Basic Core Java Interview Questions

1. What are Web Services?

Web services are business logic components which provide functionality
via. Internet using standard protocols such as HTTP. It is created using Soap
or Rest. For E.g. in google search page we got results like feeds,
advertisement , news etc., from multiple sites, it is by web services which
enables various websites to talk to each other and share data between them.

2. Differences between Soap vs. Rest.
SOAP - "Simple Object Access Protocol"
SOAP is a method of transferring messages, or small amounts of
information, over the Internet. SOAP messages are formatted in XML and
are typically sent using HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol).

Rest - Representational state transfer
Rest is a simple way of sending and receiving data between client and
server and it doesn't have very many standards defined. You can send and
receive data as JSON, XML or even plain text. Its light weighted compared to
SOAP.

3. How to create a DB connection.
Five steps to query a database:
1. Load the driver
2. Get connection
3. Query the database
4. Process the result set
5. Close connection
Click here for SampleProgram.

4. Differences between prepared statement and callable statement.
Prepared Statement Execute a precompiled SQL with/without input
parameters.
Callable Statements Execute a call to database stored procedure.
Click here for SampleProgram.

5. Difference between Application server and Web server.

Application server Web server
Web server serves HTTP
content
Application server serves
HTTP, RMI/RPC etc.
Webserver is suitable for
static content.
Application server supports
dynamic content also.
Webserver does not contain
inbuilt web server component.
Application server contains
inbuilt web server component.
IIS, Jetty, Tomcat, Apache
etc... Is webserver
SharePoint, JBOSS, EJB, WAS
etc Is application server.
Webserver does not add any
functionality
Application server adds
functionality
To applications.

6. Difference between System. Out and System. Err.
System. Err is a PrintStream. System. Err works like System. Out except
it is normally only used to output error texts. Some programs (like Eclipse)
will show the output to System. Err in red text, to make it more obvious that
it is error text.

7. Difference between http and https.
HTTP HTTPS
URL begins with http:// URL begins with https://
It uses port 80 for
communication.
It uses port 443 for
communication
Unsecured Secured
Operates at Application Layer Operates at Transport Layer
No encryption Encryption is present
No certificates required Certificates required

8. What is Key Store?
Java Key Store (JKS) is a repository of security certificates, either
authorization certificates or public key certificates - used for instance in SSL
encryption.

9. Write a Java program to print Fibonacci series.
Click here for Sample Program.

10. Difference between Static and Non-Static variable/Method.
Static Non-static
Static members are one per
class
Non-static Variables are 1 per
instance.
Static members are accessed
by their class name which
encapsulates them
Non-static members are
accessed by object reference.
Static methods can be
accessed directly from the class
Non-static methods (or
instance methods as I like to call
them) have to be accessed from
an instance.
static members can't use
non-static methods without
instantiating an objet
Non-static members can use
static members directly.
static constructor is used to
initialize static fields
Non-static fields normal
instance constructor is used.

11. What is immutability in java?
Once created the objects state cannot be changed .E.g. string

12. How to create read only values in java.
Using final keyword
Final int a=4;

13. Difference between String and StringBuffer.
String StringBuffer
String is used to manipulate
character strings that cannot be
changed (read-only and
immutable).
StringBuffer is used to
represent characters that can be
modified.
String is slow when
performing concatenations
because concatenating a string
created new object.
StringBuffer is faster when
performing concatenations.
String is immutable StringBuffer is mutable
String is not synchronized StringBuffer is synchronized

14. Difference between Hashmap and Hashtable.
Hashtable is synchronized but Hashmap is not.
Hashtable can't contain null values but Hashmap permits null values.

15. Difference between Iterator and Enumeration.
Iterator has remove () method but Enumeration do not have.
Iterator is used to Add and remove object, enumeration is used to traverse
and fetch objects.
Iterator is used to manipulate text but Enumeration is used for read-only
access.

16. Define Class-object relationship.
Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states-
color, name, and breed as well as behaviors -wagging, barking, and eating.
An object is an instance of a class.
Class - A class can be defined as a template/ blue print that describe the
behaviors/states that object of its type support.
Class is a blueprint while objects are actual objects existing in real word.

17. What to test while testing Client-server application.
Performance
Load
Integration between multiple components
MUT
SOAK testing
Multiple clients for same server

18. How to Read/write excel file in Java.
Click here for SampleProgram.

19. Difference between Method Overloading and Overriding.
Method Overloading Method Overriding
Arguments Must change Arguments Must not change
Return type Can change Return type Cant change
except for covariant returns
Exceptions Can change Exceptions Can reduce or
eliminate. Must not throw new
or broader checked exceptions
Access Can change Access Must not make more
restrictive (can be less
restrictive)
Invocation Reference type
determines which overloaded
version is selected. Happens
at compile time.
Invocation Object type
determines which method is
selected. Happens at runtime

20. Write a java program to count number of unique words separated by
comma (,) and their occurrence from text file.
Click here for SampleProgram.

