Voltage level selection

The most economical voltage is given by the following empirical formula:

Economical Voltage (V eco)

=5.5*

Lt
P * 1000

1.6 cos * Nc * 150

Where,
Lt = length of transmission line =150 Km
P = Power to be transmitted =300MW
Cos = Power factor =0.9
NC = number of circuit
Now taking two cases:
1. For NC = 1,
Then, using the above values

Veco =5.5*

150 300 *1000

1.6 0.9 *1*150

= 268.64 KV
2. For NC = 2
Then, using the above values

Veco = 5.5*

150
300 * 1000

1.6 0.9 * 2 * 150

=190.91 kv
Selection of the standard voltage level:
For NC = 1,
For NC = 2,

Nearest standard voltage level= 220KV

Nearest standard voltage level = 220KV

Transmission and Distribution

Page 1

Checking the technical criteria:

For Nc=1 ,
Surge impedance Loading (SIL1) =V2/zc= V2 /400 = 2202/400 =121MW
P max
= 300/121 = 2.479
SIL

Multiplying factor (MF1) =

For Nc=2,

Surge impedance Loading (SIL2) =V2/zc =2202/200 =242 MW

Multiplying factor (MF2) =

P max
= 300/242= 1.2396
SIL

MFlimit for 150 KM long line,

80km long line, MFlimit=2.75
160km long line, MFlimit=2.25
For 150km, MFlimit = ?
MFlimit=2.75 +

(150-80)=2.3125

MF2 calculated < MFlimit for Nc=2 and MF1 calculated > MFlimit so the technical criterion is
satisfied for double circuit, so we select the voltage level of 220KV and double circuit line.

Voltage Level for given Power Transmission

220kv

Number of Circuit

Power Factor ( cos )

0.9

Transmission and Distribution

Page 2

AIR CLEARANCE CALCULATION

Air clearance parameters calculation for double circuit tower configuration:

Here,
a = minimum distance (clearance requirement) from a line conductor to any earthed
object, and is given by the following relation:

a=

V ( L L) * 2 *1.1
3

20 cm =

220 * 2 *1.1
3

20 = 217.59 cm =2.18m

Cross arm length cl =a (1+tanmax)

=217.59(1+tan45) =435.18 cm =4.35m

Now, String Length (l)

= a

(:.Taking max=45o )

= 2.18

=3.08m

Tower width (b) = 1.5*a =1.5*2.18 = 3.27m

Horizontal distance between adj. conductor (c ) = 2cl+b=2*4.35+3.27 =11.97m
Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y) =

(l a)
2

x l a
1

y Cl

Where 0.25 < x/y< 0.33 so we assuming x/y=0.29

=

(3.08 2.18)
3.08 2.18
1 0.29

4.36

= 5.62m
We use double earth wire in the transmission line.
Height of earth wire from top conductor (d) = 3 *cl-l= 3 *4.35-3.08
= 4.47m
Transmission and Distribution

Page 3

Air clearance from earthed object (a)

2.18m

String Length (l)

3.08m

Tower Width (b)

3.27m

Cross Arm Length

4.35m

Vertical distance between two adjacent line conductor (y)

5.62m

Horizontal distance between two adj. line conductor

11.97m

Height of Earth wire from top cross arm (d)

4.47m

d=4.47m

Cl=3.23m

l=3.08m

Y=5.62m
b=3.27m

11.97m

Transmission and Distribution

Page 4

CALCULATION OF INSULATION DISCS

For all the calculations of number of insulator discs, we considered following value of different
factor:
FOWR = Flashover Withstand Ratio

=1.15

NACF = Non Atmospheric Condition Factor = 1.1

FS

= Factor of Safety

=1.2

1. Number of Insulator Discs required for withstand continuous operating voltage:

a) FOV for dry 1 min(Va)= Equivalent dry 1 min. withstand voltage*FOWR*NACF * FS

Where,
Equivalent dry 1 min voltage is taken from standard table1 = 265 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level =435 * 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
= 660.33kv
From Standard Table2 number of discs required to withstand above equivalent voltage
level (Na) =12

b) Voltage Level for Wet condition or

FOV for wet condition (Vb) = Equivalent dry 1 min. withstand voltage*FOWR*NACF
* FS
Where,
Equivalent wet 1 min voltage is taken from standard table = 350 KV
Equivalent Voltage Level = 395* 1.15 * 1.1 *1.2
=599.61KV
From Standard Table2 number of discs required to withstand the above equivalent
voltage level (Nb) =16

Transmission and Distribution

Page 5

2. Number of Insulator Discs required for the temporary O/V or power frequency o/v:
Temporary O/V (Vc) = Earth Factor (EF) * Maximum system voltage(VLL)*2 *
FOWR *NACF * FS
=0.8*255* *1.15*1.1*1.2
=437.94 KV

From standard table number of insulator discs required to withstand above equivalent voltage
(NC) = 11
3. Number of Insulator Discs required for switching over voltage:
Voltage Level =SSR* vph (peak) * Switching to impulse ratio * FOWR *NACF* FS
Where,
Switching to impulse ratio (SWIR) = 1.2
SSR = Switching Surge Ratio =2.8
Eq. flashover voltage= 2.8*(220*1.1* /

*1.2*1.15*1.1*1.2

= 1007.81kv
From Standard Table (impulse FOV, table) number of discs required to withstand the above
voltage level (Nd) = 11

4. Number of Insulator Discs required for over voltage due to Lightning:

Equiv. FOV= Impulse withstand voltage)* FOWR *NACF* FS
From standard table(BIL from table1) Equivalent voltage level for the given system volt=900
KV
Voltage Level(Ve)

= 900* FOWR *NACF* FS

= 550*1.15*1.1*1.2
= 1366.2kv

From Standard Table number of discs required to withstand the above voltage level

Transmission and Distribution

(Ne) = 17.

