uniform Flow Graph
Subcritical Culvert Brink Flow
Circular Culverts 0
1 Headwater Depth for Concrete Pipe Culverts With Inlet Control
2 Headwater Depth for C.M Pipe With Inlet Control
3 Headwater Depth for Circular Pipe Culverts with Beveled Ring Control
4 Critical Depth - Circular J>ipe
5 Head for Concrete Pipe Culverts Flowing Full, n = 0.012
6 Head For Standard C.M Pipe Culverts Flowing Full. n = 0.024
7 Head For Structural Plate Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts Flowing Full. n = 0.0328 to 0.0302
Concrete Box Culverts O
8 Headwater Depth For Box Culverts With Inlet Control
9 Headwater Depth for Inlet Control Rectangular Box Culverts, Flared Wingwalls 18 to 33.7 and 45
I 0 Headwater Depth for Inlet Control Rectangul!lf Box Culverts, 90 Headwall Chamfered or Beveied Edges
) I Headwater Depth for Inlet Control, Single Barrel Box Culverts, Skewed Headwalls, Chamfered or Beveled
Inlet Edges
12 Headwater Depth For Inlet Control, Rectangular Box Culverts, Flared Wingwalls, NOllll81 and Skewed Inlets
~ i n Chamfer At Top of Opening
13 Headwater Depth for Inlet Control, Rectangular Box Culverts. Offset Flared Wingwalls and Beveled Edge
At Top Of Inlet
I 4 Critical Depth. Rectangular Section
IS Head For Concrete Box Culverts Flowing Full. n = 0.012
Corrueated Metal Box Culverts 0
16 Inlet Control, Corrugated Metal Box Culverts, Rise/Span < 0.3
17 Inlet Control, Corrugated Metal Box Culverts, 0.3 s Rise/Span< 0.4
18 Inlet ControL Corrugated Metal Box Culverts, 0.4 s Rise/Span < O.S
L-30
DEC 1994
\.
}
,
~

Corrugated Metal Box Culverts 0
19 Inlet Control, Corrugated Metal Box Culverts, Rise/Span ~ 0.5
20 Dimensionless Critical Depth Chart, Corrugated Metal Boxes
21 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Concrete Bottom, Rise/Span < 0.3
22 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Concrete Bottom, 0.3 ~ Rise/Span< 0.4
23 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Concrete Bottom, 0.4 ~ Rise/Span < 0.5
24 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Concrete Bottom Rise/Span ~ 0.5
25 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Corrugated Metal Bottom, Rise/Span< 0.3
26 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Corrugated Bottom, 0.3 ~ Rise/Span< 0.4
27 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Corrugated Bottom, 0.4 ~ Rise/Span < 0.5
28 Head For Corrugated Metal Box Culverts Flowing Full With Corrugated Bottom, Rise/Span> 0.5
Elliptical Culverts 0
29 Headwater For Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts, Long Axis Horizontal, With Inlet Control
30 For Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts, Long Axis Vertical, With Inlet Control
31 Critical Depth- Oval Concrete Pipe, Long Axis Horizontal
32 Critical Depth- Oval Concrete Pipe, Long Axis Vertical
33 Head For Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts, Long Axis Horizontal or Vertical Flowing Full, n = 0.012
Pipe/Arch Culverts Q
34 Headwater Depth For C.M. Pipe-Arch Culverts With Inlet Control
35 Headwater Depth For Inlet Control Structural Plate Pipe-Arch Culverts, 18-in Radius Comer Plate, Projecting
Or Headwall Inlet, Headwall With Or Without Edge Bevel
36 Headwater Depth For Inlet Control Structural Plate Pipe-Arch Culverts, 31 n Radius Comer Plate, Projecting
Or Headwall Inlet, Headwall With Or Without Edge Bevel
37 Critical Depth- Standard Corrugated Metal Pipe-Arch
38 Critical Depth- Structural Plate Corrugated Metal Pipe-Arch
39 Head For Standard C.M. Pipe-Arch Culverts Flowing Full, n = 0.024
40 Head For Structural Plate Corrugated Metal Pipe-Arch Culverts, 18-in Comer Radius Flowing Full, n =
0.0327 - 0.0306
Arch Culverts Q
41 Headwater Depth For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts With Inlet Control 0.3 ~ Rise/Span< 0.4
42 Headwater Depth For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts With Inlet Control 0.4 ~ Rise/Span< 0.5
43 Headwater Depth For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts With Inlet Control Rise/Span ~ 0.5
44 Dimensionless Critical Depth Chart, Corrugated Metal Arches
45 Head For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts, Flowing Full With Concrete Bottom, 0.3 s Rise/Span< 0.4
46 Head For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts, Flowing Full With Concrete Bottom, 0.4 $ Rise/Span< 0.5
47 Head For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts, Flowing Full With Concrete Bottom, Rise/Span ~ 0.5
48 Head For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts, Flowing Full With Earth Bottom, 0.3 $ Rise/Span< 0.4
49 Head For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts, Flowing Full With Earth Bottom, 0.4 $ Rise/Span< 0.5
50 Head For Corrugated Metal Arch Culverts, Flowing Full With Earth Bottom, Rise/Span ~ 0.5
DEC 1994
L-31
TABLE "L-4" -ENTRANCE LOSS COEFFICIENTS
Outlet Control, FuU or Partly FuU Entrance Head Loss
n . k ( v
2
)
,_ ,_ 2
g
Type of Structure and Design ofEntrance Coefficient K.
Pipe. Concrete
Projecting from .fill, socket end (groove-end) .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. 0.2
Projecting from fill, sq. cut end ..... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5
Headwall or headwall and wingwall
Socket end of pipe (groove-end) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Square-edge .................................................................... , 0.5
Rowtded (radius= 1/12D). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Mitered to confonn to fill slope ........................... .". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7
* End-Section confonning to fill slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5
Beveled edges, 33.7 or 45 bevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Side- or slope-tapered inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Pipe. or Pipe-Arch. Conugated Metal
Projecting from fill (no headwall) ........................................................ .
Headwall or headwall and wingwalls square-edge ................ : .......................... .
Mitered to confonn to fill slope, paved or unpaved slope ..................................... .
* End-Section. confonning to fill slope ..................................................... .
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.2
Beveled edges, 33.7 or 45 bevels ...................................................... .
Side- or slope-tapered inlet ............................................................. .
Box. Reinforced Concrete
Headwall parallel to embankment (no wingwalls)
Square-edged on 3 edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5
Rouncled on 3 edges to radius of-1112 barrel dimension, or beveled edges on 3 sides . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Wingwalls at 30 to 75 to barrel
Square-edged at crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4
Crown edge rounded to radius of 1/12 barrel dimension, or: beveled top edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Wingwall at 10 o to 25 o to barrel
. Square-edged at crown ........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5
Wingwalls parallel (extension of sides)
Square-edged at crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7
Side- or slope-tapered inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2
*Note:
L-32
"End Section confonning to fill slope," made of either metal or concrete, are the sections commonly available
from manufacturers. From limited hydraulic tests they are equivalent in operation to a headwall in and
outlet control.
DEC 1994
.
. )
(-;-)


..... ..
Project:. ___________ Loeotlon or Culvert I.D.:._ ___ ..-
- Design Date:. _____ Q
2
:.__ cfs Q
100
:.__ cfs
(l)
1)..(8) Fillln applicable data. ho Is greater of (13} or (15).
I) Olvlde total flow by# culverts and also by 1 See Table "L-4", page L32. ,..,, .
width for box culverts. 18 See rp.L30 & 31 fOr appftcable outlet (ft), \7
ft. Top of roadway
__ (ft)
10) See rp.L30 & 31 for appftcable Inlet contro design chart =:
HW ',, H
then add It to get req'd HW elevation (20) Enter "I" If (12) exceeds (19); otherwise, EJ.
1
: (ft) - - t- - - - - - _ _ _ _ _.. = TW
Elt.. for Inlet control. enter o. :::...... - ?
13) Enter pre-determined tailwater depth, or (21) Enter higher value of (12} and (19). Check Culvert length: ft I .
0.40 If unobtainable. sketch In (1). WRIthe culvert meet require or fall, If anv .T
14) & (15) See pp. L30 & 31 for applicable ments? If not, return to step (2). Culvert elope: _ft!ft Bed .,..I_ ELo.: __
Elhd SHALL CONFORM TO t u:m EASEMENT, AND INUNDATION POLICY.
CULVERT DESCRIPTION FLOW HEADWATER CALCULATIONS

