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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 499 OF 2011
STATE OF NCT OF DELHI Appellant(s)
Versus
SANJA Resp!n"ent(s)
with
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 2105 OF 2013
JASU#H $AVANJI SHIN%ALIA Appellant(s)
Versus
STATE OF %UJARAT AND ANOTHER Resp!n"ent(s)
CRIMINAL APPEAL NOS. 2108-2112 of 2013
MALA$HAI SHALA$HAI RA$ARI AND OTHERS Appellant(s)
Versus
STATE OF %UJARAT AND OTHERS
Resp!n"ent(s)
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.210 of 2013
#ALU$HAI DULA$HAI #HACHAR Appellant(s)
Versus
STATE OF %UJARAT AND ANOTHER Resp!n"ent(s)
&
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CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.210! of 2013
SONDA$HAI HANU$HAI $HAR'AD Appellant(s)
Versus
STATE OF %UJARAT AND ANOTHER Resp!n"ent(s)
"#$%MENT
M.&.E'BAL( ".
&( T)e pr*n+*pal ,uest*!n -)*+) ar*ses .!r +!ns*"erat*!n *n
t)ese appeals *s -)et)er t)e pr!/*s*!ns +!nta*ne" *n Se+t*!ns
0&1 00 an" !t)er se+t*!ns !. M*nes an" M*nerals (De/el!p2ent
an" Re3ulat*!n) A+t1 &456 !perate as 7ar a3a*nst pr!se+ut*!n
!. a pers!n -)! )as 7een +)ar3e" -*t) alle3at*!n -)*+)
+!nst*tutes !..en+es un"er Se+t*!n 8649&&: an" !t)er
pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e( In !t)er -!r"s1 -)et)er
t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. M*nes an" M*nerals A+t e;pl*+*tl< !r *2pl*e"l<
e;+lu"es t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. In"*an Penal C!"e -)en t)e a+t !. an
a++use" *s an !..en+e 7!t) un"er t)e In"*an Penal C!"e (*n
0
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s)!rt1 =IPC>) an" un"er t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. M*nes an" M*nerals
(De/el!p2ent an" Re3ulat*!n) A+t(
0( Cr*2*nal Appeal N!(:44 !. 0?&& ar!se !ut !. an !r"er
passe" 7< t)e Del)* H*3) C!urt !n an appl*+at*!n un"er Se+t*!n
:@0 Cr(P(C( seeA*n3 ,uas)*n3 !. t)e FIR re3*stere" at P!l*+e
Stat*!n Al*pur un"er Se+t*!ns 8649&&:9&0?$98: IPC !n t)e
alle3at*!n t)at appellant -as *n/!l/e" *n *lle3al 2*n*n3 !. san"
.r!2 t)e a2una 7as*n( An FIR -as re3*stere" 7< t)e p!l*+e
su! 2!tu )a/*n3 +!2e t! An!- t)at s!2e pers!ns -ere
re2!/*n3 an" sell*n3 san" .r!2 t)e a2una 7as*n .!r t)e last
s! 2an< "a<s( On re+e*pt !. su+) *n.!r2at*!n1 t)e p!l*+e
!..*+ers +!22*tte" ra*" an" /*s*te" t)e s*te -)ere t)e< .!un"
!ne "u2per .*lle" -*t) san"( $e+ause !. n!nBpr!"u+t*!n !. an<
"!+u2ents an" /al*" papers1 t)e "*33*n3 e,u*p2ents -ere
se*Ce" an" taAen *nt! p!ssess*!n an" pers!ns -ere arreste"(
An FIR -as re3*stere" !n t)e +)ar3es !. *lle3al 2*n*n3 un"er
Se+t*!n 8649&&: IPC 7es*"es 7e*n3 +!3n*Ca7le !..en+e un"er
Se+t*!n 0& (:) !. t)e M*nes an" M*neral (De/el!p2ent an"
Re3ulat*!n) A+t1 &456 (*n s)!rt t)e MMDR A+t)(
8
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8( T)e appellant +)allen3e" t)e re3*strat*!n !. t)e +ase !n
t)e 3r!un" *nter al*a t)at !..en+e *. at all +!22*tte"1
+!3n*Can+e -!ul" )a/e 7een taAen un"er t)e pr!/*s*!ns !.
MMDR A+t1 t)at t!! !n t)e 7as*s !. +!2pla*nt t! 7e .*le" un"er
Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e A+t 7< an aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er(
:( C)i*i+,- A../,- No.2105 of 2013
S*2*larl< t)*s +ase ar!se !ut !. an !r"er passe" 7< t)e
%uDarat H*3) C!urt !n an appl*+at*!n .*le" 7< t)e appellant
seeA*n3 ,uas)*n3 !. t)e FIR !n /ar*!us 3r!un"s *nter al*a t)at
Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e MMDR A+t put a +!2plete 7ar !n t)e
re3*strat*!n !. FIR 7< t)e p!l*+e( T)e alle3at*!n *nter al*a *n t)e
FIR -as !n *lle3al 2*n*n3 *n t)!se areas -)ere 2*n*n3 lease
-as alrea"< re/!Ae"(
5( C)i*i+,- A../,- No0. 2108-2112 of 2013
In t)ese +ases1 appellants are t)e !-ners !. Murl*")ar
St!ne In"ustr*es an" -ere 3rante" ,uarr< lease *n t)e sea2 !.
V*lla3e T)!r*-ar* .!r e;+a/at*!n !. 2*nes an" 2*nerals !n
pa<2ent !. r!<alt<( T)e appellants +)allen3e" t)e le3al*t< an"
:
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/al*"*t< !. 2*n*n3 +!2pla*nt l!"3e" 7< t)e State 3e!l!3*st
a3a*nst t)e2 .!r !..en+es un"er Se+t*!n 8649&&: !. IPC an"
un"er Se+t*!n 0& !. t)e MMDR A+t( T)e appellants s!u3)t an
appr!pr*ate -r*t !r "*re+t*!n t! ,uas) an" set as*"e t)e +r*2*nal
pr!+ee"*n3s !n t)e sa2e 3r!un" t)at Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e A+t
pr!)*7*ts re3*strat*!n !. FIR -*t) respe+t t! !..en+es pun*s)a7le
un"er t)e sa*" MMDR A+t(
E( C)i*i+,- A../,- No.210 of 2013
T)*s appeal als! ar!se !ut !. t)e !r"er passe" 7< t)e H*3)
C!urt !. %uDarat !n t)e appl*+at*!n +)allen3*n3 t)e le3al*t< an"
/al*"*t< !. +r*2*nal +!2pla*nt .*le" 7e.!re $)uD TaluAa P!l*+e
Stat*!n .!r t)e alle3e" *lle3al 2*n*n3 an" transp!rt*n3 a "u2per
l!a"e" -*t) 7la+A trap st!ne( A +!2pla*nt -as 2a"e -*t) t)e
p!l*+e .!r t)e +!22*ss*!n !. !..en+e un"er Se+t*!n 864 rea"
-*t) Se+t*!n &&: !. t)e IPC an" un"er Se+t*!n 0& !. t)e MMDR
A+t(
6( C)i*i+,- A../,- No.210! of 2013
5
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T)*s appeal als! ar!se !ut !. a +!2pla*nt .*le" 7e.!re
Sa<la P!l*+e Stat*!n 7< t)e In+)ar3e M*nes Super/*s!r1 alle3*n3
!..en+e pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!ns :(&) an" 0&(&) !. t)e MMDR
A+t( N! +)ar3e s)eet )as 7een .*le" *n t)*s +!2pla*nt s! .ar(
@( Cr*2*nal Appeal N!(:44 !. 0?&&1 as state" a7!/e1 ar!se
!ut !. t)e !r"er passe" 7< t)e Del)* H*3) C!urt( T)e Del)* H*3)
C!urt .!r2ulate" t)ree *ssues .!r +!ns*"erat*!nFB
(&) ')et)er t)e p!l*+e +!ul" )a/e re3*stere" an
FIR *n t)e +aseG
(0) ')et)er a +!3n*Can+e +an 7e taAen 7< t)e
+!n+erne" Ma3*strate !n t)e 7as*s !. p!l*+e
rep!rtG an"
(8) ')et)er a +ase !. t)e.t -as 2a"e !ut .!r
per2*tt*n3 re3*strat*!n !. an FIR un"er Se+t*!n
8649:&& !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e(
T)e H*3) C!urt a.ter re.err*n3 /ar*!us pr!/*s*!ns !n t)e MMDR
A+t /*sBHB/*s C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure "*sp!se" !. t)e
appl*+at*!n "*re+t*n3 t)e resp!n"ent t! a2en" t)e FIR1 -)*+)
-as re3*stere"1 7< +!n/ert*n3 t)e !..en+e 2ent*!ne" t)ere*n
un"er Se+t*!n 8649:&&9&0?$98: !. IPC t! Se+t*!n 0& !. t)e
MMDR A+t( T)e H*3) C!urt *n para &@ !. t)e *2pu3ne" !r"er
)el" as un"erFB
E
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I&@( In /*e- !. t)e a.!resa*" an" taA*n3 *nt!
+!ns*"erat*!n t)e pr!/*s*!ns +!nta*ne" un"er
Se+t*!n 0& (E) !. t)e sa*" A+t I )!l" t)atF
(*) T)e !..en+e un"er t)e sa*" A+t 7e*n3
+!3n*Ca7le !..en+e1 t)e P!l*+e +!ul" )a/e
re3*stere" an FIR *n t)*s +aseG
(**) H!-e/er1 s! .ar as taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e !.
!..en+e un"er t)e sa*" A+t *s +!n+erne"1 *t +an 7e
taAen 7< t)e Ma3*strate !nl< !n t)e 7as*s !. a
+!2pla*nt .*le" 7< an aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er1 -)*+)
2a< 7e .*le" al!n3 -*t) t)e p!l*+e rep!rtG
(***) S*n+e t)e !..en+e !. 2*n*n3 !. san"
-*t)!ut per2*ss*!n *s pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!n 0&
!. t)e sa*" A+t1 t)e ,uest*!n !. sa*" !..en+e 7e*n3
an !..en+e un"er Se+t*!n 864 IPC "!es n!t ar*se
7e+ause t)e sa*" A+t 2aAes *lle3al 2*n*n3 as an
!..en+e !nl< -)en t)ere *s n! per2*t9l*+en+e .!r
su+) e;tra+t*!n an" a +!2pla*nt *n t)*s re3ar" *s
.*le" 7< an aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er(J
4( On t)e !t)er )an" t)e %uDarat H*3) C!urt .!r2ulate" t)e
.!ll!-*n3 ,uest*!n .!r +!ns*"erat*!nFB
')et)er Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e A+t -!ul" "e7ar e/en
l!"3*n3 an FIR 7e.!re t)e p!l*+e -*t) respe+t t!
t)e !..en+es pun*s)a7le un"er t)e sa*" A+t an"
Rules 2a"e t)ereun"erK
In Case su+) FIR>s are n!t "e7arre" an" t)e p!l*+e
are per2*tte" t! *n/est*3ate1 +an t)e +!n+erne"
Ma3*strate taAe +!3n*Can+e !. t)e !..en+es !n a
p!l*+e rep!rtK
')at -!ul" 7e t)e e..e+t !n t)e !..en+es
pun*s)a7le un"er t)e In"*an Penal C!"e *n /*e- !.
t)e pr!/*s*!ns +!nta*ne" *n t)e A+tK
6
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&?( T)e %uDarat H*3) C!urt +a2e t! t)e .!ll!-*n3 +!n+lus*!nFB
(*) T)e !..en+e un"er t)e sa*" A+t 7e*n3
+!3n*Ca7le !..en+e1 t)e P!l*+e +!ul" )a/e
re3*stere" an FIR *n t)*s +aseG
(**) H!-e/er1 s! .ar as taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e !.
