14.6.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 464 14.7 Internet Reference Model 464 14.8 Summary 465 Problems 465 References 466 15 Wide-Area Wireless Networks (WANs) GSM Evolution 469 15.1 Introduction 469 15.2 GSM Evolution for Data 470 15.2.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data 472 15.2.2 General Packet Radio Service 473 15.2.3 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Enhancement 483 15.3 Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Systems 489 15.4 UMTS Network Reference Architecture 495 15.5 Channel Structure in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 497 15.6 Spreading and Scrambling in UMTS 504 15.7 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Overview 506 15.7.1 UTRAN Logical Interfaces 508 15.7.2 Distribution of UTRAN Functions 516 15.8 UMTS Core Network Architecture 518 15.8.1 3G-MSC 520 15.8.2 3G-SGSN 520 15.8.3 3G-GGSN 521 15.8.4 SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC 522 15.8.5 Firewall 522 15.8.6 DNS/DHCP 522 15.9 Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec for UMTS 523 15.10 UMTS Bearer Service 524 15.11 QoS Management 526 15.11.1 Functions for UMTS Bearer Service in the Control Plane 526 15.11.2 Functions for UMTS Bearer Service in the User Plane 527 15.12 Quality of Service in UMTS 528 15.12.1 QoS Classes 528 15.12.2 QoS Attributes 528 15.13 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 530 Contents xvii 15.14 Freedom of Mobile multimedia Access (FOMA) 536 15.15 Summary 537 Problems 538 References 539 16 Wide-Area Wireless Networks cdmaOne Evolution 541 16.1 Introduction 541 16.2 cdma2000 Layering Structure 544 16.2.1 Upper Layer 544 16.2.2 Lower Layers 545 16.3 Forward Link Physical Channels of cdma2000 550 16.4 Forward Link Features 553 16.4.1 Transmit Diversity 553 16.4.2 Orthogonal Modulation 555 16.4.3 Power Control 556 16.4.4 Walsh Code Administration 558 16.4.5 Modulation and Spreading 558 16.5 Reverse Link Physical Channels of cdma2000 562 16.5.1 Reverse Link Power Control 565 16.6 Evolution of cdmaOne (IS-95) to cdma2000 568 16.6.1 cdma2000 1X EV-DO 574 16.6.2 cdma2000 1X EV-DV 581 16.7 Technical Differences between cdma2000 and WCDMA 586 16.8 Summary 587 Problems 592 References 592 17 Planning and Design of Wide-Area Wireless Networks 595 17.1 Introduction 595 17.2 Planning and Design of a Wireless Network 596 17.3 Radio Design for a Cellular Network 600 17.3.1 Radio Link Design 600 17.3.2 Coverage Planning 601 17.4 Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget 602 17.4.1 Link Budget for the GSM1800 System 602 17.4.2 Pole Capacity of a CDMA Cell 605 17.4.3 Uplink Radio Link Budget for a CDMA System 606 17.4.4 Downlink Radio Link Budget for a CDMA System 609 17.5 cdma2000 1X EV-DO 615 17.5.1 1X EV-DO Concept 615 17.5.2 Details of cdma2000 1X EV-DO 617 17.6 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 620 17.6.1 HSDPA SINR Calculation 623 17.7 I ub Interface Dimensioning 624 17.8 Radio Network Controller Dimensioning 624 17.9 Summary 626 Problems 626 References 629 18 Wireless Application Protocol 631 18.1 Introduction 631 18.2 WAP and the World Wide Web (WWW) 631 18.3 Introduction to Wireless Application Protocol 632 18.4 The WAP Programming Model 633 18.4.1 The WWW Model 634 18.4.2 The WAP Model 634 18.5 WAP Architecture 636 18.5.1 Wireless Application Environment 637 18.5.2 Wireless Telephony Application 638 18.5.3 Wireless Session Protocol 639 18.5.4 Wireless Transaction Protocol 640 18.5.5 Wireless Transport Layer Security 641 18.5.6 Wireless Datagram Protocol 641 18.5.7 Optimal WAP Bearers 642 18.6 Traditional WAP Networking Environment 643 18.7 WAP Advantages and Disadvantages 645 18.8 Applications of WAP 646 18.9 imode 647 18.10 imode versus