'274

THEORY OF AllCIHTECTUllF.. lioOK I

drawn from anv point to a given line ;
since the i)erpentlicular CT is shorter tlutn any otii
line wliicii can he drawn from the point C to the line A I?.
9; 6. Piior. XI..
If
a liyht line be drawn touching a circumference, a radius drawn lo I,
point
of
contact will he perpendicular to the tanc/ent.
Let the line AB
{fg.
272.) touch the circumference of a circle
in a point T, the radius CT is perpendicular to the tangent AB.
For all other lines drawn from the point C to the line AB must
pass out of the circle to arrive at this line. The line CT is th-,Te-
fore the shortest which can he drawn from the point C to the line
AB, and consequently (Corol. to Prop.
39.)
is perpendicular to the
line AB.
917. Piiop. XLI. The angle formed hy a tangent and chord is
measured hy half the arc
of
that chord.
Let BTA (jfig- 273.) he a tangent and TD a chord drawn from the point of contact 1
the angle ATD is measured by half the arc TFD, and the angle BTD is measured 1
half the arc TGD. Draw the radius CT to the point of contact,
and the radius CF perpendicular to the chord TU.
The radius CF being perpendicular to the chord TD (Prop. 38.)
bisects the arc TFD. TF is therefore half the arc TFD.
In the triangle CML the angle M being a right angle, the two
remaining angles are (Prop. 22.) equal to a right angle. Where-
fore the angle C is that which the angle L wants of a right angle.
On the other side, since the radius CT is perpendicular to the tan-
gent B.\, the angle ATD is also that which the angle L wants
of a right angle. The angle ATD is therefore equal to the angle C. But tiie angle C
measured by the arc TF", consequently the angle ATD is also measured by the arc Ti
which is half of TFD. The angle BTD must tlierefore be measured by half the arc TGI
since these two halves of arcs make up half the circumference.
b
T
918. Prop. XLII. An angle at the circumference
(f
a circle is
measured by half the arc by which it is subtended.
Let CTD
(fg.
274.) be the angle at the circumference; it
has for its measure half the arc CFD by which it is sub-
tended.
Suppose a tangent passing through the point T.
Tlie three angles at T are measured by half the circumference
(Prop. 22.), but the angle ATD is measured (Prop. 41.) hy half
the arc TD, and the angle BTC by half the arc TC; conse-
quently the angle CTD must be measured by half the arc CFD, since these three halves 1
arcs make up half the circumference.
919. Pkoi". XLIIL The angle at the centre
of
a circle is double
if
the angle at the ci,
cunifereiice.
Let the angle at the circumference ADl?
(fig.275.)
and the
angle at the centre AC 15 he both subtended hy the same arc AB,
the angle ACB is d ;uble of the angle ADB.
F'or the angle ACB is measured by the arc A B, and the angle
ADB is (Prop. 42.) measured by half the same arc AB
;
the angle
ACB is therefore double of the angle A DB.
920. Prop. XLIV. Upon a given line, to describe a segment
of
a circle containing a given angle.
Let AB
(fg.
276.) be the given line and G the given angle, it is required to draw sun
a circumference of a circle through the points A and B that the angle D shall be equal 1
the angle G
For this purpose draw the lines AL, BL In such manner
that the angles A and B shall be equal to the angle G ; at the
extremities of LA, LB raise the perpendiculars AC, BC;
and from the point C in which these two perpendiculars cut
each other, with the radius CA or CB describe the circum-
ference .\DB; tlie angle D will be equal to the angle G.
Tlie angle LAB, fbrmed by the tangent AL and the chord
AB, is (Prop.
41.) measured by half the arc AFB
;
and the
angle D at the circumference is also measured (Prop.
42.) by
half the arc AFB
;
the angle D Is therefore equal to the angle
L.\B. But the angle LAB is made equal to the angle G ;
the angle D is therefore equ
to the angle G.
921. Prop. XLV. In every triangle the greater side is opposite to the greater angle, an
the greater angle to the greater side.
la the triangle ABC
(Jig. 277.), if the side AB be greater than the side AC, tl ^ angl
Fig- 274.