TRIAL MAT'L CULV.
GOVERNING
D D B OF CULV. HW HW Elhf TW de de + D ho H Elt.c,
CONTROL
No. TYPE SHAPE
D 00 00 00 2 00 00 00
Type
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) . (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)
(20) (21)
;rEPS.t22l (40l and obtain d Yo. Skip to step (30). to get Ao.
22) Enter number of selected trial from above. (25) (2n Calculate value for applicable column (31 Vo
23 (28} If (20) Is t, do & (24) and skip (25) only. Use (9) and (5) or (6). (32 !=or non-circular culverts, enter (24) or (29) x o.
(29). Otherwise, skip (23 & (24). (28tUse (13} and (5) or (6) - or circular obtain equivalent brink
23) See Table "F1d" 7 or see applicable (29 Enter (28) and (25) to {27) In Agure "L13", fP depth, Ye (Ao/2)
outlet control design n. -36 & 37read Yo/D. [Or, per HOS-5, skip (25 (33) number Fr. Vo/(32.2.Ye)
0
'
5
:24) Yo. d,. Enter 'j In Table p. (28), dMde (14) by (5) or (6).] {34) Enter permissible velocity for downstream
L-34 or Qri/(1.4860 SO; In Rgure "L12", p. (30) Enter (24).1J or (29) Table "L6", p. L34, channel per Appdendlx "I" or Table "VII1"1n
L35 and read corresponding diD. by 0, read correSponding NO , by '(5)
2
or (S)
2
Section VII.
(35) If Vol Vp s 1.3 & Fr < 0.86, only a ftared end
section Is req'd. Otherwise, see 'rabfe J-1 0" In
Appendix J".
(36) Enter value from Table "L2", p. L-28.
(37) Enter corrosive 1.0. No. from Table "L3",
[
. L29.
(38 (39) Enter pipe and bedding specifications.
(40 Other remarks?
DETERMINE CONDUIT OUTFLOW VELOCI1Y AND FROUDE NO.
omLET CORROSION STRUCTURAL
TRIAL
No.
(22)
INLET
PIPE Yo
(ft)
(24)
n
(23)
CONTROL TYPE BRINK FLOW VALUES
OUTLET ..
Froude Parameter (U)
Q/rr
5
Q/BD
1
.s q/D
1
.s
(25) (26) (27)
TW
D
(28)
Yo
D
(29)
Ao
(tr)
(30)
Vo
(fps)
(31)
Ye
(ft)
(32)
CULVERT DESIGN WORKSHEET
Fr
(33)
PROTECTION
REQUIRED?
Vp Vo
-
(fps) Vp
(34) (35)
PROTECTION PIPE:
PIPE Closs
CR CORR Gage Bed
No. No. SDR Closs REMARKS
(36) (37) (38) (39) (40)
TABLE "l-5"
i.
REPRODUCED FROM FHWA HEC-14, TABLE 111-2
d dooplh of flow Cft)
0 pop. Cft)
A a-M olllow Cftl)
A, hyd<...toc (ft)
A
ril
. O.tXll3
o.Qo3?.'
0.0069
0.0105
0.0147
-0.01.92
0.0242
0:0294
O.OJS<)
:,;_
o.o.&09
0:0470
o.o534
0.0600
0.0668

0
0,0066
o:ot32
0.0197
0.0262
0;()325
o.o389
0.04$1
0.0513
0:0575
O.o&lS


0.0813.
O.o87i
o.,cms
0.0985,
O.l0.2c;
.o.109t
0.11'52
.,
0.2182
0.2120
0.2258
0.2295



..
o.oom
0.00328
o;P<Mss

o.o077:S
0.1)()g67
0;()1181
0.01417
o.Ois74
0.01952
0;()225
0;()257
0.0291
0,0327
0.0365
O.O.C06.
0.0448
O.O.C92
00537
0.0585
0.0634
0.0686
0.0739
0.0793
0.()8.49
O..G907
0.0966
.Q .t027

0.1'1;53

. ci'.l2114
0,135_1
0 .

o,i$6t
0.1633
. 0.17115
0.1.779
0.1!!54
0."1929
o:201
0..2"08
0.216.
0.224
0.2500 I : 0.232
..
a cloact..<to "' cuboc .... - ..cond by Mann1ftt' lormva.
" Mann inti's a:oorfl oco.,.l
S slOP of 1t>e ch...,nct bollom .....S ol tM _,., aurlaca
(ft/ft)
A
ril
0.4027
0.4127
0.4227
0.4327
0.4426
0.4526


0;4822
0.4920
0.5018
Olil 15


,::{
();S4()(,
0;.5.499
o.s594
. ,O.s61j7
,:,!1.5780
o.san
.. 0.59&4

o.6i4:i
0,623)
0.6319:
::1

0;6736
o;$1rs
ci:6893
o.696&

Q.7115

cii3io



O.l$6(1
1);)612
0.7662
0.7707
0.7749
0.7785
0I7817
o':)a:.u
0.7854

0
0.2531
0.2562
0.2592
0.2621
0.2649
0.2676
(j.2703
0.2728
0.2753
0.2776
0.2799
o.21i21
0.2842
0.2862
0.2882
o.29oo
0.2917
Q.2933
0.2948
0,29.62
o;2915
0.298'7
0.2998'
0.3008
0.3017
0.3024
0.3031

0.3()42
o.aG43
0.3043
0.3041
o.303a
0.3033
0;30i6
..
0.300'7
o-ms
0.2980
o.296:J
0.29

0.2895
0.2865
o.ia29
0.27Bf'
0.2735
0.2666
0.2500
G-1

0.239.
U-247
0.255
0.263
0.271
0.279
0.287
0.295
0.303
0.311
0.319
0.327
0.335
0.343
0.350
o.3sa
o.JGG
0.373
0.380
0.388
0.395
.. 0.402
o.4o9
0.416
0.422
0.429
0.435
0.441
0.447
0.453
0.458
0.463
0.468
0;473
0.477
o.48t
0;485
.6.:W
0 91


0.498
0.498
0.488
0.496

0.489
0.483
0.463
1.442
1.416
1.388
1.362
1.336
1.3,1'
1.286
1.262
1.2311
. 1.215
1.192
1.170
1.1q
1.126
L105
1.084
1,00(
1,044
1.024
1.004
0.!185
0965
0.947'
0.928
0.910
0.891
0.8.73
0.856
0.838
0.821
0.804
0.787
.o.77o
'0;753

.u20,
Q.:703
oSi'i

o.654
: 0..637
.:';0,621
0.604
0.588
0.571
0.553
oj35
o.SH
0.496
0.463
F[OW dn IN CJRCULAR SECTIONSFlOWING PARTLY FULL
TABlE t-6
': . . . :
...
t <}JI
, ;_
.,
'\ ..
r)
i '" ,' \ /.


:.!f.;}fi_
,

.:j
'i!
]!
, I
I
'!1,
j:
j
i
1.
! I
1\ l'
l \
li
I'\'
li
l
I
r
REPRODUCED FROM UD & FCD, FIGURE 2-1
l


""' c
0
...
L
.. 0

GO


..
a::
<[
2

i .
NORMAL DEPTH FOR UNIFORM FLOW GRAPH
FIGURE "L12"
L-36
REPRODt)CED FROM FIGURE 111-10 IN HEC- 14
1. 00
... ,.
v
,'
,'/
- /

6.0 .,
i
95
,-"
/,
._4
v
OlD 2.
5
5.5
...

i
/
90
-..... _-
,,
/, /w
,lJ
85

_t



v
---
,...-
I
0
,.

't"

4.5
_ ... ,..
/
5
--
... -
,"

f .
0
4.0
...... -
.-

Vj
,__ ...

./
5


v/
7
0 3.0
v
-
,_..
y
/1
5
2.5
...,..

0.
0.
0.
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
Yo
-0.5 0

,....

v
I

0

v
v
y
-
1.0 .....
YJ
- _......
,......
1/
(

()
A
A
/
'"'
r -
-

r;
OJo
-
I
0/0 2.5. 0
!/
Y
0
brink depth
0 di._ of culvert
TW tail water depth
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
I
1/
0.05
0
;
0 0.1 0.2 .0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 . 1.0
TW/0
Applicable for TW < d.,. Enter TW/0, go vertical to Q/D
2
.s, read horizontal toY JO.
SUBCRITICAL CULVERT BRINK FLOW: CIRCULAR FIGURE t-13a
I
. ).
MODIFIED FRQM FIGURE III-91N HEC-14 .
1 . 00
8.0 v
II
v
I


__..
/
14
.95
1/

T
I
7.0
-
f.--

I .
90
--
... .... 'f
/
/I
I
85
6.0 . ._ ...
---

I
I
--
... -
80
.. _...- ,
0
0.
0.
0.
75
1-- 0/Bolf
2
5. 0
I
qtolfZ
--

v
0
f-
I;!
5
4.0
-
,.._
I(
0
-
,_
/
35
......
Jl
5
-
3.0

v
0
2.5


5
""""
'( 2.0

1W
-


1.5 X
-
v -
.
0.
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
?
\

0.5
0.4
0.40
0.35
0.30
1.0
LJ
D
T
D
.
""""'
1/
j_

.
.
0.25
0.20
0.5

I I I I
-
i/
Y
0
brjnk depth(ft)
-
3
0 hdght of box culvert (ft)
0/80 /2. 0.0
-
f-
B wid1h of barrel (ft) -
I
q/0
312
- o.o
0 discharge (cfs)
I
1W tailwater depth (ft)
-
I I I I
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 1.0
TW/0
Appllosble for TW < a.,. Enter TW/D, go vertiosl to Q/BD
1
.5 or (\/Dl5. rest:! horizontal toY JD.
)


SUBCRITICAL CULVERT BRINK FLOW: RECTANGULAR
i
'!





This Page Left Blank Intentionally
180
168

144
132
120
10,000
e,ooo
EXAMPLE
6,000
042 lciiH fMtl
ti,OOO
0120 eft
4,000
.tm
HW
0
...,
3,000
(II t.!l

Ctl t.l 7.4
2,000
(51 t.2 7.7
'o , .. ,
HW
O SCALE
ENTRANCE
TYPE
(I)
s ,. "'' .,,.
,_, ......
(2) CrMYt .,, ..
....... u
(II GfH.ft 4
pre)ectlt
Te ell (tJ ., (3) prtltct
lltrlrnttiiJ Ullt (I),, ....
Ill ttrtltht 111CIIIIt4 IIH tlltHtll
0 ell4 0 actin, ., renrlt n
lllntret ...
CHART 10
(I) (2)
(3)
6.
5 .
4.
3.
1.0
.9
.e
.r
.6
.&

HEADWATER S9ALES 2 63
REVISED MAY 1964
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
WITH INLET CONTROL
IIUREAU 01' f'UIILIC ltOAOS IHJ
DEC 1994
L-39
i
I
I
i
i
I
l
I
I
i
:I
I ,
I
I
0
CHART 2
180
168

144
132
i
120
u
..,
...
<(
108
..
..
..1
c
96
ll'
i!
g
II:
...