21. Difference between int & INTEGER.
int is a primitive type. Variables of type int store the actual binary value
for the integer you want to represent. int.parseInt("1") doesn't make sense
because int is not a class and therefore doesn't have any methods.

Integer is a class, no different from any other in the Java language.
Variables of type Integer store a reference to Integer objects, just as with
any other reference type. Integer.parseInt("1") is calling the static method
parseInt from class Integer (note that this method actually returns an int
and not an Integer).

int type Declaration:
int count;
count is a primitive
count stores 32 bits of information (in the range Integer.MIN_VALUE to
Integer.MAX_VALUE)
Literal integers (e.g. 123 or 0x7b) are of type int

Integer type Declaration:
Integer count2;
count2 is an object reference
count2 points to an object of type java.lang.Integer (or to null)
The object count2 points at has an int member variable as described above.

To be more specific, Integer is a class with a single field of type int. This
class is used where you need an int to be treated like any other object.


22. Difference between abstract class and interface.
Abstract Class Interfaces
An abstract class can provide
complete, default code and/or just
the details that have to be
overridden.
An interface cannot provide any code
at all, just the signature.
In case of abstract class, a class
may extend only one abstract class.
A Class may implement several
interfaces.
An abstract class can have non-
abstract methods.
All methods of an Interface are
abstract.
An abstract class can have
instance variables.
An Interface cannot have instance
variables.
An abstract class can have any
visibility: public, private, protected.
An Interface visibility must be public
(or) none.
If we add a new method to an
abstract class then we have the
option of providing default
implementation and therefore all
the existing code might work
properly.
If we add a new method to an
Interface then we have to track down all
the implementations of the interface and
define implementation for the new
method.
An abstract class can contain
constructors.
An Interface cannot contain
constructors.
Abstract classes are fast.
Interfaces are slow as it requires
extra indirection to find corresponding
method in the actual class.

23. Difference between Serialization and synchronization.
Serialization is a process by which object instance is converted into stream
of bytes.
Synchronization ensures that object data is into accessed by multiple
threads at the same time.

24. Difference between sleep and wait. Which is better?
Wait is better than sleep.
Sleep cannot be waken but Wait can be woken using notify method.
Sleeps do not release lock but Wait releases lock.

25. Difference between Array and ArrayList.
Array size is fixed at the time of declaration. We cant modify it.
ArrayList size is not fixed at the time of declaration. We can change its
contents.

26. Difference between Set and Map.
Set It is also an interface to represent linear collection with no duplicates.
Order of insertion is not maintained. Example:- Harshest, Tree Set.
Map It represents an indexed collection i.e. key-value pairs. Example: -
Hashmap.

27. What is AJAX?
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is a new technique
for creating better, faster, and more interactive web applications with the
help of XML, HTML, CSS and Java Script.
Ajax uses XHTML for content and CSS for presentation, as well as the
Document Object Model and JavaScript for dynamic content display.
Conventional web application transmit information to and from the sever
using synchronous requests. This means you fill out a form, hit submit, and
get directed to a new page with new information from the server.
With AJAX when submit is pressed, JavaScript will make a request to the
server, interpret the results and update the current screen. In the purest
sense, the user would never know that anything was even transmitted to the
server.
XML is commonly used as the format for receiving server data, although any
format, including plain text, can be used.
AJAX is a web browser technology independent of web server software.
A user can continue to use the application while the client program requests
information from the server in the background
Intuitive and natural user interaction.
No clicking required only Mouse movement is a sufficient event trigger.
Data-driven as opposed to page-driven

28. Write a java program for swapping of two numbers
Click here for SampleProgram.

29. What is final modifier?
The final modifier keyword makes that the programmer cannot change
the value anymore. The actual meaning depends on whether it is applied to
a class, a variable, or a method.
Final Methods- A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses.
Final Variables- A final variable cannot be changed once it is initialized.
Final Classes- A final class cannot have subclasses.

30. Write a java program for factorial of a given number.
Click here for Sample Program.

31. What is the different between inheritance and interface?
Inheritance:
In java classes can be derived from classes. Basically if you need to
create a new class and here is already a class that has some of the code you
require, then it is possible to derive your new class from the already existing
code. This concept allows you to reuse the fields and methods of the existing
class without having to rewrite the code in a new class. In this scenario the
existing class is called the super class and the derived class is called the
subclass.

