Projection and Transformation Calculations

ProjectionandTransformationCalculations.xls v3.
35 12-December-2007

This spreadsheet which will carry out common calculations with coordinates. All of the concepts and formulae given in "A gui
the user manual for these calculations, are detailed in this spreadsheet. "A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain" is
(www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/gps). The guide gives some important warnings about the use of its formulae, which you should be a
such as scale factors, convergence and t-T in this spreadsheet that are not in the guide.

The Constants sheet is where ellipsoid, projection and Helmert transformation parameters are entered.
The Enter coordinates here sheet is for user input of coordinates to the calculations.
Use the buttons at the bottom left of the screen to scroll through the other sheets.
Each sheet carries out a different calculation. The calculations are shown in "step by step" format where all the intermedia
results in single cells computed by user defined functions written in Visual Basic. The code for the user defined functions

The calculation sheets are as follows:-
Lat & Long Format Conversions converts between DMS format, decimal degrees and degrees & decimal minutes.
Helmert Transformation transforms the user entered cartesian coordinates to cartesian coordinates on a new datum using the transformation parameters
XYZ to lat,long,H converts the user entered cartesian coordinates to geodetic coordinates in DMS format using the ellipsoidal parameters from
lat,long to E,N projects the user entered geodetic coordinates to easting and northings using a Transverse Mercator projection and the ellips
Constants.
E,N to lat,long is the reverse of lat,long to E,N.
lat,long,H to XYZ is the reverse of XYZ to lat,long,H.
UD Funcs Transformation Example shows how a complete Helmert transformation from WGS84 geodetic coordinates to OSGB36 Eastings and Northings and vice versa c
carried out using the user defined functions.
convergence from lat & long computes the convergence at the geodetic coordinate entered by the user.
convergence from E,N computes the convergence at the easting, northing entered by the user.
local scale factor from lat,lon computes the local scale factor at the geodetic coordinate entered by the user.
local & line sf from E,N computes the local scale factor at the easting, northing entered by the user and also the line scale factor between easting,
t-T correction from E,N computes the t-T (difference between true and projected directions) between easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered b
true azimuth from E,N computes the true direction (after allowing for t-T and convergence) between easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered b

Cells for user data entry are coloured Cells giving calculation results are coloured Cel ls showing intermediate calculation steps are coloured
Cells which repeat the user inputted data are coloured

This spreadsheet which will carry out common calculations with coordinates. All of the concepts and formulae given in "A gui de to coordinate systems in Great Britain", which is
the user manual for these calculations, are detailed in this spreadsheet. "A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain" is available from the Ordnance Survey GPS web site
(www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/gps). The guide gives some important warnings about the use of its formulae, which you should be a ware of. There are also other projection functions
Each sheet carries out a different calculation. The calculations are shown in "step by step" format where all the intermedia te calculation results are given and they are also shown as
results in single cells computed by user defined functions written in Visual Basic. The code for the user defined functions can be viewed and if required copied to other applications.
converts between DMS format, decimal degrees and degrees & decimal minutes.
transforms the user entered cartesian coordinates to cartesian coordinates on a new datum using the transformation parameters from Constants.
converts the user entered cartesian coordinates to geodetic coordinates in DMS format using the ellipsoidal parameters from Constants.
projects the user entered geodetic coordinates to easting and northings using a Transverse Mercator projection and the ellips oid and projection parameters from
shows how a complete Helmert transformation from WGS84 geodetic coordinates to OSGB36 Eastings and Northings and vice versa c an be
computes the local scale factor at the easting, northing entered by the user and also the line scale factor between easting, northing and easting2, northing2.
T (difference between true and projected directions) between easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered b y the user.
T and convergence) between easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered by the user.
ls showing intermediate calculation steps are coloured
Constants
' "
Semi-major axis, a 6377563.396 True origin latitude, j
0
N 49 0 0
Semi-minor axis, b 6356256.910
True origin longitude, l
0 W 2 0 0
Central Meridan Scale, F
0
0.999601271700 a for OSGB36 =
True origin Easting, E
0
400000.000 b for OSGB36 =
True origin Northing, N
0 -100000.000 a for GRS80 & WGS84 =
aF
0
6375020.48098897 b for GRS80 =
bF
0
6353722.49048791 b for WGS84 =
All other parameters same
Projection Notes
1. The constants above are correct for working with the Ordnance Survey National Grid.
If you want to work with OS National Grid, do not change anything in the above box.