8UiiAU OF PUktC ROADS JAN. tH3
L-40
\
10,000
(1)
e,ooo
EXAMPLE
6,000
Dll fHI)
o ch
6.
(2}
(3}
4,000
HW HW
3,000
T
(IHI)
(I) ...
6.
(21 1.1 1.3
2,000
(31 1.2
''
o ,,.,..,
1,000
3.
800
2.
I. IS
X
t-
0..
"'
0

ENTRANCE
0::
TYPE
"' D
!
(I) " .......
"CZ)
Mlttrt4 It nttt
tt
(31
Pret-cUat
lt 1111 .celt lll tr (I) prejtcl
lltrilelltIIJ te tctlt (1), '""
atreltlll iclllell llllt t"'"''
I) ... 0 " ..... ., ,. .. .,
m .. ,,.,, .

C(
w
X:
.8
.T
.6
.IS
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
C. M. PIPE CULVERTS
WITH INLET CONTROL
DEC 1994
).
~
180
168
166
144
!
0.041
o.ou
3000
2000
1000
800
200
100
t 6 f
o.ou 0.041 O.OIS
0.1111 0.041 O.lll
I[V[LUO 111111
YINIYUM 100
lNTIIANC[
tn[
A

"'
z
j
i
z
a:
~
--
[ -- ~ .... .!.lo--
CHART3 0
A B
3.6 3.0
3.0
....
0
~
2.0
=
2.0;
c:
""
t-
""
2
1.&
1.,
0
z
X
t-
CL
""
0
c:
""
t-
c
~
c
""
X
_,_
--
--
-- 0
2
1.0
IERAl HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
MAY 1173
DEC 1994
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
CIRCULAR PIPE CULVERTS
WITH BEVELED RING
INLET CONTROL
L-41
i
!
!
I
I
,j
ij
ii
.ll
!I
,,
d
fj
IJ
'l
. !'
; I
L-42
0 CHART4
2
6
t-
1&1
1&1'
I&.
'u"
'0
I
:z:
t-
:; 3
0
..J
""
(,) 2
t= 0
lr
u
14
12
tO
B
6

--

-
..... -...



A
:2:."3.
.Aru
r-...O'riA.
10 20 30

/

v

9'

w-
8'

'l'.L: 7'
r-ft

tOO 200 300
clc EXCEED TOP OF PIPE
50 60
OISCHAR GE 0 CFS


v


v

70 80 90


l...?



- f.+
de CANNOT EXCEED TOP Of" PIPE
100
v
e
7
t-
&..1


u
'0
I
:z:
:st-
0..
w
Q
.J

500 600
DISCHARGE O CFS
100 800 900 1000
f-



./
.....-::


,......
/
,_,.. v


1---

er
(,)

[:2
........

h-
/""



A
yr
9'01
1000
BUREAU Of PUBLIC ROADS

de CANNOT EXCEO TOP OF PIPE
2000
OISCHARGEO-CFS
3000 .. ooo
CRITICAL DEPTH
CIRCULAR PIPE
DEC 1994
(/-)
\.
'j
; !
ij
j
''
ii
.,
!!
l!
ll
,,
\I
H
il
, I
1\
II
\i
'l
I
I
II

!I
!\
II
. )

)()

J:2000
1000
eoo
120
600
108
500 96
-'00
84
300
72
IUREAU (I( PIIILIC IIOAOS .IAII. lts:S
DEC 1994
"
a:
"' z z
-=
:>
..
0
CHART 5
For Olllkl CfOWft 1101 oublftt'9tf, -p!M HW r
-.tho4t 41ftCfilN4 il\ thl it proct4111N
<tt
.,. ..
0
0
"'
t-
....
....
....

g
0
<I(
....
:z:
.4
.5
.6
.8
2
3
4
&
6
e
20
HEAD FOR
CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n=O.OI2
L-43
i
I
I.
0
CHART 6
1000
800
600
120
108
u
84
72
66
L-44.
3:[_.-:.._t
sutla:IIGtO OIITLU C\1\.Y[IIT F\DWIHG FU\.L
for 0<1llel crowo 1101 ..,.,.., ... , _,.,.. HW 'J
-- _.,, ......... 4ttlf" .. _ ....
------ t:XAM,L[
~ o o
HEAD FOR
STANDARD
.4
.&
.6
.8
LO
fi
I
10
20
C. M. PIPE CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n =0.024
DEC 1994
}
J
j)

ct)
"' lj
!:
100
00
DEC 1994
180
168
~ 6
144
1!2
120
114
108
102
96
eo
84
--
78
OIIIL

T'
.10'
.,.
CHART 7
:I [ __: \ :t::
, . .,. -
$UIIii[IIKO 0\ITL[T CULVI:RT fLOWING FULL
fH evil .. c..- Nl ..._,M, _,.. .. HW ~
_ ..... _._ io ........... ~ .......

o.ostl
O.ONO
o.OSII
o.oaot
2
6
1
8
9
10
20
!0
40
50
HEAD FOR
STRUCTURAL PLATE
CORR. METAL PIPE CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n 0.0328 TO 0.0302
0
L-45
'!
(
!
I
I
L-46
DCHART8
)(
0
CD
IL
0
t-
:r
t!)

3
12
II
10
9
8
7
IUMAU OF PUBLIC ROAD$ .Nt.N.INJ
IL
0
0
...
<
a::
600
500
400
300
200
100
. 80
60
EXAMPLE
II' 2' Boo 0 ch
0/8 15 cft/ft
HW
'"'et 0 ... ,
(I) 1.711
(2) 1.90 3.8
(3) 1!.011 4. I
...... WIAfMII
, .. ,. -
!!.!: SCALE WINGWALL
0 FLARE
.8
.6
.5
111 :so- n
121 to oft s
C:SI o CtottAtloftt
., il
To octlt (2) or (3) p<ojut
hofil ... ltiiJ It ICtlt (fl, theA
wtt tlrtitht ittc11At4 liat thrHt
D tAll 0 ICtltl ' ........ .
lllutlrtld.
(I) (2) (3)
r-8
.-9
r-10
-
f=-7
f-8 f-
1-7 f-8
f-6
r-7
f-6
l-5
f-6
l-5

f-5
1-4
-
f-4
f-3
1-3
c-'3
F=-2-F----
ill:"
-2

___ ..,.
--
1--2
...
::z:
f- 1.5
t!)
-
1- 1.5
w
::z:
1- 1.5
IL
0
en
::E
a::
w
1- 1.0
...
z - ...
-.9
1-1.0 r- lO
::z:
...
0..
1-.9 -.9
w
f- .8
0
a::
w
f- 8
-:..1. ...
=-.7
C(

0
<
1:- .7 1- .7
w
::z: 1-".6
r-.6
1- .5
1-.5 1-.5
1-.4
f- .4 r- .4
.
L
.30
.35 .35
HEADWATER DEPTH
FOR BOX CULVERTS
WITH INLET CONTROL
DEC 1994
\l
"
.,
li
r:
!l
H
,\
};
II
II
II
i.l
!
I
I!
II
II
l
j
i
1\
j 0
t-
"'
"'
...
z
0
)('
0
CD
...
0
t-
x
"
w
X
12
II
10
t
e
7
'
5.5
---
<C.5
2.5
2
DEC 1994
X AMPLE
s'as'eox ot5ocrs
0
1NB : 50 CFS I FT.
INLET
Cll
(2)
I.<CI
1.33
7.1
6.7
t-
o
f
0:
...
6.
Ill
...
u
z
--
---
\.L =
.....
-- 0
X
t-
o

0
t-
Ill
"
0:
c
%
u.
Ill
0

0
t-
c
0:
o!OO
300
SCALE ENTRANCE TYPE
(I) <C5 WINGWALL FLAIR
200 WITH 4 .0<43 D
100
(2)11To 33.7" WINGWALL
FLAIR WITH .083 D
.-
--
--
--
-
--
-
--
0
40
30
20 TOP EDGE
BEVEL ANGLE
REQUIRED
15
10
4/DANGLE
o.ou -cs
0083 18-l3.7
fACE%$" OR 337
9 TOP BEVEL 4

HEIGHT D IN FEET
1

.g. MIN.

5 BEVEL ANGLE

LONGITUDINAL SECTION
3
2
-
CHART 9
(I) (2.) <C,O
4.0
3.0
2.0
L8
1.8
1-'
...
0:
If
t
::
Ci
....
X
- 1.4-----.:-----
x
" ki
X
1.2
Ill
2
0:
1.1
1.0

.e
.7
.6
.4
(I)
::
Ill
u
:
t-
o:
Ill

::1
u
Ill



0
0:
w
t-
c
0
c
"'
X
3.0
2.0
1.8
1.4
1.2
II
1.0


.1
.6
.5
.ol
(21
HEADWATER DEPTH roR INLET CONTROL
RECTANGULAR BOX Cll..YERTS
FLARED WINGWAU..S 18 TO 33.7 a 4!5
.WITH EVELEO EDGE AT lOP OF INLET
L-47
r
0
L-48
CHART 10
EXAMPLE
lfH OSn: QSOOCFS Q/N8 71.5
CHA.IIf'11 :11'4
liZ ,..,.,, l[lo(L
HW HW
0
'"' Z.JI 11.5
2.01 10.4
12
IIHIHI[Vl .... t.4
II
10



Iii
0..