Page 6

Voltage Level Description

Voltage level

Number of Discs

Continuous operating Voltage in Dry condition

660.33KV

11

Continuous operating Voltage in Wet condition

599.61kV

12

437.94KV

16

Temporary O/V appearing across the Insulator

Switching Over voltage

1007.47KV

11

O/V due to lightning

1366.2KV

17

Required Number of Insulator Discs = 17

Conductor selection
Line current is calculated as:
Line current (I) =

P
=
3 *Vll * cos * Nc

300 *1000
3 * 220 * 0.9 * 2

=437.38 Amp.

Comparing this value of the current with the current carrying capacity from the given standard
ASCR conductor table, Conductor LYNX is selected.
ForLYNX conductor, From ASCR conductor table,
Resistance at 200C (R20) = 0.15890/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (20) =0.004
So Resistance at 650C (R65) = R20 (1 + 20(65-20)) = 0.4565(1+0.004*45) = 0.1875 /Km
=0.1875*150
=28.12ohm
Transmission Efficiency Criterion
Power Loss =3I2 R65 *Nc = 3*437.382 *28.12 *2 =32.276 mw

Transmission Efficiency () = 1- 32.276/300

= 89.24%

Transmission and Distribution

Page 7

Transmission Efficiency (89.24%) < 94 %. So this conductor cannot be used.

To meet this efficiency limit we choose the conductor of higher rating. The conductor which
satisfies this limit is the BEAR conductor so we choose this conductor.
Resistance at 200C (r20) = 0.1102 /Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (20) =0.004
So Resistance at 650C (r65) = r20 (1 + 20(65-20))=0.11020(1+0.004*45)=0.13 /Km
=0.13*150 =19.50
Efficiency
Power Loss =3I2 R65 *Nc=3*437.382 *19.50*2=22.38 m
Transmission Efficiency () = 1-22.38/300
= 92.53%
Transmission Efficiency (92.53%) < 94 %. So this conductor can not be used.so we further
proceed by taking SHEEP conductor.
Resistance at 200C (r20) = 0.07771/Km
Coefficient of Resistivity (20) =0.004
So Resistance at 650C (r65) = r20 (1 + 20(65-20))=0.07771(1+0.004*45)=0.09166 /km
=0.09166*150=13.75
Efficiency :
Power Loss =3I2 R65 *Nc=3*437.382 *13.75*2=15.78 mw
Transmission Efficiency () = 1-15.78/300 =94.73%
Transmission Efficiency (94.73%) >94 %. Finally we selected conductor SHEEP .

Voltage Regulation Criterion:

For Conductor SHEEP
This conductor has 37 strands 30 Aluminum strands and 7 steel strands.
Diameter of the conductor = 27.93mm
Lph 1 =2*10-7ln
Transmission and Distribution

Page 8

GMD=

=7.08m

( since y =5.62 m)

GMR =0.768* R =0.768*(27.93/2) =10.725 mm=0.010725 m

Lph 1 =2*10-7ln

=1.2985*10-6 H/m =1.2985*10-6 H/km

=1.2985*10-6 *150
=0.19477 H

Lpn2 =

similarly,
Cph 1 =
GMD =
GMRc =

=7.08m
=13.965 mm=0.013965 m

Cph 1 =

= 8.93*10-12 F/m =8.93*10-9 F/km =8.93*10-9*150 =1.3397*10-6 F

Cph 2 = 2*Cph 1 =2*1.3397*10-6 F =2.67 F

A, B, C, D parameters calculation
Z=Rph +jxph
xph=2 f*L=2 f*0.097=30.473 ohm
Z=13.75+j30.473=33.43<65.710

,Y=jwcph = j

f*2.67 *10 -6=8.388*10 -4<900

A=D= 1 + ZY/2 =0.987<0.3340

B=Z=13.75+j30.473 =33.43<65.710
C= Y (1+ZY/4) =8.33*10-4<90.1660
Now, Receiving end voltage Vr = 220/ = 127.01 KV
sending end voltage Vs=AVr+BIr
=(0.987<0.334)(127.01)+(33.431<65.71)(437.38<-

Transmission and Distribution

Page 9

=136.959<4.2 kv/ph
Voltage regulation (V.R)= (|Vs/A| -|Vr| )/|Vr|

*100%

= 9.253%
Voltage regulation <12% so SHEEP conductor can be used from the voltage regulation point of
view.

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion:

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.1*GMRc*m**ln(GMD/GMRc)
Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9
= relative density of air =0.95
GMD=7.08 m and GMR= 0.013965 m
Vci=21.1*0.013965*0.9*0.95*ln(7.08/0.013965)
=157.21 kv
VciL-L =

157.21 kv =272.30 KV

Here Vci > Vsystem so Corona Inception Voltage criterion is met.

Hence the all the technical criteria is satisfied by the SHEEP conductor so from the technical
point of view SHEEPconductor is selected.

Transmission and Distribution

Page 10

Tension Calculation for Different Conductors with Different Span

in Different Condition

Four Different conductors below conductor Sheep in ASCR conductor table is chosen. Hence
Tension calculation will be done for conductor Sheep, Deer, Zebra, Elk, and Moose with Span
length 250 m, 275 m, 300 m, 325 m, and 350 m. Tensions for Toughest, Stringing and Easiest
condition are calculated and tabulated below. Sample calculation is also shown.

