UNIT III STEADY STATE CONDUCTION WITH

HEAT GENERATION
Introduction, I.D. heat conduction with heat sources, Extended surfaces
(fins), Fin effectiveness, 2-D heat conduction, Numericals.
1
.1 Introduction to conduction with heat !eneration within the
s"stem
#an" $ro%lems encountered in heat transfer re&uire an anal"sis that ta'e into account
!eneration and a%sor$tion of heat within the s"stem. (he exam$les are)
(i) *"stem in which electrical current flows.
(ii) Nucleate reactors
(iii) +om%ustion $rocesses
(iv) +hemical $rocesses
(v) Dr"in!
(vi) *ettin! of concrete etc.
.2 ,lane wall with heat source
-et us consider a sla% of co$$er in contact with two fluids. -et current I $ass throu!h the sla%
and heat !enerated $er unit volume is
q
. (he !eneral non-stead" conduction e&uation in
rectan!ular coordinates is

t
K
q
z
t
y
t
x
t 1
2
2
2
2
2
2

For stead" state when tem$erature varies onl" x-direction, a%ove e&uation reduces to
.
2
2

+
K
q
x d
t d
(wo %oundar" conditions are)

,uttin! two %oundar" conditions in E&. (1) we !et
and C l C
K
l q
t
s
) 2 ( ...... .......... .......... ..........
2
2 1
2
2
+ +

2
At x = l , t = t
s2
At x = -l , t = t
s1
From a%ove e&uation
K
q
x d
t d

2
2
Inte!ratin!, 1
C x
K
q
x d
t d
+

Inte!ratin! a!ain,
) 1 ...( ..........
2
2 1
2
C x C
x
K
q
t + +

) ( ...... .......... .......... ..........
2
2 1
2
1
C l C
K
l q
t
s
+

/ddin! E&. (2) and E&. (), we !et
K
l q
C t t
s s
2
2 1 2
2

+
2 1 2
2
2 2
l
K
q t t
C or
s s

+
+

,uttin! this value of +2 in E&. (2), we !et

2 2 2
1 2
2
1
2
2
s s
s
t t
K
l q
l C
K
l q
t
+
+

+ +

l
t t
C
s s
2
1 2
1

*u%stitutin! values of +1 and +2 in E&. (1), we o%tain

( )
K
l q t t
l
x
t t
x
K
q
t
s s
s s
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2
1 2
2

+
+
+ +

( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
2
s s s s
t t
l
x t t
x l
K
l q
t
+
+

/ll the heat !enerated with the wall sla% must %e convected awa" to the surroundin!s. /lso heat
conducted to each wall surface is dissi$ated to the surroundin!s %" convection. +onse&uentl", the
maximum tem$erature must occur at the center at x 0 . or at x 0 .,
.
dx
dt
. Now, we will find
tem$erature distri%ution in terms of maximum tem$erature to instead of ts.
1hen x 0 ., t 0 t. , so from E&. (2)
s
t l
K
q
t +

2
.
2
2
.
2
l
K
q
t t or
s


( )

,
_

s s
t l
K
q
t x l
K
q
t t Also
2 2 2
.
2 2

2
2
x
K
q

If ts1 0 ts2 0 ts
( ) ) 2 .....( ..........
2
2 2
s
t x l
K
q
t +

or
( )
2 2
2
x l
K
q
t t
s

( )
2 2
2
x l
K
q

K
l q
K
x q
t t
t t
so
s
2 2
2 2
.
.

) 3 .......( .......... ..........

2
.
.