!..en+e un"er t)e sa*" A+t *s +!n+erne"1 *t +an 7e
taAen 7< t)e Ma3*strate !nl< !n t)e 7as*s !. a
+!2pla*nt .*le" 7< an aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er1 -)*+)
2a< 7e .*le" al!n3 -*t) t)e P!l*+e rep!rtG
(***) S*n+e t)e !..en+e !. 2*n*n3 !. san" -*t)!ut
per2*ss*!n *s pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!n 0& !. t)e
sa*" A+t1 t)e ,uest*!n !. sa*" !..en+e 7e*n3 an
!..en+e un"er Se+t*!n 864 IPC "!es n!t ar*se
7e+ause t)e sa*" A+t 2aAes *lle3al 2*n*n3 as an
!..en+e !nl< -)en t)ere *s n! per2*t9l*+en+e .!r
su+) e;tra+t*!n an" a +!2pla*nt *n t)*s re3ar" *s
.*le" 7< an aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er(
T)e H*3) C!urt1 t)ere.!re1 )el" t)atFB
&( Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e A+t "!es n!t pr!)*7*t
re3*ster*n3 an FIR 7< t)e p!l*+e !n *n.!r2at*!n
7e*n3 3*/en -*t) respe+t t! !..en+es pun*s)a7le
un"er t)e sa*" A+t !r t)e Rules 2a"e t)ereun"er(
0( It *s )!-e/er1 n!t !pen .!r t)e Ma3*strate t!
taAe +!3n*Can+e !. t)e !..en+e pun*s)a7le un"er
t)e A+t !r t)e Rules 2a"e t)ere un"er !n a 2ere
+)ar3eB s)eet .*le" 7< t)e p!l*+e( It -!ul"1
)!-e/er1 7e !pen .!r t)e !..*+er aut)!r*Ce" 7< t)e
state !r t)e Central %!/ern2ent *n t)*s 7e)al. t!
.*le a +!2pla*nt *n -r*t*n3 7e.!re t)e Ma3*strate
rel<*n3 up!n t)e *n/est*3at*n3 +arr*e" !ut 7< t)e
p!l*+e an" t)e +!2pla*nt 2a< als! *n+lu"e t)e
papers !. t)e p!l*+e *n/est*3at*!n(
@
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8( '*t) respe+t t! !..en+es pun*s)a7le un"er
t)e In"*an Penal C!"e1 n! su+) 7ar as *n"*+ate" *n
para (0) -!ul" appl<(
;;;;;;;
00( In s! .ar as t)e pet*t*!ns -)ere !nl< FIRs
)a/e 7een re3*stere" 7< t)e p!l*+e an" n! +)ar3e
s)eet *s .*le"1 t)e< 2ust .a*l( In s! .ar as t)e +ases
-)ere p!l*+e *n/est*3at*!n )as 7een +!n+lu"e" an"
+)ar3e s)eets )a/e 7een .*le"1 *t -!ul" n!t 7e
!pen .!r t)e Ma3*strate +!n+erne" t! taAe
+!3n*Can+e !. !..en+es !nl< !n su+) p!l*+e rep!rts(
&&( In t)e +ase !. Sengol, Charles and K. Kannan, etc.etc.
vs. State Rep. by Inspector of Police1 0?&0 Cr* LJ &6?51
0?&0(0) CTC 8E41 a s*2*lar ,uest*!n als! +a2e .!r
+!ns*"erat*!n 7e.!re t)e Ma"ras H*3) C!urt -)ere a 7at+) !.
-r*t pet*t*!ns -ere )ear" an" "*sp!se" !.( T)e alle3at*!n
2a"e a3a*nst t)e -r*t pet*t*!ner *n t)e FIR -as t)at t)e<
+!22*tte" t)e.t !. san" .r!2 r*/ers an" r*/erB7e" 7el!n3*n3 t!
t)e %!/ern2ent1 -)*+) a+t als! +!nst*tutes /*!lat*!n !. t)e
pr!/*s*!ns !. MMDR A+t( A++!r"*n3l<1 t)e< -ere pr!se+ute"
.!r t)e !..en+e pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!n 0& !. t)e MMDR A+t
an" als! un"er Se+t*!n 864 IPC( T)e ,uest*!n t)at +a2e .!r
+!ns*"erat*!n 7e.!re t)e C!urt -as as t! -)et)er t)e
4
Page 10
pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e M*nes an" M*nerals (De/el!p2ent an"
Re3ulat*!n) A+t1 &4561 -*ll e*t)er e;pl*+*tl< !r *2pl*e"l< e;+lu"e
t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e -)en t)e a+t !. an
a++use" *s an !..en+e 7!t) un"er t)e In"*an Penal C!"e an"
un"er t)e Pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e M*nes an" M*nerals (De/el!p2ent
an" Re3ulat*!n) A+t1 &456K
&0( A.ter +!ns*"er*n3 /ar*!us pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t1 t)e
D*/*s*!n $en+) !7ser/e"FB
I85( A +urs!r< +!2par*s!n !. t)ese t-! pr!/*s*!ns
-*t) Se+t*!n 86@ !. IPC -!ul" 3! t! s)!- t)at t)e
*n3re"*ents are t!tall< "*..erent( T)e +!ntra/ent*!n
!. t)e ter2s an" +!n"*t*!ns !. 2*n*n3 lease1 et+(
+!nst*tutes an !..en+e pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!n
0& !. t)e M*nes an" M*nerals A+t1 -)ereas
"*s)!nestl< taA*n3 an< 2!/a7le pr!pert< !ut !.
t)e p!ssess*!n !. a pers!n -*t)!ut )*s +!nsent
+!nst*tutes t)e.t( T)us1 *t *s un"!u7te"l< +lear t)at
t)e *n3re"*ents !. an !..en+e !. t)e.t as "e.*ne" *n
Se+t*!n 86@ !. IPC are t!tall< "*..erent .r!2 t)e
*n3re"*ents !. an !..en+e pun*s)a7le un"er
Se+t*!n 0&(&) r9- Se+t*!n :(&) an" :(&A) !. t)e
M*nes an" M*nerals A+t(J
&8( T)e Cal+utta H*3) C!urt *n t)e +ase !. Smt. Seema
Sarkar vs. The State, (&445)& CALLT 45(HC)1 )as taAen a
"*..erent /*e-( In t)*s +ase t)e $l!+A Lan" Re.!r2s O..*+er
l!"3e" a +!2pla*nt -*t) t)e P!l*+e Stat*!n alle3*n3 inter alia
&?
Page 11
t)at t)e a++use" pers!ns unaut)!r*se"l< e;+a/ate" t)e lan" !.
!r"*nar< +la< .!r 2anu.a+tur*n3 7r*+A -*t)!ut an aut)!r*Ce"
l*+en+e an" t)ere7< /*!late" Se+t*!n 0&(0) !. t)e MMDR A+t
an" Se+t*!n 864 IPC( T)e $)atar p!l*+e stat*!n re3*stere" t)e
+!2pla*nt treat*n3 *t as an FIR an" %R +ase -as starte" 7e.!re
t)e su7B"*/*s*!nal Du"*+*al Ma3*strate1 Far*"a7a"( T)e !r"er
taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e an" als! t)e +!2pla*nt -as +)allen3e" 7<
t)e a++use" pers!ns !n t)e 3r!un" inter alia t)at n! +!urt *s
+!2petent an" e2p!-ere" t! taAe +!3n*Can+e !. an !..en+e
un"er t)e MMDR A+t1 &456 unless t)e +!2pla*nt *s 7e*n3
l!"3e" 7< an aut)!r*Ce" pers!n( Luas)*n3 t)e +!2pla*nt1 t)e
Cal+utta H*3) C!urt )el" as un"erFB
IE( T)e learne" Ma3*strate )as taAen +!3n*Can+e
!.( t)e !..en+e !n t)e 7as*s !. t)e +)ar3eBs)eet as
su72*tte" 7< t)e P!l*+e un"er Se+t*!n 0&(0) !. t)e
M*nes an" M*nerals (Re3ulat*!n an" De/el!p2ent)
A+t1 &456 an" Se+t*!n 864 !. t)e In"*an Penal
C!"e( C!3n*Can+e +an 7e taAen un"er se+t*!n &4?
!. t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure1 &468(
C!3n*Can+e *s !ne an" *t +ann!t 7e "*/*"e"(
Spl*tt*n3 !. +!3n*Can+e *s n!t per2*ss*7le un"er
t)e la-( T)*s *s t)e a"2*tte" p!s*t*!n t)at t)e
+!2pla*nant -)! l!"3e" t)e +!2pla*nt *s n!t an
aut)!r*Ce" pers!n t! 2aAe su+) +!2pla*nt( S!
taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e !n t)e 7as*s !. t)e +!2pla*nt
7< t)e learne" Ma3*strate .!r /*!lat*!n !. t)e
pr!/*s*!n un"er Se+t*!n 0&(0) !. t)e M*nes an"
M*nerals (Re3ulat*!n an" De/el!p2ent) A+t1 &456
&&
Page 12
*s 7a"( T)e !nl< ,uest*!n t)at *s le.t !pen *s
-)et)er taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e *tsel. *s 7a" !r a part*al
+!3n*Can+e +an 7e taAenK In t)e pe+ul*ar*t< !. t)e
.a+ts an" +*r+u2stan+es !. t)e +ase *. t)e !..en+e
as alle3e" un"er Se+t*!n 864 I(P(C( a3a*nst t)e
a++use" *s "*ss!+*ate" .r!2 t)e alle3at*!n !.
e;+a/at*!n !. eart) -*t)!ut l*+ense +!nst*tut*n3 an
!..en+e un"er Se+t*!n 0&(0) !. t)e M*nes an"
M*nerals (Re3ulat*!n an" De/el!p2ent) A+t1 &4561
t)en t)ere *s n! *n3re"*ent .!r an !..en+e un"er
Se+t*!n 864 I(P(C( a3a*nst t)e a++use"( E/en *. *t *s
assu2e" t)at t)ere *s su+) an *n3re"*ent t)en t)e
!r"er !. taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e *s 7a" 7e+ause
+!3n*Can+e *s !ne an" *t +ann!t 7e 2a"e a spl*t( I.
