RELIABILITY OF POWER SUPPLY

Shri V. Ramakrishna Shri Alok Gupta

!m"!r #Po$!r S%st!m& 'ir!(tor #'istri"ution&
).EA ).E.A
I*TRO'U)TIO*
The distribution reforms have been identified as the key area for putting the power sector on the right
track. The strategies identified are aimed at improving financial viability, reduction of T&D losses,
improving customer satisfaction, increasing reliability and quality of power supply and adopting systems
approach with MI. !ustomer satisfaction is being given greater importance under "ccelerated #ower
Development & $eform #rogramme, a %overnment of India assistance cum loan intervention aiming at
improvement of sub&transmission and distribution system in the country. " large amount of investment to
the tune of $s. '(,((( crores is proposed to be made by the %overnment of India. )ut of this $s. *(,(((
crores is earmarked for up gradation and moderni+ation of distribution system and another $s. *(,((( crores
is provided to incentivise the tates to reduce the cash loss of the ,-s./tilities.
Indirectly or directly customer satisfaction is concerned with improving and moderni+ation of the
T&D network. !ustomer satisfaction can be improved through providing better quality power in terms of
voltage and frequency fluctuations and reliability by reducing outages. These necessarily call for technical
intervention in , firstly, ensuring that the assets already created are maintained in proper working condition
and secondly through augmenting the system. 0urther customer complaint redressal mechanism are to be
made more responsive and proactive through building transparent and reliable system with the help of
computeri+ation. The system should be capable enough to meet the growing demand of information
conscious customers.
1hen the e2pectation of the customer is more than the fulfillment there is resentment and the
customer is reluctant to pay. )n the other hand when his e2pectations are met the customer is satisfied and
he may be less reluctant to share marginal increase in the tariff.
R!lia"ilit% o+ Po$!r Suppl% an, )onsum!r Satis+a(tion
$eliability of ervice needs to be always given primary importance by electric utility system.
!onsumer is least interested about the availability of power sources, grid conditions but he must be ensured
a power supply, which is most reliable and qualitative. $eliability to a consumer means that power made
available to him is fault free and the outage or interruptions are tolerable and do not disturb his normal life.
$eliability and quality of supply were rarely an issue till recent past and little or no attention was paid
to the reliability and quality of power supply. -ut a change in attitude has been observed in the supplier as
well as takers of energy and a customer friendly definition of reliability and benchmarking of performance
has been laid down.
" reporting system for the reliability analysis to log type of consumer3s interruption duration, number
of consumer affected and reason for interruption with an aim to improve the reliability through adequate
measures has become essential. $eliability analysis requires large amount of data regarding consumer
interruption such as number of consumer affected, duration of interruption and the type of power cut vi+.
scheduled or unscheduled. The analysis can be made through a computer based software tool by measuring
past performance, comparing with that of envisaged new system and predicting future performances.
!reation of comprehensive up to date consumer inde2 and system data basis on computeri+ed environment
are essential for efficient commercial and technical operation and management of any distribution system.
The "#D$# programme has focused on this basic need and creation of such data base which is a
prerequisite to reliability monitoring so as to identify the trouble some consumer and system element. Time
is not far when customer will be given incentive for poor performance of the utility and utility will be
awarded for their better performance through performance based tariff. Thus utility has to be more vigilant to
improve their performance. The ob4ective of reliability monitoring is manifold and is as follows5
i6 0urnish management with performance data regarding the quality of customer service
on the electrical system as a whole and for each voltage level and operating area.
ii6 #rovide data for an engineering comparison of electrical system performance among
consenting companies.
iii6 #rovide a basis for individual companies to establish service continuity criteria. uch
criteria could then be used to monitor system performance and to evaluate general
policies, practices, standards and design.
iv6 #rovide data for analysis to determine reliability of service in a given area
7geographical, political, operating, etc6 to determine how factors such as design
differences, environment or maintenance methods, and operating practices affect
performance.
v6 #rovide reliability history of individual circuits for discussion with customers or
prospective customers
vi6 To identify substations and circuits with substandard performance and to ascertain the
causes.
vii6 )btain the optimum improvement in reliability per rupee spent for design, maintenance
and operating programs.
viii6 #rovide performance data necessary for a probabilistic approach to reliability studies.
