METAL

DETECTOR
`
A METAL DETECTOR IS A DEVICE WHICH IS USED FOR
SEARCHING OF METALS.
METAL DETECTOR WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION.
METAL DETECTOR CONSISTS OF TWO COLPITTS R.F
RANGE OSCILLATORS WITH DIFFERENT
FREQUENCIES,SENSING COIL WILL FORMS PART OF
TUNED OSCILLATORS.
WORKING:

THE OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT CONSISTS OF PARALLEL
RESONANT TANK CIRCUIT AND A SERIES
RESONANT FEEDBACK CIRCUIT EACH TUNED TO A
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES.
THE PARALLEL RESONANT TANK CIRCUIT
INCLUDES AN INDUCTOR INDUCTIVELY COUPLED
TO SEARCH COIL.
A PAIR OF SERIES CONNECTED CAPACITORS
CONNECTED IN PARALLEL WITH THE INDUCTOR.
THE PARALLEL RESONANT TANK CIRCUIT IS
CONNECTED TO THE EMITTER.

THE SERIES RESONANT FEEDBACK CIRCUIT IS
CONNECTED BETWEEN THE JUNCTION OF
CAPACITORS AND BASE.
THE PARALLEL RESONANT TANK CIRCUIT
FREQUENCY IS LOWER THAN THE SERIES
RESONANT FEEDBACK CIRCUIT.
AS THE SWITCH IS KEPT ON THE OSCILLATOR PRODUCE AN
ALTERNATING CURRENT.
OSCILLATOR:
IT IS A DEVICE WHICH CONVERTS DIRECT CURRENT IN TO
ALTERNATING CURRENT.
THE ALTERNATING CURRENT IS FED TO THE RF AMPLIFIER AND
SEND TO THE SENSING COIL.
THE SENSING COIL DEVELOPS AN ALTERNATING MAGNETIC
FIELD.

AS THE COIL IS KEPT CLOSE TO A METAL PIECE EDDY CURRENT
WILL BE INDUCED IN THE METAL.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF METAL DETECTOR
EDDY CURRENT:
AN ELECTRIC CURRENT INDUCED WITH IN THE BODY OF
A CONDUCTOR
WHEN THAT CONDUCTOR EITHER MOVES THROUGH A NON-
UNIFORM MAGNETIC
FIELD OR IS IN A REGION WHERE
THERE IS A CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FLUX.IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS
FOUCAULT CURRENT.
DUE TO THE EDDY CURRENT IN THE METAL AN ALTERNATING
MAGNETIC FIELD IS DEVELOPED IN THE METAL.
THIS MAGNETIC FIELD OPPOSES THE COIL FIELD AND MAKES
THE OSCILLATOR TO FAIL.
THEN FINAL TRANSISTOR CONDUCTS AND BUZZER IS
ACTIVATED WHICH INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF METAL.

AS THE COIL IS KEPT CLOSE TO A METAL PIECE EDDY CURRENT
WILL BE INDUCED IN THE METAL.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF METAL DETECTOR
EDDY CURRENT:
AN ELECTRIC CURRENT INDUCED WITH IN THE BODY OF
A CONDUCTOR
WHEN THAT CONDUCTOR EITHER MOVES THROUGH A NON-
UNIFORM MAGNETIC
FIELD OR IS IN A REGION WHERE
THERE IS A CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FLUX.IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS
FOUCAULT CURRENT.
DUE TO THE EDDY CURRENT IN THE METAL AN ALTERNATING
MAGNETIC FIELD IS DEVELOPED IN THE METAL.
THIS MAGNETIC FIELD OPPOSES THE COIL FIELD AND MAKES
THE OSCILLATOR TO FAIL.
THEN FINAL TRANSISTOR CONDUCTS AND BUZZER IS
ACTIVATED WHICH INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF METAL.



THIS METAL DETECTOR IS MAINLY USED BY ARCHEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT FOR THE DETECTION OF BURRIED METAL
OBJECTS.
IT IS USED IN INDUSTRY FOR DETECTION OF UNWANTED
METALIC OBJECTS.
METAL DETECTORS ARE USED TO SEARCH FOR HIDDEN METALIC

IT IS USED IN COIN SHOOTING.





