2. It is also possible to use this spreadsheet to work with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grids.
The constants that must be entered in the yellow boxes if you want to work with UTM are given in Annex A of
'A Guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain', available from the OS GPS website www.gps.gov.uk.
ETRS89 (WGS84) to OSGB36
translation parallel to X -446.448 metres
translation parallel to Y 125.157 metres
translation parallel to Z -542.060 metres
scale change 20.4894 parts per million
rotation about X -0.1502 seconds of arc
rotation about Y -0.2470 seconds of arc
rotation about Z -0.8421 seconds of arc
reverse signs to go from OSGB36 to ETRS89
Transformation Notes
1. It is very important to understand the limitations of simple datum transformations.
This method does not take account of the local distortions present in coordinate reference frames (TRFs)
This is especially important when one or both of the coordinate systems involved is based on a traditional triangulation network
For instance, transforming between WGS84 GPS coordinates and OSGB36 National Grid will incur transformation errors
of up to five metres, depending on location.
Also, this method cannot convert ellipsoid heights to heights above mean sea level.
For full details on the limitations of the method coded here, see the OS publication 'A guide to coordinate systems in
Great Britain', available free from our GPS Website (www.gps.gov.uk) or OS customer helpline.
2. The constants in the table above are suitable for transforming from WGS84 GPS coordinates to OSGB36 National Grid.
By changing the constants above, this spreadsheet may be used to convert between any two geodetic datums
Some ellipsoid constants are given in 'A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain'
Ordnance Survey cannot supply suitable transformation parameters for the geodetic systems of other countries -
ELLIPSOID AND PROJECTION CONSTANTS
HELMERT TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS
Page 3
Constants
please make enquiries for these parameters to the national mapping agencies of the country concerned.
Page 4
Constants
Dec Degs Rads
49.00000000 0.855211333
-2.00000000 -0.034906585
6377563.3960
6356256.9100
6378137.0000
6356752.3141
6356752.3142
All other parameters same
The constants that must be entered in the yellow boxes if you want to work with UTM are given in Annex A of
ETRS89 (WGS84) to OSGB36
-446.448
125.157
-542.060
20.4894
-0.1502
-0.2470
-0.8421
reverse signs to go from OSGB36 to ETRS89
This is especially important when one or both of the coordinate systems involved is based on a traditional triangulation network
For instance, transforming between WGS84 GPS coordinates and OSGB36 National Grid will incur transformation errors
For full details on the limitations of the method coded here, see the OS publication 'A guide to coordinate systems in
2. The constants in the table above are suitable for transforming from WGS84 GPS coordinates to OSGB36 National Grid.
Ordnance Survey cannot supply suitable transformation parameters for the geodetic systems of other countries -
ELLIPSOID AND PROJECTION CONSTANTS
HELMERT TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS
Slight difference in b is due to
different flattening values
Page 5
Enter coordinates here
' " Decimal Deg Radians
latitude N 52 39 27.253085 52.65757030139 0.919047978
longitude E 1 43 4.517692 1.7179215810 0.029983388
Ellipsoidal height 24.700 metres
Easting 651409.903 metres
Northing 313177.270 metres
Easting 2 626238.249 metres
Northing 2 302646.415 metres
Cartesian X 3909833.018 metres
Cartesian Y -147097.138 metres
Cartesian Z 5020322.478 metres
Notes
1. Type your input data in the yellow boxes only on this page.
Enter either Latitude, Longitude and optional Ellipsoidal height, Easting and Northing or Earth centred Cartesian coordinates.
To convert from decimal latitude and longitude or degrees lat / long and decimal minutes to the degrees, minutes and seconds format
see the "Lat & Long Format Conversions " sheet.
Ellipsoidal height is only required for the Cartesian XYZ coordiante conversions.
The Earth centred Cartesian coordinates are used as input to the Helmert datum transformation calculations.
Look at the following sheets to see the results of the calculations.
2. Check that the appropriate parameters are set on the "Constants" sheet.
3. For two of the calculations (t-T correction and true azimuth), the eastings and northings of two points are required.
For these calculations only, you must enter Eastings 2 and Northings 2 in addition to Easting and Northing
4. For background information on the calculations contained in this spreadsheet, download 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems
in Great Britain' from our GPS website www.gps.gov.uk, or see any textbook on map projections or surveying computations.
Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes
Page 6
Enter coordinates here
Enter either latitude and longitude
Ellipsoidal height is optional (see notes)
or easting and northing
2
nd
pair of coordinates is optional (see notes)
or Earth centred Cartesian XYZ coordinates
Enter either Latitude, Longitude and optional Ellipsoidal height, Easting and Northing or Earth centred Cartesian coordinates.
To convert from decimal latitude and longitude or degrees lat / long and decimal minutes to the degrees, minutes and seconds format
The Earth centred Cartesian coordinates are used as input to the Helmert datum transformation calculations.
3. For two of the calculations (t-T correction and true azimuth), the eastings and northings of two points are required.
For these calculations only, you must enter Eastings 2 and Northings 2 in addition to Easting and Northing
4. For background information on the calculations contained in this spreadsheet, download 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems
in Great Britain' from our GPS website www.gps.gov.uk, or see any textbook on map projections or surveying computations.
Page 7
Degrees () Minutes (') Seconds (") Decimal Degrees
latitude N 52 39 27.253100 52.657570305556 N
longitude E 1 43 4.517700 1.717921583333 E
Input Data
latitude N 52 39 27.253100 52.657570305556 N
longitude E 1 43 4.517700 1.717921583333 E
latitude N 52 39 27.253100 52.657570305556 N
longitude E 1 43 4.517700 1.717921583333 E
Latitude & Longitude Format Conversions (Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes)
Degrees, Minutes & Seconds to Decimal Degrees and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Decimal Degrees to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Degrees & Decimal Minutes to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Decimal Degrees
Input Data
Output Data
Output Data
Output Data
Output Data
52 39.454218333
1 43.075295000
52 39.454218333
1 43.075295000
52 39.454218333
1 43.075295000
Latitude & Longitude Format Conversions (Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes)
Degrees, Minutes & Seconds to Decimal Degrees and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Decimal Degrees to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Degrees & Decimal Minutes to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Decimal Degrees
Input Data
Output Data
Output Data
X 3909833.018 This is the input data
Y -147097.1376
Z 5020322.478
X 3909460.068 This is the result of the calculation
Y -146987.301
Z 5019888.070
Rotation and Scale Matrix (H) These values are intermediate calculation steps for the
1.0000204894 4.08261601E-06 -1.19748979E-06 formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
-4.08261601E-06 1.0000204894 7.28190149E-07
1.19748979E-06 -7.28190149E-07 1.0000204894 See the Transformation Notes on the
"Constants" page for information on the
Translation Matrix (T) limitations and accuracy of this transformation.
-446.448 translation parallel to X -446.448 m
125.157 translation parallel to Y 125.157 m
-542.06 translation parallel to Z -542.060 m
scale change 20.4894 ppm
H * Input Cartesian coords rotation about X -0.1502 secs
3909906.516 rotation about Y -0.2470 secs
-147112.4581 rotation about Z -0.8421 secs
5020430.13
X 3909460.068 This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.
Y -146987.301 To see the Visual Basic code of the functions -
Z 5019888.070
Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
then view the code in "Module 1".
Helmert Datum Transformation
Parameters (see "Constants" sheet)
This is the result of the calculation
These values are intermediate calculation steps for the
formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
See the Transformation Notes on the
"Constants" page for information on the
limitations and accuracy of this transformation.
This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.
To see the Visual Basic code of the functions -
XYZ to lat,long,H
X 3909833.018
Y -147097.1376
Z 5020322.478
' " Decimal Deg
latitude N 52 15 16.606433 52.25461289802
longitude W 2 9 16.510138 -2.154586149489
Ellipsoidal height 626.294 m
p 3912599.110
e
2
6.6705397616E-03
Initial j N 52 15 16.6721 52.25463115
n 6.3909051545E+06
latitude N 52 15 16.606433 52.25461289802
longitude W 2 9 16.510138 -2.154586149489
Cartesian XYZ to Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height
Page 12
XYZ to lat,long,H
This is the input data
Radians
0.9120150444 This is the result of the calculation
-0.0376046223
0.9120153629 The radians value of latitude is computed using a user defined function
To see the Visual Basic code of the function -
Cartesian XYZ to Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height
Page 13
lat,long to E,N
latitude N 52 39 27.253085 This is the input data
longitude E 1 43 4.517692
Easting 651409.903 m This is the result of the calculation
Northing 313177.270 m
e
2
6.67053976E-03 These values are intermediate calculation steps for the
n 1.67322025E-03 formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
n 6.38850233E+06
r 6.37275644E+06 The value of M is computed using a user defined function
h
2
2.47081362E-03 To see the Visual Basic code of the function -
P 6.48899729E-02 Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
M 4.06688295E+05 then view the code in "Module 1".