This can be done by comparing and consistently evaluating the effects on a system3s
performance of varying the configuration, protective methods, equipment, structural
design and.or operating and maintenance practices. The purpose is to determine the
design, operating and maintenance practices that prove optimum reliability per rupee
spent and, in addition, to use this information to predict the performance of future
transmission and distribution system arrangements.
RELIABILITY EVALUATIO* )RITERIA
,very customer is connected to a feeder. " feeder is the connection from a sub&station through
wires, transformers etc. to a customer. It is fairly common practice in the electric utility industry to use the
standard I,,, reliability indices like !"IDI, "I0I, "IDI to track and benchmark reliability performance.
SAI'I #S%st!m A-!ra.! Int!rruption 'uration In,!/&
"IDI is more commonly known as 8average customer minutes off supply9 and is generally
reported over a one&year period. It is the total of interruption duration in minutes per year per customer
e2perienced by customers for both planned and unplanned interruptions.
" "IDI of *(( minutes means that customers connected to the feeder or supply area being
measured e2perience in average *(( minutes off supply in :* months.
SAIFI #S%st!m A-!ra.! Int!rruption Fr!0u!n(% In,!/&
"I0I is a measure of how often an average customer loses supply during one year. " "I0I of ; means
that the average customers connected to the feeder or supply area being measured on average lost supply
thrice during the past :* months.
0or e2ample Tasmanian ,lectricity !ode is using "IDI and "I0I and have set average and lower
bound requirement of reliability for these indices. Their endeavor is to ensure that total duration of planned
and unplanned interruption to supply of electricity to a customer does not e2ceed on average the average
reliability value set and that no more than <= of all feeders in a supply area category e2ceed the lower bound
of reliability. Their average reliability 7"IDI6 for different category of feeders vary from ;( minutes to '>(
minutes and lower bound of reliability is set to ?( minutes to @*( minutes. Their average reliability7"I0I6
for different category of feeders vary from : to ? and lower bound of reliability is set to * to A. There is no
internationally accepted figure for this indices and utility have to set their own targets in consultation with
regulators depending upon the past performance and allowed violations. In most of the developed countries,
the average "I0I ranges from (.< to <.( interruption per year. The average "I0I in /" is :.;. The data
of various countries is indicated in Table '.
0urther in order to demonstrate the improvement in reliability of supply with the implementation of
pro4ect, following other reliability indices are available for assessing performance.
In,!/ *am! Formula
)AIFI Total *o o+ )ustom!r
Int!rruptions
Total *o o+ )ustom!rs a++!(t!,
)AI'I Total *o o+ )ustom!r Int!rruption 'urations
Total *o o+ )ustom!rs int!rruptions
ASAI )ustom!rs hours o+ a-aila"l! s!r-i(!
)ustom!rs hours ,!man,!,
ALII Total loa, int!rruptions
Total (onn!(t!, loa,
AS)I Total loa, )urtailm!nt
Total *o o+ )ustom!rs
A))I Total loa, )urtailm!nt
Total *o o+ )ustom!rs a++!(t!,
AIFI Total *o o+ mom!ntar% int!rruptions
Total *o o+ )ustom!rs
SARFI #/& Total *o o+ Volta.! Sa.s#"!lo$ /1& p!r %!ar
PRESE*T STATUS OF RELIABILTY O*ITORI*G I* T2E )OU*TRY
In the absence of data base for consumers and systems and also computeri+ation of logging
complaints ,following information in respect of :: kB feeders of towns having population of more than >
lakhs is initially being collected by !," and soon will be published. Table :.: to :.; gives the performance
of some towns for the month of "pril *((' to Culy *(('. It is seen that the performance is not steady and
there is large variation in the data. In some cases it has deteriorated.