*t *s .!un" t)at taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e !. an !..en+e *s
7a" t)e !t)er part !. t)e !..en+e .!r -)*+)
+!3n*Can+e )as 7een taAen +ann!t 7e susta*ne" *n
la-(J
&:( S*n+e +!n.l*+t*n3 /*e-s )a/e 7een taAen 7< %uDarat H*3)
C!urt1 Del)* H*3) C!urt1 #erala H*3) C!urt1 Cal+utta H*3)
C!urt1 Ma"ras H*3) C!urt an" J)arA)an" H*3) C!urt1 an" t)e<
are *n "*..erent t!nes1 *t *s ne+essar< t! settle t)e ,uest*!n
*n/!l/e" *n t)ese appeals(
&5( Mr( N*A)*l %!el learne" +!unsel appear*n3 *n Cr*2*nal
Appeal N!s( 0&?51 0&?E an" 0&?6 !. 0?&8 assa*le" t)e
*2pu3ne" !r"er !. t)e H*3) +!urt !n /ar*!us 3r!un"s( Learne"
+!unsel .*rstl< +!nten"e" t)at Se+t*!n 00 !. MMDR A+t per se
&0
Page 13
puts a 7ar e/en !n re3*strat*!n !. t)e FIR an" +!nse,uentl< !n
*n/est*3at*!n unless a "*re+t*!n t! t)at e..e+t +!2es .r!2 t)e
Ma3*strate an" t)at t!! !n a +!2pla*nt *n -r*t*n3 2a"e 7< a
pers!n aut)!r*Ce" *n t)*s 7e)al.( Learne" +!unsel +!nten"e"
t)at Se+t*!n 0&(E) !. t)e A+t 2aAes t)e !..en+e un"er su7B
se+t*!n & !. Se+t*!n 0& t! 7e +!3n*Ca7le *rrespe+t*/e !.
an<t)*n3 +!nta*ne" t! t)e +!ntrar< *n t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal
Pr!+e"ure( Learne" +!unsel +!nten"e" t)at 7!t) Se+t*!n
0&(E) an" Se+t*!n 00 *. rea" *n"epen"entl< !n ea+) !t)er
-!ul" 2aAe t)e !t)er pr!/*s*!n !t*!se( As a result1 t)e 7ar
un"er Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e A+t -!ul" n!t !nl< pre/a*l up!n t)e
pr!/*s*!ns +!nta*ne" *n Se+t*!n &4?1 Cr(P(C( 7ut -!ul" pre/a*l
!/er t)e +)apter !. t)e *n/est*3at*!n1 na2el< C)apter &0
Cr(P(C(
&E( Learne" +!unsel .urt)er su72*tte" t)at *n +ase t)e
+!3n*Ca7*l*t< !. t)e !..en+e +!nta*ne" *n su7B+lause E !.
Se+t*!n 0& *s t! 7e e;ten"e" t! *n+lu"e appl*+a7*l*t< !. C)apter
&0 !. t)e Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure C!"e1 -*t)!ut +!2pl<*n3 -*t) t)e
&8
Page 14
pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!n 001 t)e sa2e -!ul" present at least t)ree
"*..*+ult*es( F*rstl<1 t)ere are se/eral pr!/*s*!ns a.ter t)e sta3e
!. .*l*n3 !. +)ar3eBs)eet -)*+) -!ul" 7e +!ntrar< t! t)e
pr!/*s*!ns an" t)e rules +!nta*ne" *n t)e &456 A+t( T)ese
pr!/*s*!ns *n t)e a+t an" t)e rules .ra2e" un"er t)e &456
le3*slat*!n *nes+apa7l< *n"*+ate t)at al2!st e/er<t)*n3 relat*n3
t! an !..en+e un"er t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!n 0& )as t! 7e
"!ne 7< t)e aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er( A++!r"*n3l<1 *. t)e pr!/*s*!ns
!. Se+t*!n 0&(E) are t! 7e e;ten"e" t! C)apter &01 -)*le t)e
p!l*+e 2a< re3*ster an FIR1 t)e p!-er t! se*Ce1 t)e p!-er t!
+!2p!un"1 t)e re,u*re2ent !. taA*n3 "*re+t*!ns .r!2 t)e
Dur*s"*+t*!nal 2a3*strate are e;a2ples !. s!2e t)*n3s -)*+)
t)e p!l*+e +ann!t "! *n /*e- !. "*re+t +!ntrar< t! t)e pr!/*s*!ns
*n t)e &456 A+t( Learne" +!unsel su72*tte" t)at t)*s p!-er !. t)e
p!l*+e *s e,u*/alent t! t)e sa2e p!-er9"ut< -)*+) ar*ses pursuant t! an
!r"er !. t)e Ma3*strate un"er Se+t*!n &5E M8N( T)ere -!ul" "e.*n*tel< 7e
+ases -)ere !..en+es pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!n 0? -ere 7r!u3)t t! t)e
n!t*+e !. pers!ns -)! -ere ne*t)er aut)!r*Ce" pers!n un"er t)e A+t n!r
t)e p!l*+e( T)ere.!re *n su+) a s*tuat*!n1 *. t)e p!l*+e .a*ls t! a+t1 t)e
!t)er !pt*!n a/a*la7le t! an< pers!n *s t! 2aAe an appl*+at*!n un"er
&:
Page 15
Se+t*!n &5E M8N( H!-e/er1 *n t)*s +ase1 t)e learne" Ma3*strate )as n!
Dur*s"*+t*!n t! pass an !r"er un"er t)*s pr!/*s*!n *n /*e- !. para3rap) &&(
T)ere.!re1 *t -*ll 7e a +!2pletel< *n+!n3ru!us s*tuat*!n *. t)e
pr!/*s*!ns !. su7B+lause E !. Se+t*!n 0& are t! 7e e;ten"e" t!
C)apter &0 "esp*te -)*+) se/eral pr!/*s*!ns *n C)apter &0
+ann!t 7e *n/!Ae"(
&6( Learne" +!unsel .urt)er su72*tte" t)at t)e pr!/*s*!ns !.
C)apter &0 t! &: lea"*n3 up t! t)e 2a3*strate taA*n3
+!3n*Can+e !. an !..en+e are a part !. a +!22!n statut!r<
"ut<( T)e *n/est*3at*!n un"er Se+t*!n &5E !. t)e C!"e )as t!
ne+essar*l< result *n a rep!rt e*t)er un"er Se+t*!n &6? !r &68 !.
t)e C!"e( T)e appellant su72*ts t)at t)e 2a3*strate *s "ut<
7!un" t! a+t !n su+) rep!rt *n !ne !. t)e t)ree 2anners
su33este" *n paraBE !. &4@? (:) SCC E8&( It *s su72*tte" t)at
t)ere *s n! !t)er !pt*!n !. preparat*!n !. .*nal rep!rt an" Aeep
*t *n a7e<an+e( F!r t)*s reas!n as -ell1 t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. su7B
se+t*!n (E) +ann!t 7e rea" *nt! C)apter &0 !. t)e +!"e(
Learne" +!unsel .urt)er su72*tte" t)at t)e 2anner *n -)*+)
&5
Page 16
t)e /ar*!us )*3) +!urts )a/e "ealt -*t) t)ese pr!/*s*!ns are
+!n.l*+t*n3( T)e appellant rel*es up!n t)e "e+*s*!n !. #erala
H*3) C!urt rep!rte" *n 0??@ Cr.L(J. 08@@1 "e+*s*!n !. Ma"ras H*3)
C!urt *n Sen3!l (supra)1 t)e Du"32ents !. t)*s C!urt rep!rte" *n (0??4) 6
SCC 50E an" (0?&&) & SCC 58: !n t)e *nterpretat*!n !. s*2*lar +lauses
un"er "*..erent ena+t2ents( It -as +!nten"e" t)at *. t)e *ntent*!n !. t)e
Le3*slature -as t! 2aAe /*!lat*!n !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!n : !. t)e
MMDR A+t as an !..en+e !. t)e.t1 t)ere -!ul" )a/e 7een an appr!pr*ate
pr!/*s*!n *n t)e MMDR A+t *tsel.( T)e +!unsel su72*ts t)at t)ere *s a
spe+*.*+ purp!se .!r -)*+) p!-ers )a/e 7een 3*/en t! t)e aut)!r*Ce"
pers!n t! taAe +are !. 7rea+)es un"er t)e A+t an" as su+) 7rea+)es are
t! 7e tr*e" un"er t)e 3eneral penal la- as *t -!ul" taAe a-a< t)e
pr!te+t*!n -)*+) an a++use"9suspe+t )as 7een 3*/en un"er t)e MMDR
A+t( T)e appellant su72*ts t)at all penal statutes )a/e t! 7e +!nstrue"
str*+tl< an" -)ere/er t)ere are t-! /*e-s p!ss*7le1 7ene.*t t! an a++use"
)as t! 7e 3*/en(
&@( $e.!re ans-er*n3 t)e ,uest*!n1 -e s)all .*rst re.er *n 7r*e.
t)e rele/ant pr!/*s*!ns !. M*nes an" M*nerals (De/el!p2ent
an" Re3ulat*!n) A+t1 &456 an" C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure(
Se+t*!n : !. t)e A+t puts a restr*+t*!n !n 2*n*n3 !perat*!n !r
&E
Page 17
pr!spe+t*n3 2*n*n3 !perat*!n 7< an< pers!n e;+ept un"er a
lease !r l*+en+e( Se+t*!n : rea"s as un"erFB
14. P)o0./2ti+3 o) *i+i+3 o./),tio+0 to 4/
5+6/) -i2/+2/ o) -/,0/( (&) N! pers!n s)all
un"ertaAe an< re+!nna*ssan+e1 pr!spe+t*n3 !r
2*n*n3 !perat*!ns *n an< area1 e;+ept un"er an" *n
a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e ter2s an" +!n"*t*!ns !. a
re+!nna*ssan+e per2*t !r !. a pr!spe+t*n3 l*+en+e !r1
as t)e +ase 2a< 7e1 a 2*n*n3 lease1 3rante" un"er
t)*s A+t an" t)e rules 2a"e t)ereun"erF
Pr!/*"e" t)at n!t)*n3 *n t)*s su7Bse+t*!n s)all a..e+t
an< pr!spe+t*n3 !r 2*n*n3 !perat*!ns un"ertaAen *n
an< area *n a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e ter2s an"
+!n"*t*!ns !. a pr!spe+t*n3 l*+en+e !r 2*n*n3 lease
3rante" 7e.!re t)e +!22en+e2ent !. t)*s A+t -)*+)
*s *n .!r+e at su+) +!22en+e2ent(
Pr!/*"e" .urt)er t)at n!t)*n3 *n t)*s su7Bse+t*!n s)all
appl< t! an< pr!spe+t*n3 !perat*!ns un"ertaAen 7<
t)e %e!l!3*+al Sur/e< !. In"*a1 t)e In"*an $ureau !.
M*nes1 t)e At!2*+ M*nerals D*re+t!rate .!r
E;pl!rat*!n an" Resear+) !. t)e Depart2ent !.