I 3.06688295E+05
II 1.54040791E+06
III 1.56068754E+05
IIIA -2.06711230E+04
IV 3.87512058E+06
V -1.70000782E+05
VI -1.01344704E+05
Easting 651409.903 m This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.
Latitude and longitude to easting and northing
Page 14
lat,long to E,N
The value of M is computed using a user defined function
Page 15
E,N to lat,long
Easting 651409.903 This is the input data
Northing 313177.270
latitude N 52 39 27.253087 52.65757030181 0.91904797787 This is the result of the calculation
longitude E 1 43 4.517692 1.71792158100 0.02998338788
' N 52 42 57.278445 52.7159106792 0.92006620954 These values are intermediate calculation steps for the
e
2
6.67053976E-03 formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
n 6.38852334E+06
r 6.37281931E+06 The radians value of j' and the value of M are computed using user defined functions
h
2
2.46422052E-03 To see the Visual Basic code of the functions -
M 4.13177270E+05 Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
E
t
2.51409903E+05 then view the code in "Module 1".
VII 1.61305625E-14
VIII 3.33955474E-28
IX 9.41985617E-42
X 2.58400625E-07
XI 4.69859700E-21
XII 1.61243166E-34
XIIA 6.65773163E-48
latitude N 52 39 27.253087 52.65757030181 This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.
longitude E 1 43 4.517692 1.71792158100
Easting and Northing to Latitude and Longitude
Page 16
E,N to lat,long
The radians value of j' and the value of M are computed using user defined functions
Page 17
X 3874938.850 m This is the result of the calculation
Y 116218.624 m
Z 5047168.208 m
e
2
6.6705397616E-03 These values are intermediate calculation steps for the
n 6.3910506260E+06 formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
X 3874938.850 m This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.
Y 116218.624 m To see the Visual Basic code of the functions -
Z 5047168.208 m
Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to Cartesian XYZ
Note : be aware when changing the layout of this sheet that all cell references are ABSOLUTE. This is so that function inputs can be easily identified.
' " Dec Degs
latitude N 52 39 28.723003 52.65797861194 Input
longitude E 1 42 57.787253 1.71605201472
X 3875311.465 m Output
Y 116103.234 m
Z 5047602.291 m
X 3875311.465 m Input
Y 116103.234 m See the Transformation Notes on the
Z 5047602.291 m "Constants" page for information on the
X 3874938.849 m Output limitations and accuracy of this
Y 116218.624 m transformation.
Z 5047168.210 m
X 3874938.849 m Input
Y 116218.624 m
Z 5047168.210 m
' " Dec Degs
latitude N 52 39 27.253135 52.657570315182 Output
longitude E 1 43 4.517710 1.717921586082
~ODN height 24.701 m
' " Dec Degs
latitude N 52 39 27.253135 52.657570315182 Input
longitude E 1 43 4.517710 1.717921586082
Easting 651409.903 m Output
This sheet gives an example of how the user defined functions stored in this workbook can be used.
A WGS84 lat, long and height (e.g. from a handheld GPS receiver) is converted and transformed in stages to an OSGB36 easting, northing and approx ODN height.
The results of each stage are all produced by user defined functions in single cells (i.e. there are no intermediate steps done in other cells).
The outputs of the previous stage are passed as inputs to the next stage. Other parameters used are on the right of each stage.
To see the Visual Basic code of the functions, menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor, then view the code in "Module 1".
WGS 84 to OSGB36
OSGB36 Cartesian XYZ to OSGB36 Latitude, longitude and approx ODN height
The reverse transformation from OSGB36 to WGS84 is then performed.
WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to WGS84 Cartesian XYZ
Helmert Datum Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)
OSGB36 Latitude and longitude to OSGB36 easting and northing
easting 651409.903 m Input
northing 313177.270 m
' " Dec Degs
longitude E 1 43 4.517699 1.717921583102
' " Dec Degs
latitude N 52 39 27.253095 52.65757030413 Input
longitude E 1 43 4.517699 1.71792158310
X 3874938.849 m Output
Y 116218.624 m
Z 5047168.208 m
X 3874938.849 m Input
Y 116218.624 m See the Transformation Notes on the
Z 5047168.208 m "Constants" page for information on the
X 3875311.472 m Output limitations and accuracy of this
Y 116103.230 m transformation.