WHY WE CHOOSE THIS PROJECT


Metal Detecting is an excellent hobby and pastime for the whole family regardless
of age
Building your own metal detector is an ideal school, college, or hobby project.
Requiring very little skill or equipment.
Build with confidence this project is completely free, costs nothing, is guaranteed
to work, and has been built by thousands worldwide.
We have found the circuit to be extremely reliable and self-starting. If you are
experiencing any difficulties, it's best to put another kit together kit as you may
have damaged a capacitor or the transistor and these are extremely difficult to
diagnose.
We haven't found any valuable items with our detector





About Metal Detectors
Metal detectors are handheld devices that are designed to use electromagnetism to
detect metal where it may not be seen. It is used in many military and industrial
purposes. They are also recreational tools for small-time treasure hunters and
hobbyists. Having been around since the 1930s, the metal detector was a milestone
in electronic development and continues to be used to this day.
1. Identification
o Metal detectors are very easy to identify, though some may have more
features than others. They have a handle at one end of a long pole,
often with a computer attachment (in modern detectors) and a rounded
electromagnet at the other end.
Function
o When powered on, the metal detector is run across the ground or the
object being scanned. Electromagnetic rays bounce off any metal and
are sent back to the detector, which alerts the user to the presence of
the metal via sounds.
Significance
o Metal detectors have long been used by hobbyists and archaeologists
to find buried treasure or objects. The military has an important use
for metal detectors, which help soldiers find dangerous land mines.
Features
o Modern metal detectors feature an array of computer systems that
refine the detection capabilities of the device. It helps the metal
detector and the user change the sensitivity of the detector, as well as
the depth and the range of the device.
Potential
o The future of metal detectors holds much lighter devices with simpler
designs. They will have the same depth and range while being easier
to handle by a person.
COMPONENTS FOR METAL DETECTOR

RESISTORS
R1,R4 56K
R2 3K
R3 22K
R5 2K
R6 2K
R7,R9 680K
R8 15K
P1 5K

CAPACITORS
C1,C6 1PF/25V
C2 1KPF/25V
C3 220PF/25V
C4 270PF/25V
C5 12KPF/100V
C7 100PF/25V

TRANSISTORS
Q1,2,3,4 - BC547
DIODES
D1,2,3,4 IN4148
MISCELLANEOUS
LED1 5MM RED LED
Coil 1 Metal Detector coil
Buzzer ,Supply 9v Battery,PCB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM













BLOCK DIGRAM

COIL

RF
SECTION

RF
AMP


ALARM



PCB LAYOUT













The connections on the PCB should be identical to the circuit diagram, but while
the circuit diagram is arranged to be readable, the PCB layout is arranged to be
functional, so there is rarely any visible correlation between the circuit diagram
and the layout.
PCB layout can be performed manually (using CAD) or in combination with an
Autorouter. The best results are usually still achieved using atleast some manual
routing - simply because the design engineer has a far better judgement of how to
arrange circuitry. Surprisingly, many autorouted boards are often completely
illogical in their track routing - the program has optimised the connections, and
sacrificed any small amount of order that may have been put in place by manual
routing. Generally autorouted boards are somewhat harder for a technician to
repair or debug, for this reason. Historically, PCBs used to be laid out by drawing
or using stick on paper shapes on mylar film, - that really WAS manual routing!
WORKING OF METAL DETECTOR
A METAL DETECTOR IS A DEVICE WHICH IS USED FOR
SEARCHING OF METALS.
METAL DETECTOR WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION.
METAL DETECTOR CONSISTS OF TWO COLPITTS R.F RANGE
OSCILLATORS WITH DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES,SENSING COIL WILL
FORMS PART OF TUNED OSCILLATORS.

WORKING:
AS THE SWITCH IS KEPT ON THE OSCILLATOR PRODUCE AN
ALTERNATING CURRENT.

OSCILLATOR:
IT IS A DEVICE WHICH CONVERTS DIRECT CURRENT IN TO
ALTERNATING CURRENT
THE ALTERNATING CURRENT IS FED TO THE RF AMPLIFIER AND
SEND TO THE SENSING COIL.
THE SENSING COIL DEVELOPS AN ALTERNATING MAGNETIC
FIELD.

AS THE COIL IS KEPT CLOSE TO A METAL PIECE EDDY CURRENT
WILL BE INDUCED IN THE METAL.

EDDY CURRENT:

AN ELECTRIC CURRENT INDUCED WITH IN THE BODY OF A
CONDUCTOR WHEN THAT CONDUCTOR EITHER MOVES THROUGH A
NON- UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD OR IS IN A REGION WHERE THERE
IS A CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FLUX.IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS
FOUCAULT CURRENT.
DUE TO THE EDDY CURRENT IN THE METAL AN ALTERNATING
MAGNETIC FIELD IS DEVELOPED IN THE METAL.
THIS MAGNETIC FIELD OPPOSES THE COIL FIELD AND MAKES
THE OSCILLATOR TO FAIL.
THEN FINAL TRANSISTOR CONDUCTS AND BUZZER IS
ACTIVATED WHICH INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF METAL.