01.07.

05 1
Plasticity
And SlipLines
01.07.05 2
General Yield
Function
The rate-independent plasticity models all have a
region of purely elastic response. The yield function f
() defines the limit to this region of purely elastic
response and is !ritten so that

for purely elastic response. "ere is the
temperature and H are a set of hardening
parameters. The hardening parameters are state
varia#les that descri#e some of the comple$ity real
materials.
01.07.05 %
Perfect Plasticity
&n the simplest plasticity model '(perfect plasticity)* the
yield surface acts as a limit surface and there are no
hardening parameters at all+ no part of the model evolves
during the deformation. ,omple$ plasticity models usually
include a large num#er of hardening parameters.
Stress states that cause the yield function to have a
positive value cannot occur in rate-independent plasticity
models although this is possi#le in a rate-dependent
model. Thus in the rate-independent models !e have the
yield constraints

during inelastic flo!.
01.07.05 -
Isotropic Hardening
&sotropic hardening means that the yield function is
!ritten

!here is the e.uivalent 'unia$ial* stress is the
!or/ e.uivalent plastic strain defined #y

and is temperature.
01.07.05 5
Von Mises Plasticity
The 0ises stress potential is

!here

in !hich the deviatoric stress is defined+

The potential is a circle in the plane
normal to the hydrostatic a$is in principal
stress space.
01.07.05 1
Eigenvector Space
"aigh-2estergaard stress space
01.07.05 7
Rigid-Plastic Body
&deali3ed 4rigid(-plastic rheology+ elastic modulus infinity
5efining k as the yield stress and 6
i7
8
i7
91:%trace'
i7
*
Since the incorporation of an inequality as a limiting
condition is difficult to handle mathematically, it is
easier to work with fuIIy plastic stress states than with
ones that merely do not violate the yield criterion.

<

=
=

=
k value any have can
k
f
ij ij
ij
ij ij



,
, 0
) (
01.07.05 ;
o Elastic Strain
Strain in the elastic region is assumed to #e
negligi#le and for simplicity the elastic regions are
treated as rigid #odies. The onset of plastic flo! is
governed #y a yield criterion !hich defines a
complete state of stress at !hich a point in a solid
#ody is either elastic #elo! or plastic a#ove a limit
stress. The theory of plasticity therefore formulates a
dual constitutive material #ehaviour that can occur
!hen a roc/ is loaded to a critical shear stress.
01.07.05 <
Engineering !pproac"
Three groups of differential e.uations descri#e the
mechanics of deformation of such fully plastic-rigid material
namely
1* the stress e.uili#rium e.uations
2* stress-strain relations
%* the e.uations relating strain and displacement.
As in the classical theory of elasticity use has to #e made of
the stress-strain relations to determine !hether given stress
and displacement states correspond. &n contradistinction to
elasticity theory ho!ever there is no uni.ue solution for the
material under consideration.
01.07.05 10
#i$it %"eore$
Consider a plastic-rigid body subjected to loads in given ratios.
(i) Lower bound. The yield-point loads determined from a
distribution of stress that satisfies the equilibrium equations and
stress boundary conditions and which nowhere violates the yield
criterion are not greater than the actual yield-point loads.
(ii) !pper bound. The yield-point loads determined by equating
the e"ternal wor# to the internal wor# done in a deformation
mode satisfying the displacement boundary conditions by that
stress distribution needed to enforce it at each point are not less
than the actual yield-point loads. The stress distribution need not
be in equilibrium and is only defined where the strain-rate is
non-$ero.
01.07.05 11
Slip #ines
Slip lines are tra7ectories of ma$imum shear stress. Along
these lines the material overcomes its yield stress and
deforms plastically= conse.uently slip lines #ecome lines of
plastic shear flo!. 0athematically spo/en slip lines are
the characteristics of the plastic e.uili#rium e.uations
!hich is another !ay of saying that all necessary
information of the plastic field can #e e$pressed in terms
of slip lines.
01.07.05 12
Slip #ines
Assumptions and governing equations of slip-line field
theory

Slip-line theory ma/es three restrictive assumptions
1. >lane strain deformation
2. ?uasi-static loading
%. The solid is an ideali3ed rigid-perfectly plastic 0ises
solid.
01.07.05 1%
Plane Strain
The solid of interest must therefore #e a long
cylindrical region su#7ect to #oundary conditions to
3ero displacement or velocity on the !hite surfaces



01.07.05 1-
Governing
e&uations
@on 0ises Aield stress
>lastic 2or/ B.uili#rium
Stress B.uili#rium
01.07.05 15
Solution
2e focus first on a general solution to the governing
e.uations. &t is convenient to start #y eliminating some of
the stress components using the yield condition. Since
the material is at yield !e note that at each point in the
solid !e could find a #asis in !hich the stress state
consists of a shear stress of magnitude k 'the shear yield
stress* together !ith an un/no!n component of
hydrostatic stress
01.07.05 11
Solving nor$al stres
&nstead of solving for the stress components !e !ill
calculate the hydrostatic stress and the angle #et!een
the i direction and the j direction.
01.07.05 17
Mo"r 'ircle
01.07.05 1;
Re(riting
2e no! re-!rite the governing e.uations in terms of
normal stresses angle of rotation and k. The yield
criterion is satisfied automatically. The remaining four
e.uations are most conveniently e$pressed in matri$
form
!here A and B are --dimensional symmetric matrices
and q is a 1$- vector defined as
01.07.05 1<
Hyper)olic *ifferential
e&uations
This is a .uasi-linear hyper#olic system of >5Bs !hich may #e
solved #y the method of characteristics.

01.07.05 20
'"aracteristics
Slip lines are the characteristics of the hyper#olic
differential e.uations 'hydrodynamic analogy 0A," lines*
Cor plane strain and plane stress the characteristics for
stress and velocity coincide therefore the stress and the
plastic strain rate are characteri3ed #y one and the same
slip line field.
01.07.05 21
Slip lines
a. There are t!o sets of characteristic lines 'for each eigenvalue*
#. The t!o sets of characteristics are orthogonal 'they therefore
define a set of orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in the solid*
c. The characteristic lines are tra7ectories of ma$imum shear
01.07.05 22
Henc+y E&uations
&n order to calculate the limit load and the geometrical
properties of the slip line field the lithostatic stress plus
tectonic stress p is characteri3ed first. This can #e done #y
using the "enc/y e.uations. Dn a de$tral slip line the stress
p is given #y+
constant = 2k + p
Dn a de$tral slip line the stress p is given #y
and on a sinistral slip line
!here is the angular displacement on the slip surface.
constant = 2k + p
constant = 2k + p
constant = 2k - p
01.07.05 2-
Yield 'riterion
This condition must #e cast into the full %-5 stress space
i.e. !e are loo/ing for a surface in the stress space that
separates an elastic from a plastic field. 0athematically this
surface is defined #y+
0 = c - ) ( f =
ij

0 = c - ) ( f =
ij

0 = c - ) ( f =
ij

0 = c - ) ( f =
ij

01.07.05 25
Von Mises
Cor multia$ial stress a functional relation is re.uired !hich
defines the yield stress. This is a function of the complete
stress tensor. Curthermore the function is assumed to #e
independent from the isotropic stress p !hich in terms of
principal stress is p 8 1:% trace 'sigmaEi7*. Cinally the von
0ises yield function considers isotropic yielding and
e.ually depends on all three principal stresses+
0 = ) ) p - ( + ) p - ( + ) p - ( (
k
1
= k =
2
3
2
2
2
1
d
ij
d
ij
1
2
2
:
2
2