Z 5047602.299 m
OSGB36 to WGS84
OSGB36 easting and northing to OSGB36 latitude and longitude
Helmert Datum Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)
OSGB36 latitude, longitude and approx ODN height to OSGB36 cartesian XYZ
X 3875311.472 m Input
Y 116103.230 m
Z 5047602.299 m
' " Dec Degs
longitude E 1 42 57.787042 1.716051956076
WGS84 Cartesian XYZ to WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height
Note : be aware when changing the layout of this sheet that all cell references are ABSOLUTE. This is so that function inputs can be easily identified.
User inputs DMS and Height. Decimal degrees and
height are the input to the user defined functions.
The DMS values are converted to decimal using
standard Excel functions
a = 6378137.000
b = 6356752.314
translation parallel to X = -446.448
translation parallel to Y = 125.157
translation parallel to Z = -542.060
scale change = 20.4894
rotation about X = -0.1502
rotation about Y = -0.2470
rotation about Z = -0.8421
The decimal degrees and height are the output of
the user defined functions.
The decimal values are converted to DMS using
a = 6377563.396
b = 6356256.910
The decimal degrees are the input to the
user defined functions.
This sheet gives an example of how the user defined functions stored in this workbook can be used.
A WGS84 lat, long and height (e.g. from a handheld GPS receiver) is converted and transformed in stages to an OSGB36 easting, northing and approx ODN height.
The results of each stage are all produced by user defined functions in single cells (i.e. there are no intermediate steps done in other cells).
The outputs of the previous stage are passed as inputs to the next stage. Other parameters used are on the right of each stage.
To see the Visual Basic code of the functions, menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor, then view the code in "Module 1".
WGS 84 to OSGB36
OSGB36 Cartesian XYZ to OSGB36 Latitude, longitude and approx ODN height
The reverse transformation from OSGB36 to WGS84 is then performed.
WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to WGS84 Cartesian XYZ
Helmert Datum Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)
OSGB36 Latitude and longitude to OSGB36 easting and northing
Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)
Ellipsoid parameters (OSGB36)
Ellipsoid parameters (WGS84)
a = 6377563.396
b = 6356256.910
f0 = 0.999601272
e0 = 400000
n0 = -100000
j
0
= 49.00000
l
0
= -2.00000
The eastings, northings and approx ODN height are
input by the user. User defined functions convert
them to dec degrees. The decimal degrees are
converted to DMS using standard Excel functions
a = 6377563.396
b = 6356256.910
f0 = 0.999601272
e0 = 400000
n0 = -100000
j
0
= 49.00000
l
0
= -2.00000
Decimal degrees and height are the input to the
user defined functions.
The DMS values are converted to decimal using
a = 6377563.396
b = 6356256.910
translation parallel to X = 446.448
translation parallel to Y = -125.157
translation parallel to Z = 542.060
scale change = -20.4894
rotation about X = 0.1502
rotation about Y = 0.2470
rotation about Z = 0.8421
Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)
Ellipsoid parameters (OSGB36)
OSGB36 to WGS84
Ellipsoid and projection parameters (OSGB36)
OSGB36 easting and northing to OSGB36 latitude and longitude
Ellipsoid and projection parameters (OSGB36)
Helmert Datum Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)
OSGB36 latitude, longitude and approx ODN height to OSGB36 cartesian XYZ
The decimal degrees and height are the output of
the user defined functions.
a = 6378137.000
b = 6356752.314
WGS84 Cartesian XYZ to WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height
Ellipsoid parameters (WGS84)
convergence from lat & long
convergence 2 57 26.556114 2.95737669840 0.051615961 This is the result of the calculation
n 6.38850233E+06 These values are intermediate calculation steps
r 6.37275644E+06
h
2
2.47081362E-03
XIII 7.95024505E-01
XIV 9.82300034E-02
XV 2.02438381E-03
convergence 2 57 26.556114 2.95737669840 This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.
Notes
Grid convergence is the angle FROM the meridian line through a point TO the North-South grid line at the same point. A positive angle is clockwise.
Grid convergence from Latitude and Longitude
Page 26
convergence from lat & long
These values are intermediate calculation steps
This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.
Page 27
convergence from E,N
Northing 313177.270
convergence 2 57 26.556148 2.957376708 0.05161596077 This is the result of the calculation
' 52 42 57.278445 52.7159106792 0.92006620954 These values are intermediate calculation steps
n 6.38852334E+06
r 6.37281931E+06 The radians value of j' is computed using a user defined function
h
2
2.46422052E-03 To see the Visual Basic code of the function -
E
t
2.51409903E+05
XVI 2.05594320E-07 then view the code in "Module 1".