Total Do. of :: kB 0eeders
Total )utage Duration 7Ers6 both Tripping &cheduled in the month
Do of cheduled )utage in the Fear
Do. of Trippings #er 0eeder
$eliability Inde2
Table * gives the data of reliability indices collected by !#$I in one study of ,luru !ircle of "ndhra
#radesh. It can be seen that there is marked improvement in various reliability parameters in year *((*&(;
over *((:&(*.Table ; is the reliability figures collected from DD#G for their system and the figures for
-altimore7/6. It is seen that efforts are required to be made to bring this to inter&national level though the
reliability figures
LIITATIO*S I* ASSESE*T OF )O*SUER SUPPLY RELIABILITY
Do !onsumer Inde2ing
Do !omputerised -ased Trouble !all Management ystem
Do Data -ase )f !onsumers and ystem
Gack of "wareness )f /tility taff
ROA' AP FOR RELIABILITY EVALUATIO*
l Do #articulars !ommenced.to be commenced from
:. $.I7:: kB feeders6 for towns having population of more
than > lakhs
Can ,*(('
*. $.I 7:: kB feeders6 for tate !apitals "pril, *(('
; $.I 7:: kv feeders6 for Distt EH "pril, *(('
'. $.I for !onsumers based on !"IDI,"IDI etc Can, *((@
EASURES TO IPROVE RELIABILTY
"dequate maintenance
"doption of preventive maintenance rather than break down maintenance
-etter control of system operation
"void over loading of lines & transformers
,mploy better quality equipments
Minimisation voltage transformations
,nsure coordinated protection settings
/se of EBD
Improve power quality
Euman $esource Development
O*ITORI*G OF 'ISTRIBUTIO* TRA*SFORERS FALIURE
Dearly *( Gakh distribution transformers are in place in the country and every year :( =
transformers are being added to the system. The failure rate in India is around *( =. This is considered to be
very high and the monitoring of transformers failure is also very essential to improve reliability of power
supply to consumers. The transformer failure rate of the order of ?&> = is generally acceptable.
FA)TORES RE)3O*E' FOR RELIABILITY A*ALYSIS5
The reliability indices can be evaluated considering the following factors5
;; kB breakdowns
:: kB breakdowns
Incoming supply failure at :;* kB substations.
Daily rostering of :: kB rural feeders.
0ailure of distribution transformers.
The following factors, which affect reliability indices, shall also be considered sub4ect to availability
of data
Momentary interruptions on ;;kB and ::kB feeders.
Momentary incoming supply failures
#re&arranged shutdowns on lines and feeders
-reakdown on GT feeders
-lowing of transformer fuses both EB and GB individual fuse off calls
)O*)LUSIO*
Distribution system $eliability Monitoring which was rarely an issue some time back is now
generating waves in the minds of management of the distribution utilities. The consumer who was tolerant
earlier ha become demanding. Ee is becoming conscious about the interruption free service. Ee has started
reali+ing that he should get electricity for which he is a stakeholder in the entire game.
$eliable service is directly associated with the proper asset utili+ation, adequate and timely
maintenance, power availability, redundancy in the system and fi2ing of performance targets for
improvement in years to come.
In our country maintaining of power supply has gained momentum and some utilities have started
monitoring through the above indices. In years to come a performance standard will be set by utility on their
own depending upon the type of network, customer and load profile and the power requirement.
Maintenance is one aspect, which should not be ignored at all. trategic maintenance planning taking
a higher view of how maintenance dovetails with other activities and events that impact reliability will
enable optimum utili+ation of the assets which will go a long way in providing reliable supply to consumers.
The reporting process of reliability indices must begin with monthly submission of these indices to
!," for publishing in the newspaper etc. These indices must be displayed in each work location. This
process will reinforce the point that reliability issues at the work location do impact the overall utility
programme and all efforts will be made to improve the same with a target bound programme.
tatistical approach to reliability monitoring will also assist the regulators to set more optimum
performance standards. $eliability is a random process. These standards will be undoubtedly violated. It is
to be seen how often these standards are violated and what corrective actions are taken to bring them within
limits. "verage values of reliability indices are not enough to predict rate of violation of standards and utility
need to know the probability distribution adopting statistical methods.