,
_

l
x
t t
t t
ro
s
If we want to use E&. (2) or E&. (3), surface tem$erature, ts , must %e 'nown in terms of surroundin!
tem$erature t

and convective heat transfer coefficient, h. From ener!" %alance,

(otal heat !enerated 0 4eat convected awa" from the faces
) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (

t t A h l A q or
s

t
h
l q
t or
s
From E&.(2),
) (
2
2 2
x l
K
q
t t
s

,uttin! in this e&uation, the a%ove value of ts, we o%tain

l
l q
x l
K
q
t t

+

) (
2
2 2


l
l q
x l
K
q
+

) (
2
2 2

/t x 0 ., 0 max, therefore

h
l q
l
K
q
+

2
2
max
. +"linder with 4eat *ource
/ current- carr"in! wire or a fuel element in a nuclear reactor ma" re$resent the s"stem. -et us a
consider a c"linder of radius of radius ro with uniforml" distri%uted heat sources. If c"linder is ver"
lon!, the tem$erature ma" %e considered as function of radius onl". (he !eneral non-stead" state
conduction e&uation in c"lindrical coordinates is)

t t
k
c
k
q
z
t t
r r
t
r r
t 1 1 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
In stead" state and tem$erature variation onl" in radial direction, a%ove e&uation reduces
to

or
K
q
dr
dt
r dr
d
, .
1
2
2

+ +
or
K
q r
dr
dt
dr
d
r , .
2
2

+ +
K
r q
dr
dt
r
dr
d

,
_

5n inte!ratin!, we !et
2

C
r
K
q
dr
dt
r +

2
2
, , . , . , . mes uationbeco andaboveeq C so
dr
dt
r at discussed already As

2
2
r
K
q
dr
dt
r



get we egrating on
r
K
q
dr
dt
or , int ,
2

1
2
2
C
K
r
q t +
other %oundar" condition is that at r 0 r
.
, t 0 t
s
1
2
.
2
, C
K
r q
t yields which
s
+

s
t
K
r q
C so +

2
2
.
1
,uttin! this value of +
1
in a%ove E&.

Now we shall relate surface tem$erature to the tem$erature of surroundin!s
t
.
From ener!" %alance
(otal heat !enerated 0 4eat convected awa" or
( ) ( ) ( )

t t l r h l r q
s .
2
.
2

t
h
r q
t
s
2
.
*o $uttin! value of ts in E&. (1), we !et
( )
h
r q
r r
K
q
t t
2 2
. 2 2
.

+

3
(he tem$erature $rofile is shown in the ad6acent dia!ram
when r is 7ero, %ecomes maximum
h
r q
r
K
q
2 2
.
2
. max

+

3.4. Fins or Extended Surf!es
1. Introduction
4eat transfer %" convection %etween a surface and the fluid surroundin! it ma" %e enhanced
%" attachin! to the surface thin stri$s or $ieces of metals called Fins or extended surfaces. (hese
stri$s ma" %e rectan!ular fins, annular fins or trian!ular fins. Fins are !enerall" used on the surfaces
where heat transfer is low. 8" $uttin! fins on a surface, area of heat transfer is enhanced, %ut at the
same time avera!e surface tem$erature decreases. (he former effect increases rate of heat transfer
and latter effect decrease rate of heat transfer. Fins are attached to)
(i) +ar radiators
(ii) External surfaces of en!ine of a scooter
(iii) 8oiler tu%es
(iv) Electrical transformers and motors
(v) Economisers for steam $ower $lants
(vi) *mall ca$acit" com$ressors
". One Di#ension$ Fins of Unifor# Cross%Se!tion$ Are
9

4eat conducted in at x 0 x 0 4eat conducted out at x : dx : 4eat convected awa"
5ver width dx
) 1 ...( ..........
. conv dx x x
Q Q Q +
+
dx
x
Q
Q
dx
dt
A K Q
x
x x

+ ,
dx
dx
dt
A K
x
Q Q
x dx x

,
_

+
+
dx
dx
t d
A K Q
x
2
2

( ) ( )

t t convection for Area h Q

conv.