Sample calculation: Conductor 1: Sheep

Area of conductor = 462.6 mm2

Linear expansion coefficient = 17.73 e-6 per 0C
Modulus of elasticity (E) = 0.787 e+6 kg/cm2

Tension at toughest condition (T1) =

Weight of conductor (wc)

= 1726 Kg/Km

Wind pressure

= 100 kg/m2

= 7955 Kg.

Weight due to wind force (ww) = 100*1000*27.93e-3*2/3 = 1862 kg

Weight of ice (wice) = 0
Weight for toughest condition (w1) =
= 2538.92 kg

Weight for the stringing and easiest condition (w2) = 1726 kg.

Transmission and Distribution

Page 11

Then, the tension at stringing (T2) and the easiest condition (T3) is calculated using the following
equation known as STRINGING EQUATION.
T22 [T2+k1] - k2 = 0

.. (1)

Where,
2

W L2

K 1 T1 2 1AE 1 2 AE

24T1

and,

W L2
AE .
K2 = 2
24

From the above data, the values of K1 and K2 for the span of 250m are given by:
K1 = -5239.54;

K2 = 2.83E+10;

Using the stringing equation, the value of T2 is found to be,

T2 = 6020.6986kg.

Similarly, T3 is calculated by the similar procedure as above. For the calculation of T3 the value
of K1 and K2 for 250 m of length are given by:

K1 = -1871.34;

K2 = 2.83E+10;

Using the stringing equation, we get the value of T3 as:

T3 = 3815.9371kg.

In the similar manner, the values of tensions of different conductor for different span length is
calculated and presented in the table below:

Transmission and Distribution

Page 12

Conductor
SHEEP
Table no:
1.1.1
Diameter
A(cm2)

mm

27.93

0.02793

E(kg/cm2) (/c)

1(C)

2(C)

UTS(kg)

T1(kg)

Ww(kg)

W1(kg)

L(km)

W2(kg)

k1

k2

T2(kg)

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

15910

7955

1862

2538.921

0.25

1726

-5239.54 2.83E+10 6020.6986

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

15910

7955

1862

2538.921

0.275

1726

-5036.22 3.43E+10 5990.8576

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

15910

7955

1862

2538.921

0.3

1726

-4813.53 4.08E+10 5961.0287

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

15910

7955

1862

2538.921

0.325

1726

-4571.48 4.79E+10 5931.5941

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

15910

7955

1862

2538.921

0.35

1726

-4310.06 5.55E+10 5902.8659

Table no:
1.1.2
A(cm2)

E(kg/cm2) (/c)

1(C)

2(C)

UTS(kg)

T2(kg)

Ww(kg)

W1(kg)

L(km)

W2(kg)

k1

k2

T3(kg)

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

65

15910

6020.6986

1862

2538.921

0.25

1726

-1871.34 2.83E+10 3815.9371

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

65

15910

5990.8576

1862

2538.921

0.275

1726

-1466.11 3.43E+10 3817.3449

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

65

15910

5961.0287

1862

2538.921

0.3

1726

-1018.97 4.08E+10 3817.2601

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

65

15910

5931.5941

1862

2538.921

0.325

1726

-529.478 4.79E+10 3815.9067

4.626

789000

1.773E-05

27

65

15910

5902.8659

1862

2538.921

0.35

Transmission and Distribution

1726 2.740975 5.55E+10 3813.5167

Page 13

Conductor
Table no:
1.2.1

DEER

mm
m
Diameter
29.89 0.02989
A(cm2)
E(kg/cm2) (/c)
1(C)
2(C)
UTS(kg) T1(kg)
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
0
27
18230
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
0
27
18230
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
0
27
18230
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
0
27
18230
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
0
27
18230

9115
9115
9115
9115
9115

Ww(kg)
W1(kg) L(km)
W2(kg)
1992.667
2807
0.25
1977
1992.667
2807
0.275
1977
1992.667
2807
0.3
1977
1992.667
2807
0.325
1977
1992.667
2807
0.35
1977

Table no:
1.2.2
A(cm2)
E(kg/cm2) (/c)
1(C)
2(C)
UTS(kg) T2(kg)
Ww(kg)
W1(kg) L(km)
W2(kg)
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
18230 6964.2835 1992.667
2807
0.25
1977
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
18230 6939.3988 1992.667
2807
0.275
1977
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
18230 6914.4378 1992.667
2807
0.3
1977
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
18230 6889.7102 1992.667
2807
0.325
1977
5.298
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
18230 6865.4722 1992.667
2807
0.35
1977

Transmission and Distribution

k1
k2
T2(kg)
-6089.27 4.24E+10 6964.2835
-5873.02 5.14E+10 6939.3988
-5636.18 6.11E+10 6914.4378
-5378.75 7.17E+10 6889.7102
-5100.72 8.32E+10 6865.4722

k1
k2
-2391.15 4.24E+10
-1980.5 5.14E+10
-1528.41 6.11E+10
-1034.57 7.17E+10
-498.708 8.32E+10

T3(kg)
4493.2369
4507.7134
4519.8596
4529.8676
4537.9689

Page 14

Conductor
Table no:
1.3.1

ZEBRA

mm
28.62

Diameter
A(cm2)
4.845
4.845
4.845
4.845
4.845

m
0.02862

E(kg/cm2) (/c)
1(C)
6.86E+05
1.94E-05
6.86E+05
1.94E-05
6.86E+05
1.94E-05
6.86E+05
1.94E-05
6.86E+05
1.94E-05