(.)
7
z
a

X
._Q
..J -- ):
Ill --
-f- d
c
m cr
... ;
0
...
X
S2 l5
It

[NOTES @ iEVtiJI
'AC OIM[HSIOH 01 AU. Ill
$10( AND KY(LS :
$MALl r.or 1 US$ '!HAlt
3 SHO ...... TO OITAIIf I[Y(I.
T(IIMIIIATIOH N1 001[ f\.MIE
1H A lOX,
[11'14[11 IHCIIUS[ f 011.,011
DI:CII(AS[ Tlf( HV[l.
'AC[ OtMENSIOHS AIIO f OF
lh1.$ &II[. [ACH II[Lo\T(j) TO
J'lf( OtMCN$1011 AT
IIIGMT ANGaS TO TH[ (OG
FEDAAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
MAY IP73
300
200
ISO
100
$()
40
30
20
IS
10
,

7
6
5
..
3
- 2
INLET FAC-AlL EDGES:
1 nun: KIII:U !5.1'" 11:1.51 -
tn ,,.,, I(Y(L$..,.. "'"
)14 IMCH
....
0
Cl)
:f
Q:
Ill
....

%
....
Cl.
1&1
0
cr
Ill
....
;

Ill
X

7
'
2
1.!1
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.5
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR INLET CONTROL
RECTANGULAR BOX CUL'\IERTS
go HEADWALL
CHAMFERED OR BEVELED INLET EDGES
DEC 1994
\
J
,r).,
' ,_
\.
EXAMPLE
17r't oe n o-eooCI'S
[DG( I SJ([W HW HW
~ ... CHAMfl:ll o loot
12
46' 1.81 Q.ll
JOO Z.4) 12.1
... 2.liC
"'
If
w.III(O acvn
10' 70 4!1' Z/17 IO.l
10

e
2
OtNK AIQ;.[ 1101
I(Yn. NOT HWSSAIIT 1'011 IICI.W 10' MID MOll[
DEC 1994
FEDERAL HIGHWAY AOMINIS'fRATION
MAY 1973
CHART 11
I(V[L[O [005 T ~ AHO SIOU --"1
l/4 INCH tH.UirU ALL [DGQ --, '
$00
IICI:W &HOU-45' ~ I&' 10"-45'
7
&00
e
oo
300
200
,:m JJI[,
..,. ,... 1(111
... , ..
a .. n ..... ....
10' t-411' I
J?-VI' I' I
4f
~ ~ ~ ~
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR INLET CONTROL
SINGLE BARREL BOX CULVERTS
SKEWED HEADWALLS
CHAMFERED OR BEVELED INLET EDGES
D
L-49
0
L-50
-c
-
..J
"'
ct:
ct:
CHART 12
EXAMPLE
B= 7FT. 0=5FT. Q= 500CFS
71.5
INLET 8 WW HW HW
30 SKEW----.\
NORMAL INLETS 7
WINGWALL FLARE-45 16.4 18.4
OORMAL T Fl
ww 2.18 0.9 600
18.4ww 2.21 11.4
12 SKEWED l5'!..4e"
I I 18.4 OR MORE 400
ww 2.20
D
9
8
300
200
150
-
:::om E
100
90 ---::;.:..-
ea..--
70
60
50
8 8
7
6
4
3
2
1.5
4
a:l 1.0
....
0
...
:a:
C!)
"'
:a:
3
NoRMAL
WING WALL INLETS
BUREAU PUBLIC ROADS
OF R 8 0 1968
NOTE:.
HEADWATER SCALE FOR SKEWED
INLETS IS CONSTRUCTED .fOR aO"
SKEW AND :S:I WING WALL F\.A.RE
(18.4.,
0.6
AUIO A GOOD APPROXIMATION
FOR ANY SKEW ANilE FROM 111
TO 4& AND FOR GREATtR FLARE -+---+-___,f--
ANGLES WINGWALLS.
0.5
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR INLET CONTROL
RECTANGULAR BOX CULVERTS
FLARED WINGWALLS
NORMAL AND SKEWED IN LETS
3/4" CHAMFER AT TOP OF OPENING
DECI994
l'
i I
l
\
\i
l
l
I,
It
II
. )
o
/
EXAMPLE
CHART13
B = 7 n: 0=0 FT. 0= 600 C.F.S 18.4ww ad= o.oe3D
33.7 WW6 d =0.0830
45WW&d=0.042Dl
2
EQUAl.
FlARE
oiHGU:S
i=71.5
WINGWAU. TOP EDGE HW HW
A..ARE ANGLE BEVEL -n- Tf.
12
45 VliN./n:2D6 0..3
II 33.70 I lN./FT. L90 9.5
18.4 liN/FT. 1.82 9.0
BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS
OffiCE OFR& D AUGUST 1968
DEC 1994
600
500
400
300
200
TOP EDGE
BEVEL ANGLE
REQUIRED
..L ANGLE
0.042 45
0.083 33.70
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
3
2
1.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR 1NlT CONTROL
RECTANGULAR BOX CUU/ERTS
OFFSET R..ARED WINGWALLS
AND BEVELED EDGE AT TOP OF INLET
D
L-51
!
l
l
i
I
I
I
..
'
L-52
0
CHART 14
tj
4
t: !
z
-
u2
"C
0
0
6
0
4
de CAlf NOT I :XCEED 0
./
/
./
/
10 20
..........
___.
,-
..,....

V"
'
CRITICAL DEPTH -
I 1 I
RE GULAR SE CTIO N

0;8
40
,/
!50

60.
/_


I!
d.: C NtiOT, EXCEEI> 0
/
12
,_:I
LL. '
! 10
u
"C 9
8
7
6
I
4
50
)
l/
I
r
r
.J.


roo U50
IUREAU OF I'IIILIC IIOAOS ollH. 191:1
;'
,


200
Of a
5-38
./
/

/
C,RITipAL DEPTH-
r-
I I
RECT SECTION
t I I

B IN FT.
0 IN C.F.S.
... I
2
d c = 315 -
250 300 350
CRITICAL DEPTH
RECTANGULAR SECTION
DECl994
. )
c_
.,
II
!
5000
4000
3000
2000 .
1000
...
..,
..,
~
~
)(
0
ID
1&1
0:
200 ~
0
en
DEC 1994
~
~ l.!IX!.!S
c;;
%
W 3X3
a
0
1 ~
80 ~
1&1
60 ~
$0 &
en
40 !;
30 ~
ID
cr
20 ~
;:)
c
z
:!
0
1&1
0:
~
0
...
z
:;
...
~
z
.,
:I
...
, .. ,. 5o-
SUtiiii(IIG[D OUTL[T CUO..VI:IIT riJ)WWING P'U\.l
for "'"' coo- oot Mlllfrt, -.,vtt H 117
Mtllla .. -criMf io , ... f .. if'l _ ......
CHART 15
.!1
.6
.e
1.0
5
6
8
10
20
HEAD FOR
CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n z: 0.012
0
L-53
0
-
...

>
~
(.)
M
0
m
-

d
"*
L-54"
ART 16
5000
4000
Enir1nct Co114ilion
(2) to h .. Ciwll.
300
3000
(3) Thick well
PIOjeCiint.
(5) Thin wall
2000
250
pto jtcl in g.
1500
200
c
.....
tooo
eoo

800
:z:
700
-
tso_ ~
600
- .
140 --
~ " " r o o
130
u
c
120
- 400

..
a:
0
-
-
- ~
a.
0
110 -

Q
300
01
...


..

-

!
u ~

200
0


%
tSO
0
.2
-

a:
100
o
80
70
10
so
40
c=Jj
40
30 0494C:II
~ . ..... ~
Ent,.nc:t tn!
Type D
HW
uu
30
20 121 1.02
131 1.05
<4.511
<4.73
IS 151 1.13 5.09
Nomoa.-aphs 1dap1Cd from Diller Ia I fur11ishcd by
Kaiser Alumi11um a ad Chcmica.l Corporatio
1
{2) (3) {5)
5.0
s.o
4.0
5.0
.c.o
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
2..0
Ul
1.8
:z.o
1.6
1.8
Ui
1.6
1.4
1A
1.4
1.2 1.2
1.2
-
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0


.8
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
.5 .5
.5
.4
.4
.4
.3 .3
.3
HEADWATER DEPTH
FOR C.M. BOX CULVERTS
RISE I SPAN c0.3
WITH INLET CONT.ROL
DEC 1994
I
II
!I
)
0
.. ,
CHART17
700
(2) (3) (5)
5.0
s.o
600
nhoMI Conclilioft
5.0
-4.0
5000 (2) to hudwlll.
4.0
4000
(3) Tllict II
3.0 t\00 projecting.
3.0
(5) Thin II 3.0
3000 projecll"t
400
2.0
"""
2.0
2000
1.8
1.8
2.0
"-.....
1.6
1.8

1.6
1500
1.6
300
""'
1.4
1.4
-
"-.....
0
1 .
.....
1.2
1000
1.2

eoo

1.2
800
"
::c
700
"
-
1.0
1.0
600
"
..
1.0
-
.9
...
200
.:! 500
........._ex
.i

>
2-....

u
.9-
;_
:I
c::
s:

0 -4oa
-
.8
J, ..
..
Q.
0

.8
0
0 .
Gl
.7
150
300 ..
.7
-
0

rf!..
..
-
.7
140


d
s:


130
u
,
.6
.! 200 .6

120
0
%
.6
110
u.o
0
.5
5
- 100

ex .5
tOO
90
to
110
80
?O ...
. ..
60
70
50
60
IJ
40
[_
Eaample:
.3
08.08"
.3
30
0860 Cfl
.3
50
Entrance

HW
TJPI 0
n
(2) 0.8t 6.54
20.
(3) 0.83 8.71
(5) 0.811' 7.19
40
15
HEADWATER
..
FOR C.M. BOX CULVERTS

Nollloaraphs adapted from -auial ruraishcd by
0.3 :c RISE I SPANc0.4
K.ailcr Alumiau aad Chemical Corporation
WITH INLET CONTROL
DEC 1994
L-55
I:
q,
! .
.)