( )

t t dx p h
,uttin! values of ;
x
, ;
x:dx
and ;
conv
in E&.(1), we o%tain
( )

+ t t dx p h dx
dx
t d
A K Q Q
x x
2
2
( ) .
2
2


dx t t p h
dx
dx t d
A K
( ) .
2
2


t t
A K
p h
dx
t d
or
2
2
2
2
2
, , m
A K
p h
dx
t d
dx
d
t t If

) 2 ..( .......... .
2
2
2

m
dx
d
which is one-dimensional fin e&uation of uniform cross-sectional area. (he !eneral solution of E&.
(2) is
) .........(
2 1
mx mx
e C e C

+
<
+onsider a rectan!ular fin
attached to a $rimar" surface at
tem$erature t.. / fin e&uation of
uniform cross-sectional area
will %e determined. #a'in! an
ener!" %alance to the
differential element dx
where +
1
and +
2
are ar%itar" constants and can %e determined %" %oundar" conditions. 5ne
%oundar" condition is x 0 .,

.
. E&. () %ecomes
+
1
: +
2
0

.
====..(2)
Now we shall consider there cases
(i)Fin of Infinite -en!th
. , x as means which

,uttin! this condition in E&. (), we !et
. .
2 1
+ C C
(his e&ualit" onl" holds if +
1
0.
,uttin! value of +
1
in E&.(2), we !et +
2
0

.

,uttin! these values of +
1
and +
2
in E&.(), we o%tain
x m
e

(he rate of heat transfer from fin to the surroundin! air is !iven %")

,
_

. .

dx p h
dx
d
A K Q
x
f
.

,
_

x
f
dx
d
A K Q

( )
x m
f
e m A K Q


.

. .

A K
p h
f
A K m A K Q
) 3 ..( .......... ..........
.
A K p h Q
f

&ii' Fin Insu$ted t t(e End
For all $ractical $ur$oses, the heat loss throu!h the fin ti$ is ne!li!i%le. *o for insulated fin,
%oundar" condition is
>
. . ,
dx
d
or
dx
d
A K l x At

,uttin! this %oundar" condition in E&.(), we o%tain,
get we Eq from C valueof putting e C e C
l m l m
), 2 .( , .
2 2 1


( )
l m l m l m
l m l m
e e e C
or e C e C

+

. 1
2 . 1
) ( .

l m l m
l m
e e
e
C

.
1

l m l m
l m
l m l m
l m
e e
e
e e
e
C C

+

. .
. . 1 . 2


,uttin! these values of +
1
and +
2
in E&.(), we !et
l m l m
x m l m
l m l m
x m l m
e e
e
e e
e

+
+
+
+

. .

{ }
( ) 2 ?
2 ?
) ( ) (
.
ml ml
x l m x l m
e e
e e
or


+
+

ml
x l m
cosh
) ( cosh
.

From a%ove e&uation in ex$onential form

( )
length inite of fin of case in as same e
e e
e e
mx
ml
x l m
inf
2 ?
) (
.

+
+

,
_

x
f
dx
d
A K Q


.
.
cosh
) ( sinh

1
]
1

+
x
ml
x l m
m A K

ml
A K
p h
A K tanh
.

ml A K p h Q
f
tanh
.

(iii) Fin of Finite -en!th
/ $h"sicall" more realistic %oundar" condition at the ti$ is
( ) or t t A h
dx
d
A K
l x l
l x

,
_

l l
l x
h
dx
d

,
_

x m x m
e C e C Eq from ow

+
2 1
), .( ,
) ( ) ( ,
2 1 2 1
l m l m
l
l m l m
e C e C h e C e m C K or

+
@
and also +
1
0

.
-

+
2
, therefore
( ) { }
l m l m l l m l m
e C e C
m K
h
e C e C

+
2 2 . 2 . 2
) (

( ) ( )

'

,
_

+ + +

m K
h
e e e
m K
h
e e C
l ml ml ml l ml ml
1
. 2

( ) ( )
now so
e e
m K
h
e e
e
m K
h
C
ml ml l ml ml
ml l
,
1
.
2

+ +

,
_

mx mx
e C e C

+
2 1

( )
mx mx
e C e C

+
2 2 .