2(C)
0
0
0
0
0

27
27
27
27
27

UTS(kg) T1(kg)
Ww(kg) W1(kg)
L(km)
W2(kg) k1
13316
6658
1908 2504.914
0.25
1623 -3696.41
13316
6658
1908 2504.914
0.275
1623 -3439.13
13316
6658
1908 2504.914
0.3
1623 -3157.35
13316
6658
1908 2504.914
0.325
1623 -2851.07
13316
6658
1908 2504.914
0.35
1623 -2520.28

k2
2.28E+10
2.76E+10
3.28E+10
3.85E+10
4.47E+10

T2(kg)
4719.8592
4692.1656
4665.5963
4640.4196
4616.7966

k2
2.28E+10
2.76E+10
3.28E+10
3.85E+10
4.47E+10

T3(kg)
2782.6149
2794.9685
2804.1797
2810.8886
2815.638

Table no:
1.3.2
A(cm2)
4.845
4.845
4.845
4.845
4.845

E(kg/cm2)
686000
686000
686000
686000
686000

(/c)
1(C)
2(C)
UTS(kg)
1.935E-05
27
65
13316
1.935E-05
27
65
13316
1.935E-05
27
65
13316
1.935E-05
27
65
13316
1.935E-05
27
65
13316

Transmission and Distribution

T2(kg)
Ww(kg) W1(kg)
L(km)
W2(kg)
4719.8592
1908 2504.914
0.25
1623
4692.1656
1908 2504.914
0.275
1623
4665.5963
1908 2504.914
0.3
1623
4640.4196
1908 2504.914
0.325
1623
4616.7966
1908 2504.914
0.35
1623

k1
161.9255
736.4994
1370.994
2065.779
2821.078

Page 15

Conductor
Table no:
1.4.1

ELK

mm
m
Diameter
31.5
0.0315
A(cm2)
E(kg/cm2) (/c)
1(C)
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05

0
0
0
0
0

2(C)
UTS(kg) T1(kg)
Ww(kg) W1(kg)
L(km)
W2(kg) k1
k2
T2(kg)
27
20240
10120
2100 3038.489
0.25
2196 -6816.13 5.82E+10 7777.5192
27
20240
10120
2100 3038.489
0.275
2196 -6587.84 7.04E+10 7757.2163
27
20240
10120
2100 3038.489
0.3
2196 -6337.81 8.37E+10 7736.8113
27
20240
10120
2100 3038.489
0.325
2196 -6066.03 9.83E+10 7716.5514
27
20240
10120
2100 3038.489
0.35
2196 -5772.51 1.14E+11 7696.6423

Table no:
1.4.2
A(cm2)
E(kg/cm2) (/c)
1(C)
2(C)
UTS(kg) T2(kg)
Ww(kg) W1(kg)
L(km)
W2(kg) k1
k2
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
20240 7777.5192
2100 3038.489
0.25
2196 -2817.07 5.82E+10
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
20240 7757.2163
2100 3038.489
0.275
2196 -2398.58 7.04E+10
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
20240 7736.8113
2100 3038.489
0.3
2196 -1938.55 8.37E+10
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
20240 7716.5514
2100 3038.489
0.325
2196 -1436.77 9.83E+10
5.884
7.87E+05 1.77E-05
27
65
20240 7696.6423
2100 3038.489
0.35
2196 -893.043 1.14E+11

Transmission and Distribution

Page 16

T3(kg)
5074.9945
5101.9126
5125.8134
5146.8543
5165.2571

Conductor
Table no:
1.5.1

MOOSE

mm
31.77

Diameter
A(cm2)

m
0.03177

5.97
5.97
5.97
5.97
5.97

E(kg/cm2) (/c)
1(C)
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
6.86E+05
1.95E-05

5.97
5.97
5.97
5.97
5.97

E(kg/cm2) (/c)
1(C)
2(C)
UTS(kg)
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
27
65
16250
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
27
65
16250
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
27
65
16250
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
27
65
16250
6.86E+05
1.95E-05
27
65
16250

2(C)
0
0
0
0
0

27
27
27
27
27

UTS(kg) T1(kg)
Ww(kg) W1(kg)
L(km)
W2(kg) k1
16250
8125
2118 2914.434
0.25
2002 -4593.21
16250
8125
2118 2914.434
0.275
2002 -4305.04
16250
8125
2118 2914.434
0.3
2002 -3989.42
16250
8125
2118 2914.434
0.325
2002 -3646.36
16250
8125
2118 2914.434
0.35
2002 -3275.86

k2
4.27E+10
5.17E+10
6.16E+10
7.22E+10
8.38E+10

T2(kg)
5844.5842
5827.8905
5811.7957
5796.4558
5781.9689

k2
4.27E+10
5.17E+10
6.16E+10
7.22E+10
8.38E+10

T3(kg)
3548.3193
3585.1955
3616.552
3643.2095
3665.8955

Table no:
1.5.2
A(cm2)

Transmission and Distribution

T2(kg)
Ww(kg) W1(kg)
L(km)
W2(kg)
5844.5842
2118 2914.434
0.25
2002
5827.8905
2118 2914.434
0.275
2002
5811.7957
2118 2914.434
0.3
2002
5796.4558
2118 2914.434
0.325
2002
5781.9689
2118 2914.434
0.35
2002

k1
-153.239
438.7775
1089.627
1799.483
2568.456

Page 17

Sag and height of tower calculation

We have the relation,

Maximum sag (Dmax) = (W L2)/ (8*T3);
Where,
W = weight of conductor.
L = length of span.
T3 = tension at easiest condition.