;>")
_.
3000
.. 00
aooo
1500

---tobo
250
100
100
700
100
-
..


-;
u
If
0
CD .:aoo
..
01
...


1:

"
.!200
a
120
110
110
Eumpte: 100
08.0 ft 100
0100 cia
10
10
Entrtnct 'tJl
HW
10
TrPf .
fl
eo
70
(2) 1.D. e.u 10
(3) 1.07 a.ea
TO
10
(I) 1.11 uo
c :Si
10
J.--s,. ..
Nomoarapha adapted from material by
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical -Corponrion
DEC 1994
0
CHART19
(2) (3) (5}
'"'""" CollltloM
6.0
1.0
6.0
(2) to heot.

5.0

{3) Thick Will

roJtcl"'-
3.0
3.0
(5) Thill woll
3.0
proJtctlnt
a.o
1.8
1.1
-

Q
u
.....
--
1.2
-
- .
--=-
--
-
1.0


i

0
..
1: .e
-
CL

a
...
.7

-

.7

,

.8

%

0
.2
-
.5

cz: .5


40
.3
30
.a
.3
HEADWATER
DEPTH
fOR C.M. BOX CULVERTS
o.& RISE I SPAN
WITH INLET CONTROL
L-57
0
CHART 20
.9
1o!->

k'cft/ v v

..... [.? I
vv
. /
.8


/, v

v
v
.7
v v
[lll' v
,,,/
v
EXAMPLE:
1-
'/'/
f-
J Rl S E (D) 6 ft 6 In
r-
4-f- f- 1-1- :-f-

'{7

SPAN (B) ,. 22 ft I in -
6
..__

/0'
AREA (A) 118.4 ft
2

f-

FLOW (Q) ft :./s
f-
#A}
-
RISE /SPAN 6.&/22.08.21
-

Ql
-
i
AD 10&0/(118.4)(6.15)
f-
.IJ
7
: 3.48
f-
1.'/ !
.. r-
(J
! D
.63
-
.4
!/.
I
-de: ... 63 (e.e) .. 4.1 tt
!
:/)
IIJ :
1..1!
.
{j
o..:
.3
IJ.
:I -.
w
cl
'J.
)(
w Ill
J
.2
w
i

:
:
! DIMENSIONLESS CRITICAL
.I
I
DEPTH CHART FOR CORRU
I
GATED METAL BOX CULVERTS
i
-
I
I I I
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 7.0

L-58. DEC 1994
.

-4'


.,j
-
u
.5
g

01
..
II
s:
u
til
0
800
700
600
500
coo
300
200
100
so
CULVERT
AREA
--
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
eo
30
20

E
.;J
.5
c
;
...
CHART 21
c ]j
'--SPAN
Area (ft
2
) __!!_
20-30 O.OlS
31- 150 0.02<4
.75
1.0
2.0
-


25-
. .5
3.o x
3.5 "0
II
c.o
c.s
5.0
e.o
7.0
8.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
1C.O
18.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
SUBMERGED OUTLET CUtVRT flOWrNG
C. M. BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CONCRETE BOTTON rrom IIIIICtiaJ ruabhcd
IC.arscr Almnm and ChclllicaJ Corporatioo 'I
ollhis nomooraph mar dislol scare
DEC 1994
R1SE/SPAN c0.3
L-59
0 CHART 22
3000
100
700
600

...
u 500
.5

.coo

2'
300

1:
Cl
..
i5
200
100
50
CULVERT
AREA
80
-
~
~ ~
65.6 (\
60

c
:::;.
r
c
i:
...
,.,oiDOitaP!il adaptccl troll material rur11bhcd by
Katlcr Alu111i11um iod Cllc111ical Corporatioo
L-60
C\J
1--sPAN ~
.11
1.0
1.1
2.0
...
:
2.1 -
.5
3.5 .,
.o i ~
Area !ft')
2.5 15
16. 100
D
-
4.15
6.0
0.025
e.o
7.0
a.o
1.0
10.0
0.014
12.0
14.0
115.0
11.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
C. M BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CONCRETE BOTTOM
0.1 ~ RISE /SPAN < 0.4
DEC 1994
~ \
1 lil
\l\1
1\\
\\ I
ti
\\
li
I\
\i
'I
\ \
\\
1\
I
\\
.\
i
:
'
B
l
~ ',
\
0
CHART 23
CULVERT
AREA
c JJ
i()


-
u
.5

01
..

.
u

c
100
50
220
200
180
160
140
--.........ltz
120 ..:!.._t;z
50

.!:
.J
Cll
c
c

....
l-SPAN
Area (ft2)
....L
20.57
0.026
58. 142
0.025
143- 220 0.024

,..--() SUBMERGED OUTlET CULVERt FLOWING fULL
0-.._/ NoaaotnPU frODI lllllcrial furBished b

. Kaiser Alvau.aam aad Cbeaaical Corporadoa Y

Ovplal!oft 01 lhla 11011109faph mer dfalorl sc:a ..
DEC 1994
.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
-


2.s :i
3.0%
3.6,


4.5
5.0
a.o
7.0
e.o
1.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
11.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
C. M. BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CONCRETE BOTTOM
.
0.4 5 /SPAN
L-61
0
.;
-
()
c
-


01
...
1
()
.!
0
CHART 24
400
300
200
100
50
CULVERT
AREA
50""
..,.. -
-..-
48,] tt2
40
- --!.!.: o,
---!..:.!00
-

'tso
Area (ftZ)
.....L
410 .. 65 0.026
66 .. 120 0.025
SuBMERGED OUltfl CUIVql flOWING fUll
iolOIIIOIRPhl adapted froal illatcrial (uraishcd by
Kaiser Alallliaulll aad Chemical Corporatioa
L-62
.75
1.0
u
1.0
2.5
-
II
II
30

3.5
:1:
... o
"0
... 5 ..

5.0 :::r:
&.0 .
7.0
8.0
e.o
10.0
12.0
""
, ... 0
16.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
(')

C. M. BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CONCRETE BOTTOM
0.5 $.RISE /SPAN
DEC1994
:
1
I
\\
..
...
u
.E
2
.. -----.....
\ ....
01

..

.1::
u

0
1500
eoo
500
400
300
200
100
50
CULVERT
AREA
I
150

130
120
110
100
90
ao
70
30
CJJ
'--SPAN ,/
- .
---- - l"'450
o.......... -----
Oo-"


Area (rt')
2.0- 28
29- 63
64- 150
D
-
0.035
0.034
0.033
CHART 25
.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
-

4.0

-
c
4.5
5.0
x
6.0
"0

7.0

::t
e.o
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
SU&MERGED OUTLE:T CULVERT FLOWING FUll
C. M BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CORRUGATED BarTOM
1
'\N-o,rap adapcccl maccrlal rurnisbcd by
U IC.aiscr Alumiaum and Cbcmic:al Corporarioa
Duploc:.tlion ol tllio nolftO(Itoph mor cliolort aeole
DEC 1994
RISE /SPAN c 0.1
L-63
1
.
';
: i
! i
I
l
11
'i
I
!
l
'
I
l
I
I
! .
0
CHART 26
CULVERT
AREA
C\J

..
-
CJ
=
2

Ot
300
...

s:
0

Q
200
100
200

170
160
150
140
1!0
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
......
40 .........
.-- --- -- 2
area = $'1.4 n .
20
c

--
Area (ft
2
)
20-30
31-63
64- 154
155- 200
......
0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032

.75
1.0
1.5
1.0
2.5
3.0
...
3.5 :
- 0 c
4l.5-

11.0 l
7.0%
8.0
e.o
10.0
12.0
.........
If."";-- --
. 6 . ._
, . 0
16.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
C. M. BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL


Slope So-
SUBMERGED OUTLET CULVERT flOWING FULl
CORRUGATED METAL BOTTOW
O.! <'RISE/SPAN .c0.4
adapted fro 11111c.rial furoisbed by
Kabcr Aluaiou aad Clac111k:al CorpOra rio
L-64
DEC 1994
i
:j
i
'l
I
<\
:,,
)
.;j
:JO


-
g
&
..
"
&.
g

iS
60
CULVERT
AREA
220
200
180
160
140
-
-
30
.tl
c
:J
20
.
c
..
:1
...
CHART 27
c

1.---SP'-N

<s
.,

I('
..... ....:
.,
0
""o
1!
.....
50
KeO S
--

-
-
o.
4
;;; _r
et,
-
--
-
11,.,2 4-
-
Area (ft'l ..L
20- S7
0.034
58- 142
0.033
143- 220
0.032
.7!5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
... 0-;

c.s-
5.0.!:

7.0


t.O
10.0
12.0
14l.O
16.0
18.0
20.0
z -"I--
.:: .. _ _..
HEAD FOR
0
SUBMERGED OuTLET CULVERT FLOWING FULL
C, M BOX CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
No.Orraphl adapted from tnatcrial turaisllcd by
!tailer Aluaaiau aad Chemical Corporalioa
DuplieetiOft of this ClistO<i scale
DEC 1994
CORRUGATED META_L BOTTOM
0.4 s RISE/SPAN<O.S
L-65
<i
l
'I
:I
:i
'I
!
:j
l
i
!
'I
l
l
:!
:1
I!
i I
l
l j
0

-
u
!:.


z;
u

Q
CHART 28
1000
900
800
700
eoo
400
100
CULVERT
AREA
120
..,
100 - ..!.!l.Jtt'
-...;
90 &00 ct.!- -
- ---
--
80
70
60
e
::;
c
c
..
:' .
...
c
l.--sPAH
\J

Q
.
H' .--
--
Area (rt
2
)
i
40-56
0.034
57- 120
0.033

.76
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
u.5
5.0
e.o -o

7.0
1.0 X
9.0
10.0
12.0
1&.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
C. M . BOX CULVERtS
SU8MEAGEO OUTLET CULVffll FlOWING FULl
FLOWING FULL
CORRUGATED METAl:- BarTON
.{
N-oan.,._ aa,.U ofrota a aerial furaiAcd :r
J:.aber Alai aad Cltctaical Corpor.acioa
L-66.
0.5 s RISE /SPAN
DEC 1994
.\
\ \
)
tJ
97
136. a 87
77
113 a 72
1061168
98 II 63
911158
en
""
83a53
:r:
_.....
(,)
_.....

.-'
.-'
z
611418
""
A.
CL
68 a413
..1

0 60a38
I&.
0
-
""
x34J
!!
a:
"
419 a32
z
A. .-sa 29
Cl)
....
w
412 a27
N
;;
381124
30al9
23al4
BURUU or PUBI..IC IIOAOS .lA,.. 1963
DEC 1994
3000
2000
1000
EXAMPLE
Siu:76" 41"
0 :soo eft
.tm. HW
0
, .... ,
(I) z.e 11.2
Ill
t.t

(3) 2.3 1.1
Din fttl
""
To"""'" en
- olrelfht tine 0:::
IIW04Ifh &A-Vthlll
ef Ilia efl4 411iec...,t
II interiiCI ICIII (II.
,,_ , ....... ""' (I)
preject heriltAttiiJ to
...... len .. '""'' tCtlt
(l) .. (3).
HW /0
ENTRANCE
CHART 29
{2)
4.0-
3.0
2.0

1.0
.9
SCALE
TYPE
(II ,,._with
..........
(21
; ..., ....... with
..........
(3) $<01 .....
lcl"'t
8
1
D
l
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
OVAL CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL
WITH INLET CONTROL
0
L-67
I
I
j l
i!'
j ,;
1
i
j .j
I
I ,
I "
0
CHART30

. l<t a 23
L-68
&000
"000
EXAMPLE
sooo ""' ,,., eo
0100 oft
2000 HW
y
(fool)
(II l.l IS.O
(II 1.0 10.0
(3) C. I 10.1
1t 0 1ft lttl
To lilt ocelo (I) or (S)
,.. .. I etreltfll N114
h- ........
. , .. ;., ...- ..
II lftlarUel Kill (1).
''" ''"" "' aoolo II)
JiljiCf etliUIIIIJ to
.. hlfl ... ell Kilt
(tJar(S).
HW Jb ENTRANCE
SCALE TYPE
(I) Suro edto
llttdwoll
II) trOIYI
........ u
IS)
,, .... '""
,,.jactiftt
1----i
CD
(2)
(3)
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
OVAL CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
LONG AXIS VERTICAL
WITH INLET CONTROL
DEC 1994
..

CHART 31
3 .4


L.,...-
v
0


--
L,.....--

v
.A

v
/
v
2.0
_/
v

v
v
A
,/

v
.1-
v


J .. 1 ..
1.0
If ... , ...
38"a29'
I
'&14"
20 60
7
6
!5
l..,;o!


v
2


121'a77
J.
.
.
I
naf48" 6 O'a!e"
I
0
"
100 200 300
BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS
JAN. 19641
DEC 1994
de: CANNOT EXCEED TOP Of PIPE
80 IOD 120 . 140 160 180 200
DISCHARGE- Q-CfS
--
:::;:::;.




7
.....


v
v
.-

v
v
_/

v
v
de CANNOT EXCEED TOP OF PIPE
<400 500 600 100 800 900 1000
OISCHARGE-0-CFS
CRITICAL DEPTH
OVAL CONCRETE PIPE
LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL
0
L-69
l
l
. I
I
i
I
':1
. !
i l
. I
: I
l l
L-70
0
CHART 32
5
.....,

==""""
t::::::=
r::::-


l--:

io-""""
........

k;::::::
,....
,.,.,

:.,.....--"
v
v
b-
/


z
...
w
w.
u.o
, ......
29"a45"
24\38"
4"a23"
I 0
u
,
I
:r
t:
w
0
..J
cr:
0
to
5
8
6
4
2
-t
0
0
I
20 40 60
.L.


/.



97"xl51"
A 'l'7"xl21"

53"1191"
.-48"a76'1
38",fil:f . .
100 200 300
BUREAU Of PUBLIC. ROADS
. JAN. 1964
de CANNOT E XCEEO TOP OF PIPE
.:-


k-':'
80 100 120
OISCHARGE-Q-CFS
...--:::: P"' ........

v

v
-
v

-
140 160 180 200
6=:===
f=--
.....-

--
--
......-
.--
.--
_-."'
de: CANNOT EXCEED TOP OF PIPE
400 . 500 600
DISCHARGE Q- CFS
'
-
700 800 SIOO 1000
CRITICAL DEPTH .
OVAL CONCRETE PIPE
LONG AXIS VERTICAL
DEC 1994
)

"!"
\'-
I
I
I
I
I
J
l
I
0\
Ql
I I'
I
l
)
(--:>)
';,
en

()

-
2.
Ill
ell
0::
4(
::r;:
()
en
0
2000
1000
800
600
500
400
300
200

100
80
60
50
40
30
10
8
6
5
15197
136J87
121a77
11372
I06a68
9863
9158
en
83a53
w
X
76148
()


68l43
-"'
60a38
!!
-
0::
-
M
z ft;32
4(
0.
!2
45129
1&1
42a27
N
c;;
3Ba24
30a19
2314
...
zz
a:-
:>""
....
CHART 33Q 0
u
=:c=- i ..

SUBioiERGEO
OUTL[f CUI..Y[IIIT 'LOWING 'ULL
for wtltol era- Ml -' _,...., MW 'J
lllttllo<lo '"criM411 ill tho 411eoitA procodUte
.f


.,o
.f
o

--
0.4
o.s
0.6
0.7
0.8
o.t
1.0
5
NoTE
---- 6

ow. .... iono 011 lito oca,. art
orh<M tor ...., oa;. hotiaofllcil
MllallotiOII. TIIIJ M
,.WtHol tat IDftt ito wrtlcal.
- 7
8
9
10
20
HEAD FOR
OVAL CONCRETE PI-PE CULVERTS
LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL
FLOWING FULL
euRE.U 01' I'U8LM: !lOADS oiAN.I963 n S 0.012
L-71
DEC 1994
'j
f :
. OCHART 34
J
16'7'al0'1'
Ul'-4'a
12'-lo'a 8'-"'
:i
cnu
:::1
l5w
......
11'!1.

eit

9'- 6' 6'!1' c.> II:


'::I
!!II:
....
8'-2'. 5'9'
...

7'-0'. 5'-.1'
6'-1'. "'-7'
(,)
0:
C(
..,
72". ""'
Cl)
!!:
"-
G..
(,)
"-
65'. 40'

0
2
1&1
1&1 Cl)
58"11 .
"
0::
M
C(
:z:
z:
()
C(
so 31'
Cl)
G..
0
0
-
5,000


2,000
1,000
800
600
500
400
300
2QO
(I)
(2)
(JI
EXAMPLE
""' 3f' u
0 10 cfl
1.10
1.15
I.U
.;, ,. '"'
1.0
E. I
1.2
.JI'

!It
:z:
-
1&1
(I)
0::
"-
0
(I)
:E
a::
w
...
(I)
......
(2)
:"
(3)-
1-3
f"

2
2
2
u
1.5
1.!1
---
.. _ _..,.
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
.9
-



.7
.7
1&1
/
27"
.!:!' SCALE
ENTRANCE
D TYP
z
.7-
L-72.
N
en
/
/
:i
/
Q
/

-'36. 22" .
c
Q
z

en
29". 18'
25". 16"
22'. 13.
II" ....
/
10
8
e
5
4
2
1.0
.8
.6
.s
.... ADDITIONAL SIZES NOT DIMENSIONED Aft[
LISTED lit f.t8RICATOR'S C.lTALOG
(I) ll .. fHII
(II lllttref c .. , ...
, .... ,.
Pn)ectitot
To Mill (I)., preJect
.,,,;,.,.,.,., te ecelo (1), tha
elteltllt laeli"" N ... tllfMt
0 .... 0 tCellt
1
., flflfH el
lllolrelef.
f-c---1
rn
:z::
...
G..
w
0

i
0
C(
w
:z::
.6
.6
.e
.5
.5
.!I
"
f. "
"