) (
2 .
mx mx mx
e e C e +

( )
( ) ( )
ml ml l ml ml
mx mx ml l
mx
e e
m K
h
e e
e e e
m K
h
e

+ +

,
_

+
+
1
. .

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ml ml l ml ml
x l m x l m l x l m x l m l x l m x l m
e e
m K
h
e e
e e
m K
h
e e
m K
h
e e

+ +
+ +

,
_

,
_

+ + + +

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
.
1

{ } { }
( ) ( ) 2 ? 2 ?
2 ? 2 ?
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
.
ml ml l ml ml
x l m x l m l x l m x l m
e e
m K
h
e e
e e
m K
h
e e


+ +
+ +

ml
m K
h
ml
x l m
m K
h
x l m
l
l
sinh cosh
) ( sinh ) ( cosh
.
+
+

.

x
f
dx
d
A K Q


o x
l
l
ml
m K
h
ml
x l m
m K
h
x l m
m A K

+
+
+
sinh cosh
) ( cosh ) ( sinh

1.
ml
m K
h
ml
ml
m K
h
ml
A K p h Q
l
l
f
sinh cosh
cosh sinh
.
+
+

3. Usefu$ness of Fins



-et us consider a rectan!ular fin as shown in the dia!ram. For a lon! fin
.
A K p h Q
f

4eat transfer without fin
so A h Q
f w
,
. . .

b K
A h
A K p h
A h
Q
Q
f
f w

.
.
. .

For the rectan!ular fin

t b if b t b p + 2 2 2
K
t h
b
bt
K
h
Q
Q
so
f
f w
2 2
. .

(he ratio should %e much smaller to 6ustif" the cost of fins and la%our involved.
11
1
2

K
t h
so
1. *o convective heat transfer coefficient should %e small. *o it is a $oor $ractice to use fins in
condensation and %oilin! where h is ver" hi!h. Fins should %e used in free convection where h has
low value.
2. (he material of fin should have hi!h conductivit". It will ma'e fins more effective.
. (he thic'ness of fins should %e as small as $ossi%le within the constraints of stren!th re&uired.
4. Fin Effi!ien!)
It is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer from a fin to the heat that would %e transferred if
the entire fin surface were maintained at the $rimar" surface tem$erature.
.
t e temperatur surface primary at were surface fin entire if fin the from transfer heat Ideal
fin the from transfer heat Actual
f

ideal
f
f
Q
Q

(i) For Fin of Infinite -en!th
ml
A K
p h
l
l p h
A K p h
Q
Q
ideal
f
f
1 1
) (
.
.

(ii' For Fin Insu$ted t t(e End

.
.
) (
tanh

l p h
ml A K p h
Q
Q
ideal
f
f

ml
ml
l
A K
p h
ml
f
tanh tanh

&iii' Fin of Finite *en+t(
) sinh (cosh ) (
) cosh (sinh
.
.
ml
m K
h
ml l p h
ml
m K
h
ml A K p h
Q
Q
l
l
ideal
f
f
+
+

ml
m K
h
ml
ml
m K
h
ml
l m
l
l
f
sinh cosh
cosh sinh
1
+
+

3. Fin Effectiveness
12
It is ratio of heat transfer from the fin to the heat transfer without fin.
.
.
A h
Q
Eff
f

&i' Fin of Infinite *en+t(

.
.
.
.

A h
A K p h
A h
Q
Eff
f

A h
p K
Eff .
&ii' Fin Insu$ted t t(e End
.
.
.
tanh
.

A h
ml A K p h
A h
Q
Eff
f

ml
A h
p K
Eff tanh .
&iii' Fin of Finite *en+t(
ml !inh
m K
h
ml Cosh
ml ml !inh A K p h
A h A h
Q
Eff
l
m K
h
f
l
+
+

cosh
1
.
.
. .

ml !inh
m K
h
ml Cosh
ml ml !inh A K p h
A h
p K
Eff
l
m K
h
l
+
+

cosh
.
.