At!2*+ Ener3< !. t)e Central %!/ern2ent1 t)e
D*re+t!rates !. M*n*n3 an" %e!l!3< !. an< State
%!/ern2ent (7< -)ate/er na2e +alle")1 an" t)e
M*neral E;pl!rat*!n C!rp!rat*!n L*2*te"1 a
%!/ern2ent C!2pan< -*t)*n t)e 2ean*n3 !. Se+t*!n
E&6 !. t)e C!2pan*es A+t1 &45E(
Pr!/*"e" als! t)at n!t)*n3 *n t)*s su7Bse+t*!n s)all
appl< t! an< 2*n*n3 lease (-)et)er +alle" 2*n*n3
lease1 2*n*n3 +!n+ess*!n !r 7< an< !t)er na2e) *n
.!r+e *22e"*atel< 7e.!re t)e +!22en+e2ent !. t)*s
A+t *n t)e Un*!n Terr*t!r< !. %!a1 Da2an an" D*u(
(&A) N! pers!n s)all transp!rt !r st!re !r +ause t! 7e
transp!rte" !r st!re" an< 2*neral !t)er-*se t)an *n
a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)*s A+t an" t)e
rules 2a"e t)ereun"er(

(0) N! re+!nna*ssan+e per2*t1 pr!spe+t*n3 l*+en+e !r
2*n*n3 lease s)all 7e 3rante" !t)er-*se t)an *n
&6
Page 18
a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)*s A+t an" t)e
rules 2a"e t)ereun"er(
(8) An< State %!/ern2ent 2a<1 a.ter pr*!r
+!nsultat*!n -*t) t)e Central %!/ern2ent an" *n
a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e rules 2a"e un"er Se+t*!n &@1
un"ertaAe re+!nna*ssan+e1 pr!spe+t*n3 !r 2*n*n3
!perat*!ns -*t) respe+t t! an< 2*neral spe+*.*e" *n
t)e F*rst S+)e"ule *n an< area -*t)*n t)at State -)*+)
*s n!t alrea"< )el" un"er an< re+!nna*ssan+e per2*t1
pr!spe+t*n3 l*+en+e !r 2*n*n3 lease(J
&4( Fr!2 a 7are perusal !. Se+t*!n :1 part*+ularl< Se+t*!n
:(&A) -!ul" s)!- t)at t)ere *s a t!tal restr*+t*!n !n
transp!rtat*!n !r sear+) !. 2*nerals !t)er-*se t)an *n
a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t an" t)e rules 2a"e
t)ereun"er( T)e ne;t rele/ant pr!/*s*!ns are Se+t*!ns 0& an"
00 !. t)e A+t( Se+t*!n 0& rea"s as un"er FB
1P/+,-ti/0 21. (&) ')!e/er +!ntra/enes t)e
pr!/*s*!ns !. su7Bse+t*!n (&) !r su7Bse+t*!n (&A) !.
se+t*!n : s)all 7e pun*s)e" -*t) *2pr*s!n2ent .!r a
ter2 -)*+) 2a< e;ten" t! t-! <ears1 !r -*t) .*ne
-)*+) 2a< e;ten" t! t-ent<B.*/e t)!usan" rupees1 !r
-*t) 7!t)(
(0) An< rule 2a"e un"er an< pr!/*s*!n !. t)*s A+t
2a< pr!/*"e t)at an< +!ntra/ent*!n t)ere!. s)all 7e
pun*s)a7le -*t) *2pr*s!n2ent .!r a ter2 -)*+) 2a<
e;ten" t! !ne <ear !r -*t) .*ne -)*+) 2a< e;ten" t!
.*/e t)!usan" rupees1 !r -*t) 7!t)1 an" *n t)e +ase !.
a +!nt*nu*n3 +!ntra/ent*!n1 -*t) an a""*t*!nal .*ne
-)*+) 2a< e;ten" t! .*/e )un"re" rupees .!r e/er<
"a< "ur*n3 -)*+) su+) +!ntra/ent*!n +!nt*nues a.ter
+!n/*+t*!n .!r t)e .*rst su+) +!ntra/ent*!n(
(8) ')ere an< pers!n trespasses *nt! an< lan" *n
+!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. su7Bse+t*!n (&) !.
se+t*!n :1 su+) trespasser 2a< 7e ser/e" -*t) an
&@
Page 19
!r"er !. e/*+t*!n 7< t)e State %!/ern2ent !r an<
aut)!r*t< aut)!r*se" *n t)*s 7e)al. 7< t)at
%!/ern2ent an" t)e State %!/ern2ent !r su+)
aut)!r*se" aut)!r*t< 2a<1 *. ne+essar<1 !7ta*n t)e
)elp !. t)e p!l*+e t! e/*+t t)e trespasser .r!2 t)e
lan"(
(:) ')ene/er an< pers!n ra*ses1 transp!rts !r
+auses t! 7e ra*se" !r transp!rte"1 -*t)!ut an<
la-.ul aut)!r*t<1 an< 2*neral .r!2 an< lan"1 an"1 .!r
t)at purp!se1 uses an< t!!l1 e,u*p2ent1 /e)*+le !r
an< !t)er t)*n31 su+) 2*neral1 t!!l1 e,u*p2ent1
/e)*+le !r an< !t)er t)*n3 s)all 7e l*a7le t! 7e se*Ce"
7< an !..*+er !r aut)!r*t< spe+*all< e2p!-ere" *n t)*s
7e)al.(
(:A) An< 2*neral1 t!!l1 e,u*p2ent1 /e)*+le !r an<
!t)er t)*n3 se*Ce" un"er su7Bse+t*!n (:)1 s)all 7e
l*a7le t! 7e +!n.*s+ate" 7< an !r"er !. t)e +!urt
+!2petent t! taAe +!3n*Can+e !. t)e !..en+e un"er
su7Bse+t*!n (&) an" s)all 7e "*sp!se" !. *n
a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e "*re+t*!ns !. su+) +!urt(
(5) ')ene/er an< pers!n ra*ses1 -*t)!ut an<
la-.ul aut)!r*t<1 an< 2*neral .r!2 an< lan"1 t)e State
%!/ern2ent 2a< re+!/er .r!2 su+) pers!n t)e
2*neral s! ra*se"1 !r1 -)ere su+) 2*neral )as alrea"<
7een "*sp!se" !.1 t)e pr*+e t)ere!.1 an" 2a< als!
re+!/er .r!2 su+) pers!n1 rent1 r!<alt< !r ta;1 as t)e
+ase 2a< 7e1 .!r t)e per*!" "ur*n3 -)*+) t)e lan"
-as !++up*e" 7< su+) pers!n -*t)!ut an< la-.ul
aut)!r*t<(
(E) N!t-*t)stan"*n3 an<t)*n3 +!nta*ne" *n t)e
C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure1 &4681 an !..en+e un"er
su7Bse+t*!n (&) s)all 7e +!3n*Ca7le(J
0?( Se+t*!n 0& *s a penalt< pr!/*s*!n *n +ase !. +!ntra/ent*!n
!. Se+t*!n :(&A) !. t)e A+t an" *s pun*s)a7le -*t) *2pr*s!n2ent
&4
Page 20
.!r a ter2 -)*+) 2a< e;ten" t! t-! <ears( Su7Bse+t*!n 8 !.
Se+t*!n 0& -!ul" s)!- t)at t)e State %!/ern2ent !r an< !t)er
aut)!r*t< aut)!r*Ce" 7< t)e State %!/ern2ent 2a< !7ta*n t)e
)elp !. p!l*+e t! e/*+t t)e trespassers .r!2 t)e lan" -)! *s
"!*n3 2*n*n3 a+t*/*t< *n +!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e
A+t( Su7Bse+t*!n : .urt)er e2p!-ere" t)e !..*+er !r an
aut)!r*t< spe+*all< e2p!-ere" *n t)*s 7e)al. t! se*Ce an< t!!l1
e,u*p2ent1 /e)*+le !r an< !t)er t)*n3 -)*+) are use" 7< an<
pers!n -)! *lle3all< !r -*t)!ut an< la-.ul aut)!r*t< erases1
transp!rts an< 2*nerals .r!2 an< lan"( T)!se 2*nerals1 t!!ls1
e,u*p2ent !r /e)*+le !r an< !t)er t)*n3 s! se*Ce" s)all 7e
+!n.*s+ate" 7< t)e !r"er !. t)e +!urt +!2petent t! taAe
+!3n*Can+e an" s)all 7e "*sp!se" !. *n a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e
"*re+t*!n !. su+) +!urt as +!nte2plate" un"er su7Bse+t*!n :(A)
!. Se+t*!n : !. t)e A+t( Su7Bse+t*!n (E) !. Se+t*!n 0& )as 7een
*nserte" 7< an A2en"2ent A+t !. &4@E -)ere7< an !..en+e
un"er Su7Bse+t*!n (&) !. t)*s Se+t*!n )as 7een 2a"e
+!3n*Ca7le( Se+t*!n 00 -)*+) *s /er< rele/ant .!r t)e *nstant
+ase nee"s t! 7e ,u!te" )ere*n7el!- FB
0?