Interface:
In Java language an interface can be defined as a contract between
objects on how to communicate with each other. Interfaces play a vital role
when it comes to the concept of inheritance. An interface defines the
methods, a deriving class (subclass) should use. But the implementation of
the methods is totally up to the subclass.

32. Write a Program to search in pdf.
Click here for Sample Program.

33. What are Access Modifiers in Java?
Default: A variable or method declared without any access control modifier
is available to any other class in the same package
Public: A class, method, constructor, interface etc. declared public can be
accessed from any other class
Protected Variables methods and constructors which are declared protected
in a superclass can be accessed only by the subclasses in other package or
any class within the package of the protected members' class
Private: Methods, Variables and Constructors that are declared private can
only be accessed within the declared class itself.
Non-access Modifiers: final, abstract.

34. What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?
Encapsulation: - it means binding up of data and methods it means the
concept of class in which we put together the data members and methods or
function members.

Abstraction: - it means that hiding the background details which are not
useful to the user for it we use normally private or protected access specifier
by it data is not let free to move around the system.
1) Abstraction is implemented in Java using interface and abstract class
while Encapsulation is implemented using private, package-private and
protected access modifier.
2) Encapsulation is also called data hiding.
3) Design principles "programming for interface than implementation" is
based on abstraction and "encapsulate whatever changes" is based upon
Encapsulation.

35. What is i18n and L10n?
I18n stands for Internationalization (18 char between I and n).
L10n stands for Localization (10 char between l and n.)It is the means by
which i18n applications can be used for local regions.
What is the difference between Inheritance and Interface?

36. Write a program to reverse a String in Java.
Click here for Sample Program.

37. What are the difference between Java and JavaScript?
Java JavaScript
Java is an Object Oriented
Programming (OOP) language
JavaScript is a scripting
language
Java is very much Complex. JavaScript s comparatively
easy.
Java contains rich set of
commands.
JavaScript contains a much
smaller and simpler set of
commands
Java can stand on its own
that creates "standalone"
applications.
JavaScript must (primarily)
be placed inside an HTML
document to function
Java must be compiled into
what is known as a "machine
language" before it can be run on
the Web.
JavaScript is text-based. You
write it to an HTML document
and it is run through a browser.

38. What is the base class of all classes?
java.lang.Object

39. Write a Java program to print Palindrome number after number
n passed by user.
Click here for Sample Program.

40. What is the difference between Checked and Unchecked exceptions?
The compiler forces you to either catch checked exceptions or throw
them to the calling method. For e.g. IOException.
Unchecked exceptions (Runtime exception) are due to programming
bugs (for ex. index out of bound exception). The compiler expects you to
handle this in the code so it does not force you to catch unchecked
exceptions. Exceptions extending Runtime Exception are unchecked.

41. What is Auto boxing and unboxing.
Auto boxing-Automatic conversion of primitives into corresponding
objects wrapper classes.
Unboxing - Automatic conversion of wrapper classes into primitives.
Need
The collections like ArrayList store only the objects so primitives need to
converted to object wrapper classes.
Auto boxing/Unboxing helps to do automatic conversion.

42. What is the difference between executequery and executeupdate.
executeQuery method is used to execute SQL which returns ResultSet.
executeUpdate method is used to execute update queries like insert, update,
or delete.

43. What is Annotation?
An annotation indicates that the declared element should be processed in
some special way by a compiler, development tool, and deployment tool or
during runtime.

44. What is the Difference between put and post?
HTTP PUT:

PUT puts a file or resource at a specific URI, and exactly at that URI. If
there's already a file or resource at that URI, PUT replaces that file or
resource. If there is no file or resource there, PUT creates one HTTP 1.1 RFC
location for PUT.

HTTP POST:
POST sends data to a specific URI and expects the resource at that URI
to handle the request. The web server at this point can determine what to do
with the data in the context of the specified resource.

45. What are Java Annotations?
Java 5 comes with several pre built annotations
Override
Deprecated
SupressWarning
Retention
Target

46. Write a program to generate 15 random integers between 0 and
10.
Random r = new Random();
for(int i=0;i<15;i++){
System.out.println(r.nextInt(10));
}

47. Write a program to fetch unique elements from Array.
Click here for Sample Program.

48. Write a program to transpose a Matrix.
Click here for Sample Program.

49. Difference between Throw and Throws.
Throws used to advertise that the method might throw some exceptions.
Throw used to throw exception from method definition.

50. Write a difference between System.exit(0) and System.exit(1).
System.exit(0) is used in any method to come out of the program. It
terminates the program normally where as
System.exit(1) terminates the program because of some error encountered
in the program.