TABLE 4.4 5 AVERAGE OUTAGE 'URATIO* PER FEE'ER FOR TOW*S 2AVI*G POPULATIO* ORE T2A* 6 LA32S
STATE TOW* UTILITY AVERAGE OUTAGE 'URATIO* PER FEE'ER #In
2rs.&
"pril, *((' May, *((' Cune, *((' Culy, *(('
A*'2RA PRA'ES2 EFD,$"-"D "#T$"D!) '.@* @.A@ <.(( ;.;>
BIE"IE"#"TD"M "#T$"D!) :.@( :.@@ ;.'( ;.*?
BIC"F"B"D" "#T$"D!) '.': <.?; <.>* '.A(
'EL2I D,GEI DD#G & '.<* '.*; ;.''
-,
7$"CDE"DI6
:(.A< :(.?< A.;> :(.?A
-,
7F"M/D"6
:*.>' ::.(> ::.'; '.**
GU7RAT /$"T ,! :.(A :.(A (.;> <.<>
B"D)D$" %,- & & & &
3AR*ATA3A -"D%"G)$, -,!)M & & & &
3ERALA I)!EI I,- :?.<( *@.?@ :;.>( @.('
TI$/B"DTE"#/$"M I,- :'.:< :'.?> <.>@ (.@>
A'2YA PRA'ES2 C"-"G#/$ M#,- (.'A & (.>@ :.*@
A2ARAS2TRA %$. M/M-"I -,T (.(* (.(; (.(' (.(<
M/M-"I 7/-/$-6 $,G. ,D,$%F (.(@ (.(> (.(A (.::
D"%#/$ M,- *.*@ ;.*@ ;.A: *.*@
D"II M,- :A.>: & & &
PU*7AB "M$IT"$ #,- <.>A @.?< >.;> *.<@
G/DEI"D" #,- ;.(A @.:; >.'@ '.*:
TAIL*A'U !E,DD"I TD,- :.*A *.:A :.<: :.?:
!)IM-"T)$, TD,- >.'* @.>A A.A( A.*'
M"D/$"I TD,- :.*: (.A* :.'' (.'@
T$I/!E"D"#"GGI TD,- :.?* *.;; *.*> '.:*
WEST BE*GAL I)GI"T" !,! (.;' (.*? (.;' (.*>
TABLE 4.8 5AVERAGE *UBER OF TRIPPI*GS OF TOW*S 2AVI*G POPULATIO* ORE T2E* 6 LA32S
STATE TOW* UTILITY AVERAGE *O. OF TRIPPI*GS PER
FEE'ER
"#$IG,
*(('
May,
*(('
Cune,
*(('
Culy,
*(('
"DDE$" #$"D,E EFD,$"-"D "#T$"D!) :'.?; ::.<' :'.(> ::.AA
BIE"IE"#"TD"M "#T$"D!) :.'' :.*? *.<A *.'A
BIC"F"B"D" "#T$"D!) :(.;: :(.@> :;.?@ :'.('
D,GEI D,GEI DD#G & ;.;( ;.?? *.*?
-,7$"CDE"DI6 >.** >.*> @.A> ;.:(
-, 7F"M/D"6 :(.<' @.>; >.(A *.*(
%/C"$"T /$"T ,! (.A* (.A* (.;> :.'<
B"D)D$" %,- & & @.;@ &
I"$D"T"I" -"D%"G)$, -,!)M & & & &
I,$"G" I)!EI I,- ;@.;: '<.@? ;(.(( :'.;'
TI$/B"DTE"#/$"M I,- *@.(( *@.@( :;.@> :.'>
M"DEF" #$"D,E C"-"G#/$ M#,- <.>? & ?.(? <.>?
M"E"$"ET$" %$,"T,$ M/M-"I -,T (.(< (.(? (.:: (.::
M/M-"I7 /-/$-6 $,G. ,D,$%F (.*@ (.;; (.;( (.;'
D"%#/$ M,- *.'> ;.:' '.<< *.(*
D"II M,- :(.'@ & & &
#/DC"- "M$IT"$ #,- >.'? ::.@A :(.>; :(.A?