Page 21
I22. Co3+i7,+2/ of off/+2/0
N! +!urt s)all taAe +!3n*Can+e !. an< !..en+e
pun*s)a7le un"er t)*s A+t !r an< rules 2a"e
t)ereun"er e;+ept up!n +!2pla*nt *n -r*t*n3 2a"e
7< a pers!n aut)!r*se" *n t)*s 7e)al. 7< t)e Central
%!/ern2ent !r t)e State %!/ern2ent(J
0&( Rea"*n3 t)e a.!resa*" pr!/*s*!n -!ul" s)!- t)at
+!3n*Can+e !. an< !..en+e pun*s)a7le un"er t)e A+t !r t)e
Rules 2a"e t)ereun"er s)all 7e taAen !nl< up!n a -r*tten
+!2pla*nt 2a"e 7< a pers!n aut)!r*Ce" *n t)*s 7e)al. 7< t)e
Central %!/ern2ent !r t)e State %!/ern2ent(
00( Se+t*!n 08($) +!n.ers p!-er t! an< 3aCette" !..*+er !. t)e
Central !r State %!/ern2ent aut)!r*Ce" !n t)at 7e)al. t! 2aAe
sear+) !. 2*nerals1 "!+u2ents !r t)*n3s *n +ase t)ere *s a
reas!n t! 7el*e/e t)at an< 2*neral )as 7een ra*se" *n
+!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e A+t !r t)e Rules 2a"e t)ereun"er( ')*le
2aA*n3 sear+) pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!n &?? !. C!"e !. Cr*2*nal
Pr!+e"ure )as 7een 2a"e appl*+a7le t! e/er< sear+)(
I23B. Pow/) to 0/,)2h --( I. an< 3aCette" !..*+er
!. t)e Central !r a State %!/ern2ent aut)!r*se" 7<
t)e Central %!/ern2ent M!r a State %!/ern2ent1 as
t)e +ase 2a< 7e1 *n t)*s 7e)al. 7< 3eneral !r
spe+*al !r"er )as reas!n t! 7el*e/e t)at an< 2*neral
0&
Page 22
)as 7een ra*se" *n +!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns
!. t)*s A+t !r rules 2a"e t)ereun"er !r an<
"!+u2ent !r t)*n3 *n relat*!n t! su+) 2*neral *s
se+rete" *n an< pla+e M!r /e)*+le1N )e 2a< sear+)
.!r su+) 2*neral1 "!+u2ent !r t)*n3 an" t)e
pr!/*s*!ns !. se+t*!n &?? !. t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal
Pr!+e"ure1 &468 s)all appl< t! e/er< su+) sear+)(J
08( In e;er+*se !. p!-ers +!n.erre" 7< Se+t*!n 08(C)(&) !. t)e
MMDR A+t1 t)e %!/ern2ent !. %uDarat 2a"e rules +alle"
%uDarat M*neral (Pre/ent*!n !. Ille3al M*n*n31 Transp!rtat*!n
an" St!ra3e) Rules1 0??5( T)e sa*" Rules1 *nter al*a1 2a"e
pr!/*s*!ns t! sear+)1 se*Cure an" +!n.*s+at*!n !. t)e pr!pert< *n
t)e 2anner pr!/*"e" un"er t)e A+t as an" -)en a pers!n
/*!lates t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t an" t)e Rules 2a"e
t)ereun"er *n "!*n3 2*n*n3 a+t*/*t*es(
0:( L!!A*n3 *nt! t)e pr!/*s*!ns t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal
Pr!+e"ure1 &468 t)e rele/ant pr!/*s*!ns nee" t! 7e re.erre"
)ereun"er( Se+t*!n 0(+)1 0(") an" 0()) "e.*ne +!3n*Ca7le
!..en+e1 +!2pla*nt an" *n/est*3at*!n -)*+) rea"s as un"er FB
I0(+) I+!3n*Ca7le !..en+eJ 2eans an !..en+e .!r
-)*+)1 an" I+!3n*Ca7le +aseJ 2eans a +ase *n
-)*+)1 a p!l*+e !..*+er 2a<1 *n a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e
00
Page 23
F*rst S+)e"ule !r un"er an< !t)er la- .!r t)e t*2e
7e*n3 *n .!r+e1 arrest -*t)!ut -arrantG
0(") I+!2pla*ntJ 2eans an< alle3at*!n 2a"e
!rall< !r *n -r*t*n3 t! a Ma3*strate1 -*t) a /*e- t!
)*s taA*n3 a+t*!n un"er t)*s C!"e1 t)at s!2e
pers!n1 -)et)er An!-n !r unAn!-n1 )as
+!22*tte" an !..en+e1 7ut "!es n!t *n+lu"e a
p!l*+e rep!rt(
0()) I*n/est*3at*!nJ *n+lu"es all t)e pr!+ee"*n3s
un"er t)*s C!"e .!r t)e +!lle+t*!n !. e/*"en+e
+!n"u+te" 7< a p!l*+e !..*+er !r 7< an< pers!n
(!t)er t)an a Ma3*strate) -)! *s aut)!r*Ce" 7< a
Ma3*strate *n t)*s 7e)al.GJ
05( Se+t*!n : pr!/*"es t)at all !..en+es un"er t)e In"*an Penal
C!"e s)all 7e *n/est*3ate"1 *n,u*re" *nt!1 tr*e" an" !t)er-*se
"ealt -*t) a++!r"*n3 t! t)e pr!/*s*!ns +!nta*ne" *n t)e sa*"
C!"e( Su7Bse+t*!n (0) !. Se+t*!n : pr!/*"es t)at all !..en+es
un"er an< !t)er la- s)all 7e *n,u*re" *nt!1 tr*e" an" !t)er-*se
"ealt -*t) a++!r"*n3 t! t)e sa2e pr!/*s*!ns 7ut su7De+t t! an<
ena+t2ent re3ulat*n3 t)e 2*n*n3 !r pla+e !. *n/est*3at*!n1
*n,u*r< !r tr*al !. su+) !..en+es( C!2*n3 t! t)e pr!/*s*!ns !.
Se+t*!n :& !. t)e C!"e1 *t -*ll s)!- t)at a p!l*+e !..*+er -*t)!ut
an !r"er !. Ma3*strate an" -arrant +an arrest an< pers!n -)!
+!22*ts a +!3n*Ca7le !..en+e( T)e C!urt 2a< als! arrest an<
pers!n a3a*nst -)!2 a reas!na7le +!2pla*nt )as 7een 2a"e
08
Page 24
!r +re"*7le *n.!r2at*!n )as 7een re+e*/e" !r a reas!na7le
susp*+*!n e;*st t)at )e )as +!22*tte" a +!3n*Ca7le !..en+e
pun*s)a7le -*t) *2pr*s!n2ent .!r a ter2 -)*+) 2a"e less t)an
se/en <ears( T)e rele/ant part !. Se+t*!n :&1 Cr(P(C( *s ,u!te"
)ere*n7el!-FB
I41. 8h/+ .o-i2/ *,9 ,))/0t witho5t
w,)),+t .-
(&) An< p!l*+e !..*+er 2a< -*t)!ut an !r"er
.r!2 a Ma3*strate an" -*t)!ut a -arrant1 arrest
an< pers!nO
(a) -)! +!22*ts1 *n t)e presen+e !. a p!l*+e
!..*+er1 a +!3n*Ca7le !..en+eG
(7) a3a*nst -)!2 a reas!na7le +!2pla*nt )as
7een 2a"e1 !r +re"*7le *n.!r2at*!n )as 7een
re+e*/e"1 !r a reas!na7le susp*+*!n e;*sts t)at
)e )as +!22*tte" a +!3n*Ca7le !..en+e
pun*s)a7le -*t) *2pr*s!n2ent .!r a ter2 -)*+)
2a< 7e less t)an se/en <ears !r -)*+) 2a<
e;ten" t! se/en <ears -)et)er -*t) !r -*t)!ut
.*ne1 *. t)e .!ll!-*n3 +!n"*t*!ns are sat*s.*e"1
na2el<FB
(*) t)e p!l*+e !..*+er )as reas!n t! 7el*e/e !n
t)e 7as*s !. su+) +!2pla*nt1 *n.!r2at*!n1 !r
susp*+*!n t)at su+) pers!n )as +!22*tte" t)e
sa*" !..en+eG
(**) t)e p!l*+e !..*+er *s sat*s.*e" t)at su+) arrest
*s ne+essar<B
(a) t! pre/ent su+) pers!n .r!2 +!22*tt*n3
an< .urt)er !..en+eG !r
(7) .!r pr!per *n/est*3at*!n !. t)e !..en+eG !r
(+) t! pre/ent su+) pers!n .r!2 +aus*n3 t)e
e/*"en+e !. t)e !..en+e t! "*sappear !r
ta2per*n3 -*t) su+) e/*"en+e *n an< 2annerG
!r
(") t! pre/ent su+) pers!n .r!2 2aA*n3 an<
*n"u+e2ent1 t)reat !r pr!2*se t! an<
pers!n a+,ua*nte" -*t) t)e .a+ts !. t)e +ase s!
0:
Page 25
as t! "*ssua"e )*2 .r!2 "*s+l!s*n3 su+) .a+ts
t! t)e C!urt !r t! t)e p!l*+e !..*+erG !r
(e) as unless su+) pers!n *s arreste"1 )*s
presen+e *n t)e C!urt -)ene/er re,u*re"
+ann!t 7e ensure"1
an" t)e p!l*+e !..*+er s)all re+!r" -)*le 2aA*n3
su+) arrest1 )*s reas!ns *n -r*t*n3(
((J
0E( C)apter && !. t)e C!"e +!n.ers /er< *2p!rtant p!-er an"
"ut< up!n t)e p!l*+e !..*+er t! taAe pre/ent*/e a+t*!n *n +erta*n
+ases( Se+t*!ns &:41 &5?1 &5& an" &50 !. t)e C!"e are -!rt)
t! 7e re.erre" t! an" ,u!te" )ere*n7el!- FB
1149. Po-i2/ to .)/:/+t 2o3+i7,4-/
off/+2/0 P E/er< p!l*+e !..*+er 2a< *nterp!se .!r
t)e purp!se !. pre/ent*n31 an" s)all1 t! t)e 7est
!. )*s a7*l*t<1 pre/ent1 t)e +!22*ss*!n !. an<
+!3n*Ca7le !..en+e(
150( I+fo)*,tio+ of 6/0i3+ to 2o**it
2o3+i7,4-/ off/+2/0 ; E/er< p!l*+e !..*+er
re+e*/*n3 *n.!r2at*!n !. a "es*3n t! +!22*t an<
+!3n*Ca7le !..en+e s)all +!22un*+ate su+)
*n.!r2at*!n t! t)e p!l*+e !..*+er t! -)!2 )e *s
su7!r"*nate1 an" t! an< !t)er !..*+er -)!se "ut<
*t *s t! pre/ent !r taAe +!3n*Can+e !. t)e
+!22*ss*!n !. an< su+) !..en+e(
151( A))/0t to .)/:/+t th/ 2o**i00io+ of
2o3+i7,4-/ off/+2/0 P (&) A p!l*+e !..*+er1
An!-*n3 !. a "es*3n t! +!22*t an< +!3n*Ca7le
!..en+e 2a< arrest1 -*t)!ut !r"ers .r!2 a
Ma3*strate an" -*t)!ut a -arrant1 t)e pers!n s!
"es*3n*n31 *. *t appears t! su+) !..*+er t)at t)e
+!22*ss*!n !. t)e !..en+e +ann!t 7e !t)er-*se
pre/ente"(
(0) N! pers!n arreste" un"er su7Bse+t*!n
(&) s)all 7e "eta*ne" *n +ust!"< .!r a per*!"
05
Page 26
e;+ee"*n3 t-ent<B.!ur )!urs .r!2 t)e t*2e !. )*s
arrest unless )*s .urt)er "etent*!n *s re,u*re" !r
aut)!r*Ce" un"er an< !t)er pr!/*s*!ns !. t)*s C!"e
!r an< !t)er la- .!r t)e t*2e 7e*n3 *n .!r+e(
152. P)/:/+tio+ of i+<5)9 to .54-i2
.)o./)t9.B A p!l*+e !..*+e 2a< !. )*s !-n
aut)!r*t< *nterp!se t! pre/ent an< *nDur<
atte2pte" t! 7e +!22*tte" *n )*s /*e- t! an<
pu7l*+ pr!pert<1 2!/a7le !r *22!/a7le1 !r t)e
re2!/al !r *nDur< !. an< pu7l*+ lan"2arA !r 7u!<
!r !t)er 2arA use" .!r na/*3at*!n(J
06( Perusal !. a.!re2ent*!ne" pr!/*s*!ns -!ul" s)!- t)at a
p!l*+e !..*+er !. )*s !-n aut)!r*t< )as t)e "ut< t! pre/ent an<
*nDur< atte2pte" t! 7e +!22*tte" t! an< pu7l*+ pr!pert< !r
nat*!nal assets an" t! pr!se+ute su+) pers!n *n a++!r"an+e
-*t) la-(
0@( T)e p!l*+< an" !7De+t !. M*nes an" M*nerals A+t an" Rules
)a/e a l!n3 )*st!r< an" are t)e result !. an *n+reas*n3
a-areness !. t)e +!2pell*n3 nee" t! rest!re t)e ser*!us
e+!l!3*+al *27alan+e an" t! st!p t)e "a2a3es 7e*n3 +ause" t!
t)e nature(
04( T)e C!urt +ann!t l!se s*3)t !. t)e .a+t t)at a"/erse an"
"estru+t*/e en/*r!n2ental *2pa+t !. san" 2*n*n3 )as 7een
0E
Page 27
"*s+usse" *n t)e UNEP %l!7al En/*r!n2ental Alert Ser/*+e
rep!rt( As per t)e +!ntents !. t)e rep!rt1 la+A !. pr!per
s+*ent*.*+ 2et)!"!l!3< .!r r*/er san" 2*n*n3 )as le" t!