.35
.30
HEADWATER DEPTH FOR
C. M. PIPE-ARCH CULVERTS
WITH INLET CONTROL
DEC 1994
r--
\.....,.
)

DECI994
EXAMPLE
SIZE 12.9'x8.!' 01000 CFS
CHART 35
TYPE OF INLET
go HEADWALL:

!3.7x 0.100
NO BEVEL
I
6.0
4.0
1&.!119.2
PROJECTING INLET
4000
100
90
eo
70
eo
co
3.0
2.0
1.0
O.G

r .
110 IML o.
100
u.1erv.:L HEADWATER DEPTH FOR IK.ET CONTROL
HEADWAll INlETS STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE- ARCH CULVERTS
BUREAU OF PUBUC ROADS
OfflCEOFR&OoiULY 1988
ae.:IN. RADIUS CORNER PLATE
PROJEC11NG OR HEADWALl. INLET
HEADWALl. WITH OR WITHOUT EOG E BEVEL
0
L-73
0
L-74
CHART 36
EXAMPLE
s12 E 17.4 'a u.s' O 2500 CFS
IPRO.IEC
HW /01164
HW f'T.II8.9
20.6 xl3.2
19.9 X 12.9
13.3 X 9.4
HEA WALL
!NOBFV I RFVF'I
1:4!5 132
16.7 1!5.2
PROJECTING INLET
6500
6000
5000
':!
31:
2::
3.0
f- 2.0
2.0
'- 2.0
-1.15
-
'----1--.;-
0:: 1.15
2::
()
0::
-c
....
0

0::


:a:
...
a..
....
Q
0::
....

31:
Q
<
....
2::
f- 1.0
0.9
f- 0.8
1-0.7
1- 0.6
t-1.0
LO
t- 0.9
0.9
1-0.8
f- 0.8
1-0.7
1- 0.7
t-0.6
1-0.6
"-0.5
L-0.5
300dtl

L ,..,Q11n.u
0
-.-. .:.: ...
t 1.0
0.100
"
0
IIVIL ... .,. IIVI:L HEADWATER DEPTH FOR INLET CONTROL
HEADWALL INLETS. .
IUIIIAU CW fiiiJtue IIOADt
Ol'fiCI: 01' lti!O .IULY lltl
. STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE-ARCH CULVERTS
31.JN. RADIUS CORNER PLATE
PROJECTING OR HEADWALL INLET
HEADWALL WITH OR WITHOUT EDGE BEVEL
DEC 1994


2 .0
I. 8
t- I.
w
"'
.....
6
.:,. 1.4
I
X
....
CL 1.2
"' 0
..J
1.0
c,)
...
cr
u 0.8
0.6
0.4
4 3.
3.
3.
2
0
... 2.
"'
8
2.6
.:, .. 2.4
I
X 2.2
...
CL 2.0
"' 0
1.8
..J
1.6
.... 1.4
cr
U L2
to
0.8
0.6
0
0
CHART 37
---
6s:-
_) .......
1::::

"""'

.-l----' I..,...


l.---'
L--"'
. ....,
_...k;:;

..... v
!.....-
v
v
/
!.....-
v

""
,
l/ v
/
v
y
/
1/.
v
v /
v
de CANNOT EXCEED TOP Of PIPE

v v
/
lh V/
/

:1'.1
r..t 4 '2
I.
I'

3t2f
1/.
....., 29"18j I
2S"xl6"
10 20 30 40 &0 60
DISCHARGEQ CFS
-

....,.


I
.....
_..I?

V""
-

F::;::
v
:
..
/
v


v
lh
de CANNOT EXCEE.D TOP OF PIPE
h
I.



0
140"
36"
0"'31" -,

20 40 60 eo 100 120 140 160 1eo 200 220 t4C
DISCHARGE- Q- CFS
BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS
JAN. 196.4
CRITICAL DEPTH
STANDARD C.M. PIPE-ARCP
DEC 1994
0
L-75
. I
i
;
J
I
. i
: j
I
J
l
I
I
I
L-76.
0
CHART 38
e

-


,.

-
......
,.
,.
"""

.,.,.
v

v
./
f'
'L f/
y
......
,
'
// /
L
,
./
y
.L
""
v
0
0
/ /
v
/,
/
v ./ v

v /
I
v /
/
-v /
v
/
de CANNOT EXCEED TOP OF PIPE
/ /

I v 'L.

lh

f-71 -Cf f -I"'
-
r-6-ra4l
..
'o
100 200 !00 400 &00 eoo
DISCHARGE OCFS
t
l
-;::::;
F"""
I

.;:::;


2

/
.p

,fi
'L
v
0 h
v
lb_

l6rx!0-t
1&
0
4"9'-...
8' 4. J
115" II 7' 3"
./) 9'-s.S'-s 1
I I
0 200 400 600 800
BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS
JAN. 1964
<


v
v
,.
..,.,..

v

/
/
v / l/
,.

/
.
-4-
i J
I I.
de CANNOT EXCEED TOP Of PIPE
-.---
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
DISCHARGE 0 CFS
CRITICAL DEPTH
STRUCTURAL PLATE
C. M. PIPE-ARCH
18 IHCH CORNER RADIUS
DEC 1994
)
, )

I
{) __- II,
'\.:::"" .
'
I
300
200
DEC 1994
Ill
N
c;;
72"X44"
61r'X4(f
&o"XJI"
4 ~ X 2 7

a w
- :r
z -
~ .J
...
CHART 39
3.
r a
Fet ... tiel c- 1101 ............ _,.,.. HW .,.
- ...... -rlloH .. .... ...... ..--
"
. ~
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
2
3
4
~
6
7
8
9
10
HEAD FOR
STANDARD C. M. PIPE-ARCH CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
n0.024
0
i
:
I
I.
I
\
I.
I
!
'
!
I
I
!
I
L-77
0
L-78
CHART 40
3000
2000
1000
....
800 "'
"'
II..

600 X
u
0:
&00
:
400 ;:
II..
0
-
..,
300 !!!
0:
_.,
z
'1.
Cl'l
200 w
N
in
&0
16.6 X 10.1
II 1t.2
12.911 8.3
11.411 7.2
.,.
!
z-


IUIIEAU OF I'UIIltC ROADS ,.. ... ItA

1
-----,. ::
Slo,. So- .
SUBW11G[0 0\1TlT CULY[IIT f'LOWING ,ULL
Fe< ..,, .. , crowfl 1101 .,._,...._ _,.ale WW .,
Mtlho* -riM4 1ft IM *'it" JffCtftt,.
Slu
6.1 I 4.1
.......
11.41 T.Z
IUaiO.I
"
O.OSZT
0.0$1.1
0.031111
0.0)01
HEAD FOR
STRUCTURAL PLATE
CORRUGATED METAL
PIPE ARCH CULVERTS
18 IN. CORNER RADIUS
FLOWING FULL
n0.0327 TO 0.0306
2
3
..
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
DEC1994
)
( )


.\

..
\ (-
..
--
-
-
-
100
Cll
t)
Entranu Condltiona
(2) so headwall.
(.q Mitered to embankment.
"'all projecting corrugated metal.
4000
3000
2000
1500
-
-
1000-
---

900
600
-
-
0
......

:z::
-
"
CHART 41
(2) (4) (5)
5.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
5.0 5.0
4.0 4.0
3.0
3.0 3.0
2.0
1.8 2.0
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.4
u
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
-
90
-
700 - .,
1.0
--it.__ Cll
...
Ill
80
:;,
Ill
u
600
.,.
., c
500
.5
70
Ill
.,
60
...
<
400
0
.....
300
Cll.
01
.c
(J
50 ...
<
...
Ill
.c
u
Cll
0
40
100
90
30
80
70
60
50
40
20
30
20
10
DupiiCMiOn ollhio """""'opli mar distort '"*
Noaroarapha adapted (rom material (urn,slled by
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation
DEC 1994
Eumpte
A.., 122.2 fl
o .. 1014
Entrance HW HW
Trpe o 1111
(2) 0.93 7.37
(.C) 0.95 7.52
(5) 1.03 8.16
c:s/
cr.
cz:
_t.
L::.PAN __.J
--
.9 1.o
2
.9
.c
.9
-
.8
.,
.8
0
.. .8
.,
.7
-
til
.7
.,

.7
.,
:z:
.6
.6
.6
.5
.5 .5
.4
.4
.4
.3
HEADWATER DEPTH
FOR c. M . ARCH CULVERls
0.3 :$RISE /SPAN < 0.4
WITH INLET CONTROL
i
l
: i
'' !
!
.,

' . !
I
l
:I
: j
II
l!
II
II
I
I.
I
I
I
L-79
-
"
"
-
..
..
::J
cr
.,
.E

tl
c
.r:.
Col
...

L-80
CHART 42
l!:nlrenc:e Condlllona
(2) (4)
I
(5)
(2)oo lleadwell
to embenkment.
4.0
5.0
5.0
wall projecting corrugated metal.
3.60
3<CO
320
300
280
260
-
240
---
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
110
"'

ao

Eaampte
70

coo
A= 277.5 tt2
o- 6000 C:ls
60
., 300
01
n1rance HW HW
..

Type o
'"'
.r:.
200
50 u
(2) 2.03 26.74
"'
a
150
,.,
2.40 31.64
40
lSI 2.33 30.69
100
90
80
30
70
60
50
20
30 0'
1
L-sPAN ---1
20
10 Nomoaraphs adapted from material ruraishcd by
Kaiser Aluminm and CorPOratioD
4.0 A.O
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0-
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.8
18
1.6
-
1.4
1.6
0 1.4
.....