G/DEI"D" #,- & & & &
T"MIGD"D/ !E,DD"I TD,- ?.>' :(.(A A.:; A.<A
!)IM-"T)$, TD,- :(.A> '.A' @.?: A.<<
M"D/$"I TD,- *.?; :.@: *.;; ;.@:
T$I/!E"D"#"GGI TD,- ;.'> <.(; ;.?? '.(@
1,T -,D%"G I)GI"T" 1-,- (.:* (.:: (.:; (.::
TABLE 4.9 5 RELIABILITY I*'E: OF TOW*S 2AVI*G POPULATIO* ORE T2E* 6 LA32S
STATE TOW* UTILITY RELIABILITY I*'E:
"pril,
*(('
May,
*(('
Cune,
*(('
Culy,
*(('
"DDE$" EFD,$"-"D "#T$"D!) AA.;' A>.A; AA.;: AA.<<
BIE"IE"#"TD"M "#T$"D!) AA.@? AA.@? AA.<; AA.<?
BIC"F"B"D" "#T$"D!) AA.;A AA.*' AA.:A AA.;'
D,GEI D,GEI DD#G & AA.;A AA.': AA.?>
-,
7$"CDE"DI6
A>.'> A>.<@ A>.@( A>.?'
-,
7F"M/D"6
A>.** A>.<: A>.': A>.'?
%/C"$"T /$"T ,! AA.>< AA.>< AA.A< AA.*<
B"D)D$" %,- & & AA.'< &
I,$"G" I)!EI I,- A@.@: A?.*> A>.(> AA.(<
TI$/B"DTE"#/$"M I,- A>.(; A>.(; AA.:A AA.A(
M"DEF" #$"D,E C"-"G#/$ M#,- AA.A; & AA.>> AA.>;
M"E"$"ET$" %$,"T,$ M/M-"I -,T AA.AA AA.AA AA.>@ AA.AA
M/M-"I 7/-/$-6 $,G. ,D,$%F AA.AA AA.AA AA.AA AA.AA
D"%#/$ M,- AA.?A AA.<? AA.'? AA.?A
D"II M,- A@.*< & & &
#/DC"- "M$IT"$ #,- AA.:> A>.A@ A>.>' AA.?<
G/DEI"D" #,- AA.<@ AA.(' A>.>* AA.';
T"MIGD"D/ !E,DD"I TD,- AA.>* AA.@: AA.@A AA.@>
!)IM-"T)$, TD,- A>.>* A>.A' A>.?; A>.@?
M"D/$"I TD,- AA.>; AA.>> AA.>( AA.A'
TI$/!E"D"#"GGI TD,- AA.@@ AA.?A AA.?> AA.'<
1,T -,D%"G I)GI"T" !,! AA.A< AA.A? AA.A< AA.A?
TABLE 85 PERFORA*)E OF ELURU )IR)LE OF A*'2RA PRA'ES2
In,!/ 8;;4<;8 8;;8<;9 8;;9<;=
"I0I7per :(((
customers6
*.<' :.'; &
"IDI7Minutes per :(((
customers6
<@> :>: &
""I (.>@ (.@@ &
0eeder )utage7Do6 :@?@ :('< AA<7/p to "ug *((;6
0eeder )utage Duration
7Ers.year6
??.A; **(> :<.'?7/p to "ug *((;6
TABLE 9 5 *'PL PERFORA*)E AT A GLA*)E
In,!/ Unit US#Baltimor!& *'PL#8;;9<;=& *'PL#Apr<S!pt8;;=&
"I0I Dumbers :.*? :A.:A :@.<
!"IDI Eours :.< * *
"IDI Eours * ;>.;A ;<
$I = AA.; AA.<@ AA.?(
Ta"l! = 5WORL' PERORA*)E AT A GLA*)E
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SAIFI #*o& :.; (.<&<.( .*; & & :&? & :.*? (.(<&
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