*n"*s+r*2*nate san" 2*n*n31 -)*le -eaA 3!/ernan+e an"
+!rrupt*!n )a/e le" t! -*"esprea" *lle3al 2*n*n3( ')*le
re.err*n3 t! t)e pr!p!s*t*!n *n In"*a1 *t -as state" t)at San"
tra"*n3 *s a lu+rat*/e 7us*ness1 an" t)ere *s e/*"en+e !. *lle3al
tra"*n3 su+) as t)e +ase !. t)e *n.luent*al 2a.*as *n !ur
C!untr<(
8?( T)e 2*n*n3 !. a33re3ates *n r*/ers )as le" t! se/ere
"a2a3e t! r*/er1 *n+lu"*n3 p!llut*!n an" +)an3es *n le/els !.
pH( Re2!/*n3 se"*2ent .r!2 r*/ers +auses t)e r*/er t! +ut *ts
+)annel t)r!u3) t)e 7e" !. t)e /alle< .l!!r1 !r +)annel *n+*s*!n1
7!t) upstrea2 an" "!-nstrea2 !. t)e e;tra+t*!n s*te( T)*s
lea"s t! +!arsen*n3 !. 7e" 2ater*al an" lateral +)annel
*nsta7*l*t<( It +an +)an3e t)e r*/er7e" *tsel.( T)e re2!/al !.
2!re t)an &0 2*ll*!n t!nnes !. san" a <ear .r!2 t)e Ve27ana"
LaAe +at+)2ent *n In"*a )as le" t! t)e l!-er*n3 !. t)e r*/er7e"
7< 6 t! &5 +ent*2etres a <ear( In+*s*!n +an als! +ause t)e
06
Page 28
allu/*al a,u*.er t! "ra*n t! a l!-er le/el1 result*n3 *n a l!ss !.
a,u*.er st!ra3e( It +an als! *n+rease .l!!" .re,uen+< an"
*ntens*t< 7< re"u+*n3 .l!!" re3ulat*!n +apa+*t<( H!-e/er1
l!-er*n3 t)e -ater ta7le *s 2!st t)reaten*n3 t! -ater suppl<
e;a+er7at*n3 "r!u3)t !++urren+e an" se/er*t< as tr*7utar*es !.
2aD!r r*/ers "r< up -)en san" 2*n*n3 rea+)es +erta*n
t)res)!l"s(
8&( Ille3al san" 2*n*n3 als! +auses er!s*!n( Da22*n3 an"
2*n*n3 )a/e re"u+e" se"*2ent "el*/er< .r!2 r*/ers t! 2an<
+!astal areas1 lea"*n3 t! a++elerate" 7ea+) er!s*!n(
80( T)e rep!rt als! "ealt -*t) t)e ast!n*s)*n3 *2pa+t !. san"
2*n*n3 !n t)e e+!n!2<( It states t)at t)e t!ur*s2 2a< 7e
a..e+te" t)r!u3) 7ea+) er!s*!n( F*s)*n31 7!t) tra"*t*!nal an"
+!22er+*al O +an 7e a..e+te" t)r!u3) "estru+t*!n !. 7ent)*+
.auna( A3r*+ulture +!ul" 7e a..e+te" t)r!u3) l!ss !. a3r*+ultural
lan" .r!2 r*/er er!s*!n an" t)e l!-er*n3 !. t)e -ater ta7le( T)e
*nsuran+e se+t!r *s a..e+te" t)r!u3) e;a+er7at*!n !. t)e *2pa+t
!. e;tre2e e/ents su+) as .l!!"s1 "r!u3)ts an" st!r2 sur3es
t)r!u3) "e+rease" pr!te+t*!n !. 7ea+) .r!nts( T)e er!s*!n !.
0@
Page 29
+!astal areas an" 7ea+)es a..e+ts )!uses an" *n.rastru+ture( A
"e+rease *n 7e" l!a" !r +)annel s)!rten*n3 +an +ause
"!-nstrea2 er!s*!n *n+lu"*n3 7anA er!s*!n an" t)e
un"er+utt*n3 !r un"er2*n*n3 !. en3*neer*n3 stru+tures su+) as
7r*"3es1 s*"e pr!te+t*!n -alls an" stru+tures .!r -ater suppl<(
88( San" *s !.ten re2!/e" .r!2 7ea+)es t! 7u*l" )!tels1 r!a"s
an" !t)er t!ur*s2Brelate" *n.rastru+ture( In s!2e l!+at*!ns1
+!nt*nue" +!nstru+t*!n *s l*Ael< t! lea" t! an unsusta*na7le
s*tuat*!n an" "estru+t*!n !. t)e 2a*n natural attra+t*!n .!r
/*s*t!rs O 7ea+)es t)e2sel/es(
8:( M*n*n3 .r!21 -*t)*n !r near a r*/er7e" )as a "*re+t *2pa+t
!n t)e strea2>s p)<s*+al +)ara+ter*st*+s1 su+) as +)annel
3e!2etr<1 7e" ele/at*!n1 su7stratu2 +!2p!s*t*!n an" sta7*l*t<1
*nstrea2 r!u3)ness !. t)e 7e"1 .l!- /el!+*t<1 "*s+)ar3e
+apa+*t<1 se"*2ent transp!rtat*!n +apa+*t<1 tur7*"*t<1
te2perature1 et+( Alterat*!n !r 2!"*.*+at*!n !. t)e a7!/e
attr*7utes 2a< +ause )aCar"!us *2pa+t !n e+!l!3*+al
04
Page 30
e,u*l*7r*u2 !. r*/er*ne re3*2e( T)*s 2a< als! +ause a"/erse
*2pa+t !n *nstrea2 7*!ta an" r*par*an )a7*tats( T)*s
"*stur7an+e 2a< als! +ause +)an3es *n +)annel +!n.*3urat*!n
an" .l!-Bpat)s(
85( In t)e +ase !. M. Palanisamy vs. The State of Tamil
ad!1 0?&0 (:) CTC &1 t)e a2en"e" pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e Ta2*l
Na"u M*nes an" M*nerals C!n+ess*!n Rules1 &454 -as
+)allen3e" !n t)e 3r!un" t)at t)e sa*" Rules .!r t)e purp!se !.
pre/ent*n3 an" restr*+t*n3 *lle3al 2*n*n31 transp!rtat*!n an"
st!ra3e !. 2*nerals are ultra /*res +!nst*tut*!nal pr!/*s*!ns an"
t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e M*ne an" M*nerals (De/el!p2ent an"
Re3ulat*!n) A+t1 &456( Up)!l"*n3 t)e /*res !. t)e Rules1 t)e
D*/*s*!n $en+) (!ne !. us1 E,7al1 J( as )e t)en -as) !. t)e
Ma"ras H*3) C!urt1 ela7!ratel< "*s+usse" t)e !7De+t !.
restr*+t*!n put *n t)e *lle3al 2*n*n31 transp!rtat*!n an" st!ra3e
!. 2*nerals *n+lu"*n3 san" an" a.ter +!ns*"er*n3 /ar*!us rep!rts
!7ser/e" t)usF
I0?( In !r"er t! appre+*ate t)e *ssue *n/!l/e" *n
t)ese 'r*t Pet*t*!ns1 -e 2a< )a/e t! l!!A at t)e
lar3er p*+ture B t)e *2pa+t !. *n"*s+r*2*nate1
8?
Page 31
un*nterrupte" san" ,uarr<*n3 !n t)e alrea"< 7r*ttle
e+!l!3*+al set up !. !urs( A++!r"*n3 t! e;pert rep!rts1
.!r t)!usan"s !. <ears1 san" an" 3ra/el )a/e 7een
use" *n t)e +!nstru+t*!n !. r!a"s an" 7u*l"*n3s(
T!"a<1 "e2an" .!r san" an" 3ra/el +!nt*nues t!
*n+rease( M*n*n3 !perat!rs1 *nstea" !. -!rA*n3 *n
+!nDun+t*!n -*t) +!3n*Cant res!ur+e a3en+*es t!
ensure t)at san" 2*n*n3 *s +!n"u+te" *n a
resp!ns*7le 2anner1 are en3a3e" *n .ullBt*2e
pr!.*teer*n3( E;+ess*/e *nBstrea2 san"Ban"B3ra/el
2*n*n3 .r!2 r*/er 7e"s an" l*Ae res!ur+es +auses t)e
"e3ra"at*!n !. r*/ers( InBstrea2 2*n*n3 l!-ers t)e
strea2 7!tt!21 -)*+) lea"s t! 7anA er!s*!n(
Deplet*!n !. san" *n t)e strea2B7e" an" al!n3
+!astal areas +auses t)e "eepen*n3 !. r*/ers an"
estuar*es an" enlar3e2ent !. r*/er 2!ut)s an"
+!astal *nlets( It als! lea"s t! sal*neB-ater *ntrus*!n
.r!2 t)e near7< sea( T)e e..e+t !. 2*n*n3 *s
+!2p!un"e" 7< t)e e..e+t !. sea le/el r*se( An<
/!lu2e !. san" e;p!rte" .r!2 strea2B7e"s an"
+!astal areas *s a l!ss t! t)e s<ste2( E;+ess*/e *nB
strea2 san" 2*n*n3 *s a t)reat t! 7r*"3es1 r*/er
7anAs an" near7< stru+tures( San" 2*n*n3 als!