1.2
1.2 1.2
X
-
1.0
1.0
tl 1.0
.!!
.II
a:
.II
2 .8
.SI
.r:. .8
Q..
.e
tl
0
7
...
$
.7
.7


'0
.6


:
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5

. 4
.3
HEADWATER DEPTH
t
FOR C. M ARCH CULVERtS
s RISE /SPAN
WITH INLET CONTROL
DEC 1994
;/)
' .

l
Q.
,1 CHART 43
. (2) (4) (5)
lntrnce Colldlllona
s.o e.o
e.o
(2) 10' hudwaiL
.o
5.0
5.0
(4) Mitered lo tmllenkrnent.
WThtn well projecting eorruaeted mtlll.
... 0 ... 0
10.000
3.0
aooo
8000
3.0
3.0
7000
eooo
5000
2.0
4000
1.8 2.0
2.0
1.6
1.8
3000
...1:8_
...-
-u
_.._..
1A 1.8
1
180
2000
....-
-
1.4
t ...... __
0 1 ...
!
...;;-- 1.2
I
1 .. 0 ....-
....
i
1500
_..
1.2
I
--

1.2
120
--
I
--
:c
1.0
1.0
I
--
1000
- ...
900 1.0 \
I
100 800
II

I
.,


-
700
CE
II
110
Ill
.II
.. 600
:.

-
0 .8
u
:I 80
500 -
.8
17
=
Eaemplt

.&.
.8
.5 70
.... oo
A= 1.os- u2
Q.
I
0
.,
.7
I

..... O 1oo cfs Q
II
300
.7
..
80
.,
..
c 01
Entrance HW HW
II .7
-
.&.
..
Typt
"''

u
Ill

..
.&. .8
c
50
u (2) 1.50 12.38

Ill
Ill
Q (4) 1.75
, ... 4 ..
.,
.e
.8
I 150
X
o
(5) 1.CS3 13.45
l
.5
1
100
1
"SIO .5
I
80
.5
! 30
70
80
I:
50 ...
40
L
\J
... I
.4.
I
I
I
20 30
!

!
20
.3
.3
3
10
HEADWATER
DEPTH

10
FOR C. M AR.CH CULVERTS

Nomoarapba adapted from material ruraisbcd lly
Kaiser Alumiaum aad Chemical Corporacioa
O.S s RISE /SPAN
Oupllcolloft ot 11111 ....,. cliotort ocala
WITH INLET CONTROL
.
..
DEC 1994
L-81
L-82
CHART 44
.9
.8
.7
.6
5
.4
.3
.2
.I
0
0
...
-
,..;_
lh
,v
IV
!J
'I
.'J
_L
v
1/,
1.0
-
lO

2.0
v.


"

,.,

0.

/.
7
f/
i
I
- r
I&I[J
..Jll
A.'
2
c
Xll
lll[_i_
t:
II
II
II
il
3.0 4.0
Q
AD0.5
v
......_
-
,./
v
/ /.
.
.,.-:
/
v:
/"
/ /
/ v
v.
/
VY'
v.
EXAMPLE:
RISE (D) ft 9 In
SPAN (B) 16ft
AREA (A) tUS .8ft
FLOW (Q) 400ft
3
/s
RISE/SPAN .38
Q I
2.D
.!i. 47
D
4
c 2.7ft
DIMENSIONLESS CRITICAL
DEPTH CHART FOR CORRU-
. GATED METAL ARCH CU..VERTS
I I I
5.0 6.0 7.0
DEC 1994
.,
-u
c:
Area of
Culvert
260
240
220
190
200
170

160
150
140
130
120
110
95
100
90
85
80
75
CHART 45
.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
- 70
65
8.0
411
411
__ __.. --
---- tl:I06 300
-
.2.
411
01
...
. CI
.s:;
u
.,
0
45
35
300
25
200
100
60-
o:&OO cts
/
50/
/

30
20
Area 1ft21 ii

c:
20-60 0.025
::i
81 -155 0.024
01
c
c
156-260 0.023
..

:HWl / =-.- s 1. W
.. "' ""' - .. - .....::....
SUBMERGED OUTLET CULVERT fLOWING fULl
Nomo1nphl adapted from material furaishcd by
Kailcr Alumiaum aad Cllcmic:al Corporation
DuPIICaiiOII ot ttua nonoograph may GiiiOfl acale
DEC 1994
9.0
-
10.0
.5
12.0
:E
14.0 "0
Cl
16.0
411
18.0
:1:
20.0
HEAD FOR
C. M. ARCH CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CONCRETE BOTTOM
0.3 :e RISE I SPAN 4 0.4
L-83
;i
i
!
;l,
:I
II
II
j
i
II
il
q
I
I
I
l
l
I
l
!
i
.
WI
..
u
.5
- 0
-

01
...

.c
u

-Q
CHART 46
400
300
100
Aru of
Culvert
340
300
280
220
180
170
150
.
130
110
85
85
75
e5
55
so
45
40
30
-- :s-,
- /
20 /
c
::;
Aru 1ft2J
20-150
151-310
ii
0.025
0.024
SU8MERGEO OUTLET CULVERT FLOWING FULL
Nomoaraphl adapteci rrom macerial f11raishcd by
Kai1er Aluadaum aad Chemical Corporation
L-84
\
._
.75
1.0
u
2.0
2.5
. 3.0
3.5
4.0
...

4.5

- a.o
.5
1.0
'i"
-
'l-)
7.0
"D
~ j 8.0


t.O , :
10.0
12.0
14.0
11.0
11.0
20.0
H.EAD FOR
C M. ARCH CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CONCRETE BOTTOM
0.4 s; RISE I SPAN c0.5
DEC 1994
;
i
l
l
!
)i
II
jl
!
I
l
)


5000
4000
3000
2000
1500
'
.......
.......
' f)
-u
c:
-
.
"
0)

<
.1:
u
.,
c
300
200
100
Area of
Culvert
360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
'
130
120
110
100
........
90
95
as-
80
7S
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
"
=
20
..J
01
c
c

Q
CHART
47
L
\J
I. SPMl -----:1
.75
-t,
(.$
1.0
so ').9

'</ 1.5
o.IJ
.,_.
0
.,
,
Gl
200 (1) ...
2.0
2.5
t tt "
1
::.- 3.0
-;-;
-
.........
3.S
"
"

4.0
-
=
..
4.5
x
... ,3.
5.0
..........
6.0
"C
..........
Area lft21 ii
20-30
0.026
31-150
0.025
151 360
0.024
<
7.0
"
...........
8.0
::t:
..
.. ;:......_
9.0
............. 10.0
"-...;:
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
C N. ARCH CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
CONCRETE BOTTOM
0 .!5 s. RISE I SPAN
SUBMERGED OUILE l CULVER I fLOWINU tUll
Nomoaraphs adopted rrom mtttrlal rurnishcd by
Kaiser Aluminuna and Chemical CorporDtion
ol this 110f110graph INiy distort scare
L-85
DEC 1994
d
!
:;\
I
I
l
Q
CHART 48
Area of
Culvert
260
240
220
to
-
u
c
-
.Q.
tJ
01
...
"
z:.
u
to
i5 45
35
25
200
180
160
140
120
100
eo
ao:::::_
70
60
50
30
c:
20-60 0.020
20
::;.
61-280 0.028
0
c:
c
:;
...
.:i.Z .::
I
l
.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
-
.,
4.5 tJ
5.0 -
c
e.o
x
7.0
(--)
8.0
'"0 -.......:--./
"
"
1.0
tJ
10.0
%
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
HEAD FOR
C M. ARCH CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
sueMEAGEP ounEr FlOWING FULl EARTH BOTTOM ( nb 0.0 ttl
L-86.
Nomotraphs adapted from -tcrial funishcd b)'
ltaiKr Alumiaum aad Chemical Corporation
O.! RISE I SPAN c: 0.4
DEC 1994

I
CHART 49
L.---..c.-----T:\1
I. J
.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
-

4.5

5.0
.E
6.0
:z:
7.0
8.0

.,
8.0
:z:
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Ar .. lft2J ii
18.0
20.0
20-90 0.029
. 91-360 0.028
z- -"
.:: .. X
HEAD FOR
C M. ARCH CULVERTS
FLOWING FULL
EARTH BOTTOM (nb_ 0.022}
0.4 s RISE l SPAN <0.5
SU8MERGEO oUTLET CULVERT FLOWING FULL
Nomoaraphs from material b
C}) . Kaiser Alumaau111 aad Chemical Corpontioa 1
,f>tlpliQiton of this nomovraplllliiJ Clistorl acete
L-87
DEC 1994
J
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2000
1500
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c
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z:
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300
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L-88
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Area of
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l.----. SPAtf J
360
340
.75
320
300
280
($
1.0
260 .,
220
;p'-$
180

1.5
170

,
150
.,.. 2.0
130
200
2.5
110
3.0
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12.0
30
Ar .. Ut2J
- ""';;-
1 ... 0
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16.0
25
0.030
18.0

20-40
0.029
20.0
,..J 41-150
20
0
c
151-300
0.028
c

:1
...
HEAD FOR
C. M. ARCH CULVERTS
SUBMERGED o.JHET CUlVERT fUll
FLOWING FULL
Nomosraphs adapted fro111 by
Kaiser Aluminu., and Clocn.,cal Corporauon
EARTH BOTTOM (nb 0.0 22)
0.11$ RI$E
DEC 1994