WAP 649 18.11 Summary 650 Problems 650 References 650 xviii Contents Contents xix 19 Wireless Personal Area Network Bluetooth 653 19.1 Introduction 653 19.2 The Wireless Personal Area Network 654 19.3 Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) 656 19.4 Denitions of the Terms Used in Bluetooth 659 19.5 Bluetooth Protocol Stack 660 19.5.1 Transport Protocol Group 660 19.5.2 Middleware Protocol Group 661 19.5.3 Application Group 663 19.6 Bluetooth Link Types 663 19.7 Bluetooth Security 666 19.7.1 Security Levels 667 19.7.2 Limitations of Bluetooth Security 669 19.8 Network Connection Establishment in Bluetooth 669 19.9 Error Correction in Bluetooth 670 19.10 Network Topology in Bluetooth 671 19.11 Bluetooth Usage Models 671 19.12 Bluetooth Applications 672 19.13 WAP and Bluetooth 673 19.14 Summary 673 Problems 673 References 674 20 Wireless Personal Area Networks: Low Rate and High Rate 675 20.1 Introduction 675 20.2 Wireless Sensor Network 675 20.3 Usage of Wireless Sensor Networks 678 20.4 Wireless Sensor Network Model 678 20.5 Sensor Network Protocol Stack 683 20.5.1 Physical Layer 683 20.5.2 Data Link Layer 684 20.5.3 Network Layer 685 20.5.4 Transport Layer 687 20.5.5 Application Layer 687 20.5.6 Power, Mobility, and Task Management Planes 688 20.6 ZigBee Technology 688 20.6.1 ZigBee Components and Network Topologies 689 20.7 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN Device Architecture 691 20.7.1 Physical Layer 692 20.7.2 Data Link Layer 694 20.7.3 The Network Layer 697 20.7.4 Applications 702 20.8 IEEE 802.15.3a Ultra WideBand 703 20.9 Radio Frequency Identication 707 20.10 Summary 710 Problems 710 References 711 21 Wireless Local Area Networks 713 21.1 Introduction 713 21.2 WLAN Equipment 716 21.3 WLAN Topologies 717 21.4 WLAN Technologies 719 21.4.1 Infrared Technology 719 21.4.2 UHF Narrowband Technology 719 21.4.3 Spread Spectrum Technology 721 21.5 IEEE 802.11 WLAN 721 21.5.1 IEEE 802.11 Architecture 722 21.5.2 802.11 Physical Layer (PHY) 723 21.5.3 IEEE 802.11 Data Link Layer 735 21.5.4 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 736 21.5.5 IEEE 802.11 MAC Sublayer 742 21.6 Joining an Existing Basic Service Set 744 21.7 Security of IEEE 802.11 Systems 747 21.8 Power Management 747 21.9 IEEE 802.11b High Rate DSSS 748 21.10 IEEE 802.11n 749 21.11 Other WLAN Standards 752 21.11.1 HIPERLAN Family of Standards 752 21.11.2 Multimedia Access Communication High Speed Wireless Access Network 758 xx Contents Contents xxi 21.12 Performance of a Bluetooth Piconet in the Presence of IEEE 802.11 WLANs 759 21.12.1 Packet Error Rate (PER) from N Neighboring Bluetooth Piconets 760 21.12.2 PER from M Neighboring IEEE 802.11 WLANs 761 21.12.3 Aggregated Throughput 762 21.13 Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 763 21.14 IEEE 802.16 765 21.15 World Interoperability for MicroAccess, Inc. (WiMAX) 767 21.15.1 WiMAX Physical Layer (PHY) 770 21.15.2 WiMAX Media Access Control (MAC) 771 21.15.3 Spectrum Allocation for WiMAX 772 21.16 Summary 772 Problems 774 References 775 Appendix A 777 Acronyms 787 Index 806 The following Bonus Chapters can be found on the books website at http://books.elsevier.com/9780123735805: 22 Interworking between Wireless Local Area Networks and 3G Wireless Wide Area Networks 22-1 22.1 Introduction 22-1 22.2 Interworking Objectives and Requirements 22-2 22.3 Interworking Schemes to Connect WLANs and 3G Networks 22-3 22.4 De Facto WLAN System Architecture 22-5 22.5 Session Mobility 22-7 22.6 Interworking Architectures for WLAN and GPRS 22-8 22.7 System Description with Tight Coupling 22-9 22.7.1 Protocol Stack 22-12 22.7.2 WLAN Adaptation Function 22-13 22.7.3 GIF/RAI Discovery Procedure 22-15 22.8 System Description with Loose Coupling 22-17