a..e+ts t)e a"D!*n*n3 3r!un"-ater s<ste2 an" t)e
uses t)at l!+al pe!ple 2aAe !. t)e r*/er( Furt)er1
a++!r"*n3 t! resear+)es1 *nBstrea2 san" 2*n*n3
results *n t)e "estru+t*!n !. a,uat*+ an" r*par*an
)a7*tat t)r!u3) -)!lesale +)an3es *n t)e +)annel
2!rp)!l!3<( T)e *ll e..e+ts *n+lu"e 7e" "e3ra"at*!n1
7e" +!arsen*n31 l!-ere" -ater ta7les near t)e
strea2B7e"1 an" +)annel *nsta7*l*t<( T)ese p)<s*+al
*2pa+ts +ause "e3ra"at*!n !. r*par*an an" a,uat*+
7*!ta an" 2a< lea" t! t)e un"er2*n*n3 !. 7r*"3es
an" !t)er stru+tures( C!nt*nue" e;tra+t*!n !. san"
.r!2 r*/er 7e"s 2a< als! +ause t)e ent*re strea2B
7e" t! "e3ra"e t! t)e "ept) !. e;+a/at*!n(
00( T)e 2!st *2p!rtant e..e+ts !. *nBstrea2 san"
2*n*n3 !n a,uat*+ )a7*tats are 7e" "e3ra"at*!n an"
se"*2entat*!n1 -)*+) +an )a/e su7stant*al ne3at*/e
e..e+ts !n a,uat*+ l*.e( T)e sta7*l*t< !. san"B7e" an"
3ra/elB7e" strea2s "epen"s !n a "el*+ate 7alan+e
7et-een strea2 .l!-1 t)e se"*2ents suppl*e" .r!2
t)e -aters)e" an" t)e +)annel .!r2( M*n*n3B*n"u+e"
+)an3es *n se"*2ent suppl< an" +)annel .!r2 "*srupt
t)e +)annel an" t)e )a7*tat "e/el!p2ent pr!+esses(
8&
Page 32
Furt)er2!re1 2!/e2ent !. unsta7le su7strates
results *n "!-nstrea2 se"*2entat*!n !. )a7*tats( T)e
a..e+te" "*stan+e "epen"s !n t)e *ntens*t< !. 2*n*n31
part*+les s*Ces1 strea2 .l!-s1 an" +)annel
2!rp)!l!3<(
08( Apart .r!2 t)reaten*n3 7r*"3es1 san" 2*n*n3
trans.!r2s t)e r*/er7e"s *nt! lar3e an" "eep p*tsG as
a result1 t)e 3r!un"-ater ta7le "r!ps lea/*n3 t)e
"r*nA*n3 -ater -ells !n t)e e27anA2ents !. t)ese
r*/ers "r<( $e" "e3ra"at*!n .r!2 *nBstrea2 2*n*n3
l!-ers t)e ele/at*!n !. strea2 .l!- an" t)e
.l!!"pla*n -ater ta7le1 -)*+) *n turn1 +an el*2*nate
-ater ta7leB"epen"ent -!!"< /e3etat*!n *n r*par*an
areas an" "e+rease -ette" per*!"s *n r*par*an
-etlan"s( S! .ar as l!+at*!ns +l!se t! t)e sea are
+!n+erne"1 sal*ne -ater 2a< *ntru"e *nt! t)e .res)
-ater7!"<(J
8E( In t)e +ase !. Centre for P!blic Interest "itigation
vs. #nion of India, (2012) 3 SCC 11 t)*s C!urt1 -)*le
!7ser/*n3 t)at t)e natural res!ur+es are t)e pu7l*+ pr!pert<
an" nat*!nal assets1 )el" as un"erFB
15. T)e State *s e2p!-ere" t! "*str*7ute natural
res!ur+es( H!-e/er1 as t)e< +!nst*tute pu7l*+
pr!pert<9nat*!nal asset1 -)*le "*str*7ut*n3 natural
res!ur+es t)e State *s 7!un" t! a+t *n +!ns!nan+e
-*t) t)e pr*n+*ples !. e,ual*t< an" pu7l*+ trust an"
ensure t)at n! a+t*!n *s taAen -)*+) 2a< 7e
"etr*2ental t! pu7l*+ *nterest( L*Ae an< !t)er State
a+t*!n1 +!nst*tut*!nal*s2 2ust 7e re.le+te" at e/er<
sta3e !. t)e "*str*7ut*!n !. natural res!ur+es( In
Art*+le 84(b) !. t)e C!nst*tut*!n *t )as 7een pr!/*"e"
t)at t)e !-ners)*p an" +!ntr!l !. t)e 2ater*al
res!ur+es !. t)e +!22un*t< s)!ul" 7e s! "*str*7ute"
s! as t! 7est su7ser/e t)e +!22!n 3!!"1 7ut n!
+!2pre)ens*/e le3*slat*!n )as 7een ena+te" t!
3enerall< "e.*ne natural res!ur+es an" a .ra2e-!rA
80
Page 33
.!r t)e*r pr!te+t*!n( O. +!urse1 en/*r!n2ent la-s
ena+te" 7< Parl*a2ent an" State Le3*slatures "eal
-*t) spe+*.*+ natural res!ur+es *(e( .!rest1 a*r1 -ater1
+!astal C!nes1 et+(J
86( In t)e +ase !. M.C. Mehta vs. Kamal ath and others (&446)
& SCC 8@@1 t)*s C!urt -)*le +!ns*"er*n3 t)e "!+tr*ne !. pu7l*+ trust -)*+)
e;ten" t! natural res!ur+es !7ser/e" as un"erFB
124. T)e an+*ent R!2an E2p*re "e/el!pe" a le3al
t)e!r< An!-n as t)e ID!+tr*ne !. t)e Pu7l*+ TrustJ( It
-as .!un"e" !n t)e *"eas t)at +erta*n +!22!n
pr!pert*es su+) as r*/ers1 seas)!re1 .!rests an" t)e a*r
-ere )el" 7< %!/ern2ent *n trustees)*p .!r t)e .ree
an" un*2pe"e" use !. t)e 3eneral pu7l*+( Our
+!nte2p!rar< +!n+ern a7!ut It)e en/*r!n2entJ 7ear a
/er< +l!se +!n+eptual relat*!ns)*p t! t)*s le3al "!+tr*ne(
Un"er t)e R!2an la- t)ese res!ur+es -ere e*t)er
!-ne" 7< n! !ne (res nullious) !r 7< e/er< !ne *n
+!22!n (res communious)( Un"er t)e En3l*s) +!22!n
la-1 )!-e/er1 t)e S!/ere*3n +!ul" !-n t)ese res!ur+es
7ut t)e !-ners)*p -as l*2*te" *n nature1 t)e Cr!-n
+!ul" n!t 3rant t)ese pr!pert*es t! pr*/ate !-ners *.
t)e e..e+t -as t! *nter.ere -*t) t)e pu7l*+ *nterests *n
na/*3at*!n !r .*s)*n3( Res!ur+es t)at -ere su*ta7le .!r
t)ese uses -ere "ee2e" t! 7e )el" *n trust 7< t)e
Cr!-n .!r t)e 7ene.*t !. t)e pu7l*+( J!sep) L( Sa;1
Pr!.ess!r !. La-1 Un*/ers*t< !. M*+)*3an O pr!p!nent !.
t)e M!"ern Pu7l*+ Trust D!+tr*ne O *n an eru"*te art*+le
IPublic Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law F
!!ecti"e #u$icial %nter"entionJ1 M*+)*3an La- Re/*e-1
V!l( E@1 Part & p( :681 )as 3*/en t)e )*st!r*+al
7a+A3r!un" !. t)e Pu7l*+ Trust D!+tr*ne as un"erF
IT)e s!ur+e !. 2!"ern pu7l*+ trust la- *s .!un" *n a
+!n+ept t)at re+e*/e" 2u+) attent*!n *n R!2an an"
En3l*s) la- O t)e nature !. pr!pert< r*3)ts *n r*/ers1 t)e
sea1 an" t)e seas)!re( T)at )*st!r< )as 7een 3*/en
+!ns*"era7le attent*!n *n t)e le3al l*terature1 nee" n!t
7e repeate" *n "eta*l )ere( $ut t-! p!*nts s)!ul" 7e
e2p)as*Ce"( F*rst1 +erta*n *nterests1 su+) as na/*3at*!n
88
Page 34
an" .*s)*n31 -ere s!u3)t t! 7e preser/e" .!r t)e 7ene.*t
!. t)e pu7l*+G a++!r"*n3l<1 pr!pert< use" .!r t)!se
purp!ses -as "*st*n3u*s)e" .r!2 3eneral pu7l*+
pr!pert< -)*+) t)e s!/ere*3n +!ul" r!ut*nel< 3rant t!
pr*/ate !-ners( Se+!n"1 -)*le *t -as un"erst!!" t)at *n
+erta*n +!22!n pr!pert*es O su+) as t)e seas)!re1
)*3)-a<s1 an" runn*n3 -ater O =perpetual use -as
"e"*+ate" t! t)e pu7l*+>1 *t )as ne/er 7een +lear
-)et)er t)e pu7l*+ )a" an en.!r+ea7le r*3)t t! pre/ent
*n.r*n3e2ent !. t)!se *nterests( Alt)!u3) t)e State
apparentl< "*" pr!te+t pu7l*+ uses1 n! e/*"en+e *s
a/a*la7le t)at pu7l*+ r*3)ts +!ul" 7e le3all< asserte"
a3a*nst a re+al+*trant 3!/ern2ent(J
25. T)e Pu7l*+ Trust D!+tr*ne pr*2ar*l< rests !n t)e
pr*n+*ple t)at +erta*n res!ur+es l*Ae a*r1 sea1 -aters an"
t)e .!rests )a/e su+) a 3reat *2p!rtan+e t! t)e pe!ple
as a -)!le t)at *t -!ul" 7e -)!ll< unDust*.*e" t! 2aAe
t)e2 a su7De+t !. pr*/ate !-ners)*p( T)e sa*" res!ur+es
7e*n3 a 3*.t !. nature1 t)e< s)!ul" 7e 2a"e .reel<
a/a*la7le t! e/er<!ne *rrespe+t*/e !. t)e status *n l*.e(
T)e "!+tr*ne enD!*ns up!n t)e %!/ern2ent t! pr!te+t
t)e res!ur+es .!r t)e enD!<2ent !. t)e 3eneral pu7l*+
rat)er t)an t! per2*t t)e*r use .!r pr*/ate !-ners)*p !r
+!22er+*al purp!ses( A++!r"*n3 t! Pr!.ess!r Sa; t)e
Pu7l*+ Trust D!+tr*ne *2p!ses t)e .!ll!-*n3 restr*+t*!ns
!n 3!/ern2ental aut)!r*t<F
IT)ree t<pes !. restr*+t*!ns !n 3!/ern2ental
aut)!r*t< are !.ten t)!u3)t t! 7e *2p!se" 7< t)e pu7l*+
trustF .*rst1 t)e pr!pert< su7De+t t! t)e trust 2ust n!t
!nl< 7e use" .!r a pu7l*+ purp!se1 7ut *t 2ust 7e )el"
a/a*la7le .!r use 7< t)e 3eneral pu7l*+G se+!n"1 t)e
pr!pert< 2a< n!t 7e s!l"1 e/en .!r a .a*r +as)
e,u*/alentG an" t)*r" t)e pr!pert< 2ust 7e 2a*nta*ne"
.!r part*+ular t<pes !. uses(J
;;;;;;;;;
34. Our le3al s<ste2 O 7ase" !n En3l*s) +!22!n la-
O *n+lu"es t)e pu7l*+ trust "!+tr*ne as part !. *ts
Dur*spru"en+e( T)e State *s t)e trustee !. all natural
res!ur+es -)*+) are 7< nature 2eant .!r pu7l*+ use an"
enD!<2ent( Pu7l*+ at lar3e *s t)e 7ene.*+*ar< !. t)e seaB
s)!re1 runn*n3 -aters1 a*rs1 .!rests an" e+!l!3*+all<
.ra3*le lan"s( T)e State as a trustee *s un"er a le3al
8:
Page 35
"ut< t! pr!te+t t)e natural res!ur+es( T)ese res!ur+es
2eant .!r pu7l*+ use +ann!t 7e +!n/erte" *nt! pr*/ate
!-ners)*p(J
8@( In t)e +ase !. Intellect!als $or!m vs. State of %.P.,
(200&) 3 SCC '()1 t)*s C!urt -)*le 7alan+*n3 t)e +!nser/at*!n
!. natural res!ur+es /*sBHB/*s ur7an "e/el!p2ent !7ser/e" as
un"erFB
1!. T)e resp!ns*7*l*t< !. t)e State t! pr!te+t t)e
en/*r!n2ent *s n!- a -ellBa++epte" n!t*!n *n all
+!untr*es( It *s t)*s n!t*!n t)at1 *n *nternat*!nal la-1
3a/e r*se t! t)e pr*n+*ple !. IState resp!ns*7*l*t<J .!r
p!llut*!n e2anat*n3 -*t)*n !ne>s !-n terr*t!r*es (Cor!u
C*annel case)( T)*s resp!ns*7*l*t< *s +learl< enun+*ate"
*n t)e +nite$ Nations Con!erence on t*e ,uman
n"ironment1 St!+A)!l2 &460 (St!+A)!l2 C!n/ent*!n)1
t! -)*+) In"*a -as a part<( T)e rele/ant +lause !. t)*s
"e+larat*!n *n t)e present +!nte;t *s para 01 -)*+)
statesF
IT)e natural res!ur+es !. t)e eart)1 *n+lu"*n3 t)e a*r1
-ater1 lan"1 .l!ra an" .auna an" espe+*all<
representat*/e sa2ples !. natural e+!s<ste2s1 2ust 7e
sa.e3uar"e" .!r t)e 7ene.*t !. present an" .uture
3enerat*!ns t)r!u3) +are.ul plann*n3 !r 2ana3e2ent1
as appr!pr*ate(J
T)us1 t)ere *s n! "!u7t a7!ut t)e .a+t t)at t)ere *s a
resp!ns*7*l*t< 7est!-e" up!n t)e %!/ern2ent t! pr!te+t
an" preser/e t)e tanAs1 -)*+) are an *2p!rtant part !.