XVII 4.57174659E-21
XVIII 1.60898687E-34
convergence 2 57 26.556148 2.957376708 This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.
Notes
Grid convergence from Easting and Northing
Page 28
convergence from E,N
The radians value of j' is computed using a user defined function
Page 29
local scale factor from lat,lon
factor 1.00037733 This is the result of the calculation
n 6.38850233E+06 These values are intermediate calculation steps
r 6.37275644E+06
h
2
2.47081362E-03
XIX 1.84422569E-01
XX -1.03620198E-02
factor 1.00037733 This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.
Notes
Local scale factor is the scale distortion inherent in the map projection at a point
Local scale factor from Latitude and Longitude
Page 30
local scale factor from lat,lon
Page 31
local & line sf from E,N
Northing 313177.270
factor 1.00037732 This is the result of the calculation
' " Decimal Deg Radians These values are intermediate calculation steps
' 52 42 57.278445 52.715910679 0.9200662095
n 6.38852334E+06 The radians value of j' is computed using a user defined function
r 6.37281931E+06 To see the Visual Basic code of the function -
h
2
2.46422052E-03 Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
XXI 1.22811183E-14 then view the code in "Module 1".
XXII 2.53854231E-29
factor 1.00037732 This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.
Notes
Local scale factor is the scale distortion inherent in the map projection at a point
For a long line the scale factor at the mid point should be calculated. For lines up to 30km in length this will give a result with an error not exceeding 1 to 2 ppm.
If still greater accuracy is required compute a line scale factor using Simpson's Rule as shown below.
The line scale factor between Point 1 (East1, North1) and Point 2 (East2, North2)
is the projected distance between the points divided by the true (geodesic) distance.
Line scale factor = (1/6)(F1 + 4Fm + F2)
Where F1 = scale factor at Point 1; F2 = scale factor at Point 2 and Fm = scale factor at mid point between Point 1 and Point 2.
e.g.: - 1.00037732 = Scale factor at Point 1 (East1,North1)
1.00022969 = Scale factor at Point 2 (East2,North2)
1.00030156 = Scale factor at mid point of Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
1.00030221 = Line scale factor for line between Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
Local scale factor from Easting and Northing
Page 32
local & line sf from E,N
The radians value of j' is computed using a user defined function
For a long line the scale factor at the mid point should be calculated. For lines up to 30km in length this will give a result with an error not exceeding 1 to 2 ppm.
Where F1 = scale factor at Point 1; F2 = scale factor at Point 2 and Fm = scale factor at mid point between Point 1 and Point 2.
= Scale factor at mid point of Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
= Line scale factor for line between Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
Page 33
t-T correction from E,N
Easting 651409.903
Northing 313177.270
Easting 2 626238.249
Northing 2 302646.415
(t
1 -
T
1
)
0 0 6.482943 0.00180081737 0.00003143019240
(t
2 -
T
2
)
-0 0 6.259111 -0.00173864187 -0.00003034502515
N
m
307911.8425
M 4.07911842E+05
j' 52 40 6.855171 52.66857088 0.919239974
n 6.38850630E+06
r 6.37276830E+06
XXIII 4.09374978E-15
(t
1 -
T
1
)
0 0 6.482943 0.00180081737
(t
2 -
T
2
)
-0 0 6.259111 -0.00173864187
Notes
t-T correction is the difference between true direction and projected direction due to the curving of straight lines on the projection
t-T correction from Eastings and Northings
Page 34
t-T correction from E,N
The radians value of j' and the value of M are computed using user defined functions
t-T correction is the difference between true direction and projected direction due to the curving of straight lines on the projection
Page 35
true azimuth from E,N
Easting 651409.903
Northing 313177.270
Easting 2 626238.249
Northing 2 302646.415
True Azimuth
(1 to 2) 250 15 10.839516 250.253010977 4.367739005
Grid Bearing
(1 to 2)
247 17 50.766311 247.2974351 4.316154474
C
1
2 57 26.556148 2.957376708 0.051615961
(t
1 -
T
1
) 0 0 6.482943 0.001800817 0.000031430
True Azimuth
(1 to 2) 250 15 10.839516 250.253010977
Notes
The true azimuth from one point (easting, northing) to a second point (easting 2, northing 2)
is computed by applying the convergence and t-T corrections to the grid bearing.
True Azimuth from eastings and northings
Page 36
true azimuth from E,N
Page 37

Projection and Transformation Calculations

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