Sample calculation:
For sheep, W = 1862 kg/km.
L = 0.25 Km.
T3 = 3815.93 Kg.
Using the above equation, Dmax = 3.53 m
Let the minimum ground clearance (hg) = 7.112m.
Height of lower conductor (H1) = hg+ Dmax = 7.112+3.53 =10.64 m
Height of middle conductor (H2) = H1+y = 16.26 m.
Height of top most conductor (H3) = H2+y = 21.8856 m
Total height of tower (Ht) = H3+d+l = 29.437m.
Similarly, the maximum sag, H1, H2, H3 and the total height of the tower are calculated and
presented in the table below:
Conductor
Table no:
2.1
Wc(kg)
1726
1726
1726
1726
1726

SHEEP

L(km)
0.25
0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35

Hg(m)
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112

Transmission and Distribution

T3(kg/km)
3815.937
3817.345
3817.26
3815.907
3813.517

Dmax(m)
3.5337
4.2742
5.086764
5.972
6.930447

H1(m)
10.6457
11.3862
12.19876
13.084
14.04245

H2(m)
16.2657
17.0062
17.81876
18.704
19.66245

H3(m)
21.8857
22.6262
23.43876
24.324
25.28245

Ht(m)
29.4357
30.1762
30.98876
31.874
32.83245

Page 18

Conductor
Table no:
2.2
Wc(kg)
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977

DEER

Conductor
Table no:
2.3
Wc(kg)
1623
1623
1623
1623
1623

ZEBRA

Conductor
Table no:
2.4
Wc(kg)
2196
2196
2196
2196
2196

ELK

Conductor
Table no:
2.5
Wc(kg)
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002

MOOSE

L(km)
0.25
0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35

L(km)
0.25
0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35

L(km)
0.25
0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35

L(km)
0.25
0.275
0.3
0.325
0.35

Hg(m)
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112

T3(kg/km)
4493.237
4507.713
4519.86
4529.868
4537.969

Dmax(m)
3.437458
4.145966
4.920783
5.762327
6.671005

H1(m)
10.54946
11.25797
12.03278
12.87433
13.783

H2(m)
16.16946
16.87797
17.65278
18.49433
19.403

H3(m)
21.78946
22.49797
23.27278
24.11433
25.023

Ht(m)
29.33946
30.04797
30.82278
31.66433
32.573

Hg(m)
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112

T3(kg/km)
2782.615
2794.968
2804.18
2810.889
2815.638

Dmax(m)
4.556753
5.489301
6.511262
7.623451
8.826485

H1(m)
11.66875
12.6013
13.62326
14.73545
15.93849

H2(m)
17.28875
18.2213
19.24326
20.35545
21.55849

H3(m)
22.90875
23.8413
24.86326
25.97545
27.17849

Ht(m)
30.45875
31.3913
32.41326
33.52545
34.72849

Hg(m)
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112

T3(kg/km)
5074.995
5101.913
5125.813
5146.854
5165.257

Dmax(m)
3.380546
4.068878
4.819723
5.633356
6.510083

H1(m)
10.49255
11.18088
11.93172
12.74536
13.62208

H2(m)
16.11255
16.80088
17.55172
18.36536
19.24208

H3(m)
21.73255
22.42088
23.17172
23.98536
24.86208

Ht(m)
29.28255
29.97088
30.72172
31.53536
32.41208

Hg(m)
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112
7.112

T3(kg/km)
3548.319
3585.195
3616.552
3643.209
3665.896

Dmax(m)
4.407897
5.278696
6.227617
7.255322
8.362384

H1(m)
11.5199
12.3907
13.33962
14.36732
15.47438

H2(m)
17.1399
18.0107
18.95962
19.98732
21.09438

H3(m)
22.7599
23.6307
24.57962
25.60732
26.71438

Ht(m)
30.3099
31.1807
32.12962
33.15732
34.26438

Transmission and Distribution

Page 19

Earth wire selection

From earth wire table, earth wire is chosen as follows: GUINEA

No of strands = 19; diameter of a strand = 2.92mm;
weight per kilometer = 590 kg/km;
Conductor diameter = 14.60 mm;
conductor area = 127.20mm2;
Ultimate tensile strength = 6664 kg;
Hence, maximum tension (Te) = 6664/2 = 3332 kg.

Bending moment and tower weight calculation:

Sample calculation:
Conductor: Sheep
Height of tower: 29.43m
Span length: 250m
Lets take 80% for tower A, 15% for tower B and 5% for tower C.
Due to Earth wire
1) Bending moment acting on tower due to E/W considering wind force:
BMe1 = Fwe*Ht*2
= (100*14.60e-3*250*2/3)*29.43
= 14325.373 kg-m.
2) Bending moment due to turning of the E/W
BMe2 = 2*Te*(sin10*0.85 + sin7.50*0.1 + sin150*.05)*Ht*2
=2*3332 *(0.040828)* 29.43*2
= 18235.55612Kg-m
Due to power conductor
1) Bending moment acting on tower due to power conductor considering wind force
BMpw = Fw*(H1+H2+H3)*2
= (100*27.93e-3*250*2/3)*( 10.6457+16.2657+21.8857)*2
= 45430.09872kg-m

Transmission and Distribution

Page 20

2) Bending moment due to turning of the power conductor

BMpt = 2*T1*(sin10*0.85 + sin7.50*0.1 + sin150*.05) *(H1+H2+H3)*2
= 72172.847kg-m
Then the total bending moment is calculated as;
BMtotal = BMe1 + BMe2 + BMpw +BMpt
=150163.876 kg-m

Weight of tower
Weight of tower (Wt) =

=0.000631*Ht*

;
;

Where, Ht is in Ft; BM is in lb-ft.

where, Ht is in m; Bm is in kg-m.

The bending moment of different conductors at different length of span and weight of tower are
calculated and shown in the tabulated form below:

Transmission and Distribution

Page 21

Bending Moment Calculation Table

Conductor SHEEP
sin15
0.258819
Table no: 3.1
span(m) Ht(m)
De(mm) Few(kg-m) BMEw(kg-m) BMEt(kg-m)H1
H2
H3
Dia(mm) Fw(kg) BMPw(kg-m) T1(kg)
BMPt(kg-m) TBM(kg-m) W.T(tons)
250 29.4357
14.6 243.33333 14325.37376 18235.556 10.6457 16.2657 21.8857
27.93
465.5 45430.09872
7955 72172.8479 150163.88 10.17891
275 30.1762
14.6 267.66667 16154.32549 18694.299 11.3862 17.0062 22.6262
27.93
512.05 52248.14687
7955 75458.5348 162555.31 10.85699
300 30.98876
14.6
292 18097.43801 19197.687 12.19876 17.81876 23.43876
27.93
558.6 59721.36845
7955 79063.9789 176080.47 11.60391
325
31.874
14.6 316.33333 20165.61717 19746.095
13.084
18.704
24.324
27.93
605.15 67912.35264
7955 82991.8767 190815.94 12.42477
350 32.83245
14.6 340.66667 22369.84052 20339.857 14.04245 19.66245 25.28245
27.93
651.7 76884.10007
7955 87244.6212 206838.42 13.32488
Conductor DEER
Table no: 3.2
span(m) Ht(m)
De(mm) Few(kg-m) BMEw(kg-m) BMEt(kg-m)H1
H2
H3
Dia(mm) Fw(kg) BMPw(kg-m) T1(kg)
BMPt(kg-m) TBM(kg-m) W.T(tons)
250 29.33946
14.6 243.33333 14278.53617 18175.934 10.54946 16.16946 21.78946
29.89 498.1667 48330.50959
9115 82207.8038 162992.78 10.57014
275 30.04797
14.6 267.66667 16085.67799 18614.858 11.25797 16.87797 22.49797
29.89 547.9833 55493.06557
9115 85809.9608 176003.56 11.24916
300 30.82278
14.6
292 18000.50551 19094.861 12.03278 17.65278 23.27278
29.89
597.8 63317.00354
9115 89749.2399 190161.61 11.99438
325 31.66433
14.6 316.33333 20032.96415 19616.201 12.87433 18.49433 24.11433
29.89 647.6167 71863.40601
9115 94027.7656 205540.34 12.81041
350
32.573
14.6 340.66667 22193.07401 20179.132
13.783
19.403
25.023
29.89 697.4333 81193.81435
9115 98647.6128 222213.63 13.70211
Conductor ZEBRA
Table no: 3.3
span(m) Ht(m)
De(mm) Few(kg-m) BMEw(kg-m) BMEt(kg-m)H1
H2
H3
Dia(mm) Fw(kg) BMPw(kg-m) T1(kg)
BMPt(kg-m) TBM(kg-m) W.T(tons)
250 30.45875
14.6 243.33333 14823.2596 18869.342 11.66875 17.28875 22.90875
28.62
477 49480.40994
6658 64204.9281 147377.94 10.43453
275 31.3913
14.6 267.66667 16804.80956 19447.06 12.6013 18.2213 23.8413
28.62
524.7 57364.2984
6658 67668.1146 161284.28 11.24993
300 32.41326
14.6
292 18929.34526 20080.171 13.62326 19.24326 24.86326
28.62
572.4 66089.06049
6658 71463.3559 176561.93 12.1539
325 33.52545
14.6 316.33333 21210.43545 20769.177 14.73545 20.35545 25.97545
28.62
620.1 75734.49166
6658 75593.6712 193307.78 13.15357
350 34.72849
14.6 340.66667 23661.67473 21514.462 15.93849 21.55849 27.17849
28.62
667.8 86380.53938
6658 80061.3577 211618.03 14.25629
Conductor ELK
Table no: 3.4
span(m) Ht(m)
De(mm) Few(kg-m) BMEw(kg-m) BMEt(kg-m)H1
H2
H3
Dia(mm) Fw(kg) BMPw(kg-m) T1(kg)
BMPt(kg-m) TBM(kg-m) W.T(tons)
250 29.28255
14.6 243.33333 14250.83882 18140.677 10.49255 16.11255 21.73255
31.5
525 50754.51842
10120 90950.6032 174096.64 10.90306
275 29.97088
14.6 267.66667 16044.41028 18567.102 11.18088 16.80088 22.42088
31.5
577.5 58215.04394
10120 94836.0412 187662.6 11.58598
300 30.72172
14.6
292 17941.48615 19032.254 11.93172 17.55172 23.17172
31.5
630 66345.51239
10120 99074.3379 202393.59 12.33356
325 31.53536
14.6 316.33333 19951.36853 19536.303 12.74536 18.36536 23.98536
31.5
682.5 75206.13262
10120 103667.059 218360.86 13.15011
350 32.41208
14.6 340.66667 22083.43223 20079.44 13.62208 19.24208 24.86208
31.5
735 84857.58399
10120 108615.924 235636.38 14.04017

Transmission and Distribution

Page 22

Conductor MOOSE
Table no: 3.5
span(m) Ht(m)
De(mm) Few(kg-m) BMEw(kg-m) BMEt(kg-m)H1
H2
H3
Dia(mm) Fw(kg) BMPw(kg-m) T1(kg)
BMPt(kg-m) TBM(kg-m) W.T(tons)
250 30.3099
14.6 243.33333 14750.81642 18777.125 11.5199 17.1399 22.7599
31.77
529.5 54453.45197
8125 77677.0072 165658.4 11.00869
275 31.1807
14.6 267.66667 16692.0658 19316.59 12.3907 18.0107 23.6307
31.77
582.45 62941.97851
8125 81623.4173 180574.05 11.82382
300 32.12962
14.6
292 18763.69617 19904.451 13.33962 18.95962 24.57962
31.77
635.4 72281.64284
8125 85923.8715 196873.66 12.72166
325 33.15732
14.6 316.33333 20977.53212 20541.119 14.36732 19.98732 25.60732
31.77
688.35 82549.63685
8125 90581.3696 214649.66 13.70847
350 34.26438
14.6 340.66667 23345.46679 21226.949 15.47438 21.09438 26.71438
31.77
741.3 93823.59998
8125 95598.5104 233994.53 14.79075

Transmission and Distribution

Page 23

Cost per unit length calculation

Assumptions: Cost of the steel used in tower = Rs.150000 per tonne

Number of towers (Nt) = ((total length)/(length of span))+1
Cost of tower per unit length = (cost per tower*Nt)/length of transmission
Sample calculation:
For sheep; 250m; weight of tower= 10.17891419 tonne
Number of tower = (150/.25 ) +1= 601 nos
Cost per tower = cost per tone* weight of tower
= Rs.150000*10.17891419
= Rs. 1526837.129
Cost of tower per unit length = (1526837.129*601)/150
= Rs. 6117527.431

Similarly the cost of tower per unit length of different conductor and different span are shown in
table below:
Conductor
Table no:
4.1

SHEEP

Tower
No of
Span (km) Wt(tons)
tower
0.25
10.17891419
0.275
10.85699095
0.3
11.60390607
0.325
12.42476687
0.35
13.32487714
Conductor
Table no:
4.2

601
547
501
463
430

Cost/tower(Rs) Cost/length(Rs)
1526837.129
6117527.431
1628548.643
5938774.05
1740585.91
5813556.94
1863715.031
5752667.061
1998731.57
5729697.168

601
547
501
463
430

Cost/tower(Rs) Cost/length(Rs)
1585520.601
6352652.54
1687374.299
6153291.609
1799156.299
6009182.04
1921562.032
5931221.471
2055316.888
5891908.412

DEER

Tower
No of
Span (km) Wt(tons)
tower
0.25
10.57013734
0.275
11.24916199
0.3
11.99437533
0.325
12.81041354
0.35
13.70211259

Transmission and Distribution

Page 24

Conductor
Table no:
4.3

ZEBRA

Tower
No of
Span (km) Wt(tons)
tower
0.25
10.43452566
0.275
11.24992662
0.3
12.15389945
0.325
13.15357027
0.35
14.25629055
Conductor
Table no:
4.4

601
547
501
463
430

Cost/tower(Rs) Cost/length(Rs)
1635458.899
6552738.655
1737896.668
6337529.849
1850033.362
6179111.43
1972516.999
6088502.47
2106025.972
6037274.454

601
547
501
463
430

Cost/tower(Rs) Cost/length(Rs)
1651303.136
6616221.232
1773573.083
6467629.841
1908248.677
6373550.583
2056270.084
6347020.327
2218612.167
6360021.546

ELK

Tower
No of
Span (km) Wt(tons)
tower
0.25
10.90305933
0.275
11.58597779
0.3
12.33355575
0.325
13.15011333
0.35
14.04017315
Conductor
Table no:
4.5

601
547
501
463
430

Cost/tower(Rs) Cost/length(Rs)
1565178.849
6271149.922
1687488.994
6153709.863
1823084.917
6089103.623
1973035.541
6090103.037
2138443.583
6130204.938

MOOSE

Tower
No of
Span (km) Wt(tons)
tower
0.25
11.00868757
0.275
11.82382055
0.3
12.72165785
0.325
13.70846723
0.35
14.79074778

Transmission and Distribution

Page 25

Most economical span and conductor selection

From the above table, the most economical span are as follows
SHEEP
DEER
ZEBRA
ELK
MOOSE

350m
350m
325m
350m
350m

Data available;
Cost of aluminum per tonne = Rs.20150
Sample calculation:

Cost of steel per tonne

= Rs. 150000

For sheep; span =350m; aluminum weight per Km = 1036 kg; steel weight per km = 690 kg
Cost of power conductor
Cost of aluminum per km = Rs. 20150*1.036 = Rs.20875.4
Cost of steel per km = Rs 150000*.69 = Rs. 103500
Total Cost of power conductor = (Rs. 20875.4 + Rs. 103500)*6 = Rs.746252.4/km
From table above,
Tower cost per unit length = Rs. 5813556.94
Capital cost/length = conductor cost/km + tower cost/km
= Rs.746252.4 + Rs. 3512811.341
(P) =Rs. 6968322.697
Annual capital cost (A) is calculated as:
A=

*P

This gives annual capital cost (A) = Rs. 767686.6779

Power loss per Km PL= 105.251 Kw; load loss factor (LLf)=0.3;
Cost of Energy loss/Km = PL *LLf * time* rate per Kwh
=105.251 *0.3*365*24*7.5
=Rs. 2019185.543
Total annual cost

= Rs. 767686.6779+ Rs. 2019185.543

=Rs. 2786872.221

The total annual cost calculation is shown in table below:

Transmission and Distribution

Page 26

Span
Conductor (Km)
SHEEP
0.35
DEER
0.35
ZEBRA
0.325
ELK
0.35
MOOSE
0.35

Condr
Tower
Wt
Wt
cost/Length Capital
cost/L(Rs)
(Al)
(Steel) (Rs)
cost(Rs)
6222070.297 1036
690
746252.4 6968322.697
6398397.044 1188
789
853729.2 7252126.244
6605186.047 1185
438
537466.5 7142652.547
6555876.465 1320
876
947988 7503864.465
6360021.546 1463
539
661976.7 7021998.246

Annual
cost(Rs)
767686.6779
798952.7675
786892.2614
826686.282
773600.0097

P loss/L
(kw)
105.2514
91.91046
92.1000
82.7546
74.7229

E loss cost/L
(Rs)
2019185.543
1763247.085
1766884.789
1587597.95
1433515.203

Total ann.
Cost(Rs)
2786872.221
2562199.852
2553777.05
2414284.232
2207115.213

From the above table,

The minimum total annual cost is acquired by the conductor Zebra. Hence we go for the conductor Zebra for the transmission
line of 300Mw and 150Km.

Transmission and Distribution

Page 27

TRANSMISSION LINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONDUCTOR ZEBRA

ABCD parameter calculation:

Resistance (R20) =0.06800
R65=

0.06800(1+.004*45)

= 0.08024
Total resistance of the line per phase = 0.08024 *150= 12.036
Power Loss =3I2 R65 *Nc=3*437.382 *12.036*2=15.78 mw
Transmission Efficiency () = 1-15.78/300 =95.73% >94%
Radius of the conductor= 28.62mm
GMRI= 0.768*28.62/2 = 10.99mm =10.99*10-3 m=
GMD for single circuit configuration GMD=
(

Inductance of Whole length (Lph) =(2*10-04

=(2*10-04

=7.08m

) L)/2 /km
) 150)/2

=0.0097020H
GMR for capacitance GMRC= 28.62/2 =14.31mm =0.01431m
Capacitance of whole Length(C) =

2 *10 ^3
*L*2
GMD
ln

GMR

= 2.69*10-6F
Xph =2 f*0.097020=30.4797 ohm
Now Impedance of the Line (Z) = R + j Xph
= 12.036 +j30.4797
= 32.77<68.45
Susceptance of the Line (Y) = jwCph =j2 f*2.69*10-6
=8.45*10-4 <900

Transmission and Distribution

Page 28

A, B, C, D parameters calculation
A=D = 1 + ZY/2 =1+(32.77<68.45)(8.45*10-4 <90)/2
=0.9871<0.2951
B = Z= 32.77<68.45
C = Y (1+ZY/4) = 8.39*10-4<90.14
Now, Sending end Voltage (Vs) = A*VR +B*IR
= (0.9871<0.2951)(220/ )+(32.77<68.45)(437.38<-cos-l0.9)
=136.295<4.3 kv
Now Voltage Regulation = (|Vs|/A -|VR|)/|VR|
= (136.295/0.9871-127.01) / 127.01
= 0.08706
= 8.706%

Corona Inception Voltage Criterion:

Corona Inception voltage (Vci) =21.1*GMRc*m**ln(GMD/GMRc)
Where, m = factor of roughness =0.9
= relative density of air =0.95
VCi = 21.1 *1.431 *0.9*0.95* ln (

/0.01431)

= 160.16 kv
VCiLL = *160.16 =277.41 kv
Here Vci > Vsystem so corona inspection voltage criterion is met.

Transmission and Distribution

Page 29

A Brief specification of the transmission line:

Power

300 MW

Length

150KM

Voltage level

220KV

No of circuit

Power Factor

0.9

No of insulation discs

17

Conductor

ZEBRA
No of strands

61( 54-aliminum &7-steel)

Radius

14.945 mm

Resistance(200C)

0.06800 /Km

Inductance

0.0097020H

Capacitance

2.69*10-6 F

UTS

13316Kg

Weight of Aluminum

1185Kg/Km

Weight of Steel

438Kg/Km

0.9871<0.2951

32.77<68.45

8.39*10-4<90.14

0.9871<0.2951

Parameter

Voltage regulation

8.706%

Efficiency

96.87%

Corona inception voltage

277.41 KV

Span length

325 m

Tower
Number

463

Weight of tower

13.15 tons

Transmission and Distribution

Page 30

Cost per length

Rs.6037274.45

Max. sag

7.62 m

Ground clearance

7.112 m

Height of lower conductor(H1)

14.73 m

Height of middle conductor(H2)

20.35 m

Height of upper conductor(H3)

25.37 m

Height of ground wire/ tower

33.52 m

Heights

Bending moments

193307.78 Kg-m

Power loss per length

92.10 kw

Energy loss cost per length

Rs.1766884.789

Total annual. Cost per length

Rs.2553777.05

************
***************************
************

Transmission and Distribution

Page 31