t)e en/*r!n2ent !. t)e area(J
84( In t)e +ase !. Manohar "al Sharma vs. Principal
Secretary, (201() 2 SCC '32, t)*s C!urt -)*le +!ns*"er*n3 t)e
p!-er !. t)e p!l*+e !..*+er !7ser/e" as un"erFB
85
Page 36
124. In t)e +r*2*nal Dust*+e s<ste2 t)e *n/est*3at*!n
!. an !..en+e *s t)e "!2a*n !. t)e p!l*+e( T)e p!-er
t! *n/est*3ate *nt! t)e +!3n*Ca7le !..en+es 7< t)e
p!l*+e !..*+er *s !r"*nar*l< n!t *2p*n3e" 7< an<
.etters( H!-e/er1 su+) p!-er )as t! 7e e;er+*se"
+!ns*stent -*t) t)e statut!r< pr!/*s*!ns an" .!r
le3*t*2ate purp!se( T)e +!urts !r"*nar*l< "! n!t
*nter.ere *n t)e 2atters !. *n/est*3at*!n 7< p!l*+e1
part*+ularl<1 -)en t)e .a+ts an" +*r+u2stan+es "!
n!t *n"*+ate t)at t)e *n/est*3at*n3 !..*+er *s n!t
.un+t*!n*n3 7!na .*"e( In /er< e;+ept*!nal +ases1
)!-e/er1 -)ere t)e +!urt .*n"s t)at t)e p!l*+e !..*+er
)as e;er+*se" )*s *n/est*3at!r< p!-ers *n 7rea+) !.
t)e statut!r< pr!/*s*!n putt*n3 t)e pers!nal l*7ert<
an"9!r t)e pr!pert< !. t)e +*t*Cen *n De!par"< 7<
*lle3al an" *2pr!per use !. t)e p!-er !r t)ere *s
a7use !. t)e *n/est*3at!r< p!-er an" pr!+ess 7< t)e
p!l*+e !..*+er !r t)e *n/est*3at*!n 7< t)e p!l*+e *s
.!un" t! 7e n!t 7!na .*"e !r t)e *n/est*3at*!n *s
ta*nte" -*t) an*2!s*t<1 t)e +!urt 2a< *nter/ene t!
pr!te+t t)e pers!nal an"9!r pr!pert< r*3)ts !. t)e
+*t*Cens(J
:?( In t)e +ase !. State of M.P- vs. Ram Singh1 (0???) 5
SCC @@1 t)*s C!urt -as +!ns*"er*n3 an !r"er 7< -)*+) t)e H*3)
C!urt ,uas)e" t)e *n/est*3at*!n an" +!nse,uent pr!+ee"*n3s
+!n"u+te" an" +!n+lu"e" 7< t)e p!l*+e un"er Se+t*!n &8(&)(e)
an" &8(0) !. t)e Pre/ent*!n !. C!rrupt*!n A+t1 &4@@ !n t)e
3r!un" t)at t)e *n/est*3at*!n )a" n!t 7een +!n"u+te" 7< an
aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er *n ter2s !. Se+t*!n &6 !. t)e A+t( T)e C!urt
)el" t)at t)e A+t -as *nten"e" t! 2aAe e..e+t*/e pr!/*s*!n .!r
t)e pre/ent*!n !. 7r*7er< an" +!rrupt*!n ra2pant a2!n3st
8E
Page 37
t)e pu7l*+ ser/ants( It *s a s!+*al le3*slat*!n *nten"e" t! +ur7
*lle3al a+t*/*t*es !. t)e pu7l*+ ser/ant an" *s "es*3ne" t! 7e
l*7erall< +!nstrue" s! as t! a"/an+e *ts !7De+t( T)e C!urt
!7ser/e"FB
19. T)e 2ena+e !. +!rrupt*!n -as .!un" t! )a/e
en!r2!usl< *n+rease" 7< t)e F*rst an" Se+!n" '!rl" 'ar
+!n"*t*!ns( C!rrupt*!n1 at t)e *n*t*al sta3es1 -as
+!ns*"ere" +!n.*ne" t! t)e 7ureau+ra+< -)*+) )a" t)e
!pp!rtun*t*es t! "eal -*t) a /ar*et< !. State lar3esse *n
t)e .!r2 !. +!ntra+ts1 l*+en+es an" 3rants( E/en a.ter t)e
-ar t)e !pp!rtun*t*es .!r +!rrupt*!n +!nt*nue" as lar3e
a2!unts !. 3!/ern2ent surplus st!res -ere re,u*re" t!
7e "*sp!se" !. 7< t)e pu7l*+ ser/ants( As a +!nse,uen+e
!. t)e -ars t)e s)!rta3e !. /ar*!us 3!!"s ne+ess*tate"
t)e *2p!s*t*!n !. +!ntr!ls an" e;tens*/e s+)e2es !.
p!stB-ar re+!nstru+t*!n *n/!l/*n3 t)e "*s7urse2ent !.
)u3e su2s !. 2!ne< -)*+) la< *n t)e +!ntr!l !. t)e
pu7l*+ ser/ants 3*/*n3 t)e2 a -*"e "*s+ret*!n -*t) t)e
result !. lur*n3 t)e2 t! t)e 3l*tter*n3 s)*ne !. -ealt) an"
pr!pert<( In !r"er t! +!ns!l*"ate an" a2en" t)e la-s
relat*n3 t! pre/ent*!n !. +!rrupt*!n an" 2atters
+!nne+te" t)eret!1 t)e Pre/ent*!n !. C!rrupt*!n A+t1
&4:6 -as ena+te" -)*+) -as a2en"e" .r!2 t*2e t!
t*2e( In t)e <ear &4@@ a ne- A+t !n t)e su7De+t 7e*n3
A+t :4 !. &4@@ -as ena+te" -*t) t)e !7De+t !. "eal*n3
-*t) t)e +*r+u2stan+es1 +!nt*n3en+*es an" s)!rt+!2*n3s
-)*+) -ere n!t*+e" *n t)e -!rA*n3 an" *2ple2entat*!n
!. t)e &4:6 A+t( T)e la- relat*n3 t! pre/ent*!n !.
+!rrupt*!n -as essent*all< 2a"e t! "eal -*t) t)e pu7l*+
ser/ants1 n!t as un"erst!!" *n +!22!n parlan+e 7ut
spe+*.*+all< "e.*ne" *n t)e A+t(
;;;;;
14. It 2a< 7e n!t*+e" at t)*s sta3e t)at a t)reeBJu"3e
$en+) !. t)*s C!urt *n ,-N- Ris*bu$ /( State o! Del*i1 AIR
&455 SC &4E1 )a" )el" t)at a "e.e+t !r *lle3al*t< *n
*n/est*3at*!n1 )!-e/er ser*!us1 )as n! "*re+t 7ear*n3 !n
t)e +!2peten+e !r t)e pr!+e"ure relat*n3 t! +!3n*Can+e
!r tr*al( Re.err*n3 t! t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!ns &4?1 &481
86
Page 38
&45 t! &44 an" 586 !. t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure
(&@4@) *n t)e +!nte;t !. an !..en+e un"er t)e Pre/ent*!n
!. C!rrupt*!n A+t1 &4:61 t)e C!urt )el"F
IA "e.e+t !r *lle3al*t< *n *n/est*3at*!n1 )!-e/er
ser*!us1 )as n! "*re+t 7ear*n3 !n t)e +!2peten+e !r t)e
pr!+e"ure relat*n3 t! +!3n*Can+e !r tr*al( N! "!u7t a
p!l*+e rep!rt -)*+) results .r!2 an *n/est*3at*!n *s
pr!/*"e" *n Se+t*!n &4? Cr(PC as t)e 2ater*al !n -)*+)
+!3n*Can+e *s taAen( $ut *t +ann!t 7e 2a*nta*ne" t)at a
/al*" an" le3al p!l*+e rep!rt *s t)e .!un"at*!n !. t)e
Dur*s"*+t*!n !. t)e +!urt t! taAe +!3n*Can+e( Se+t*!n &4?
Cr(PC *s !ne !ut !. a 3r!up !. se+t*!ns un"er t)e )ea"*n3
=C!n"*t*!ns re,u*s*te .!r *n*t*at*!n !. pr!+ee"*n3s>( T)e
lan3ua3e !. t)*s se+t*!n *s *n 2arAe" +!ntrast -*t) t)at
!. t)e !t)er se+t*!ns !. t)e 3r!up un"er t)e sa2e
)ea"*n31 *(e(1 Se+t*!ns &48 an" &45 t! &44(
T)ese latter se+t*!ns re3ulate t)e +!2peten+e !. t)e
+!urt an" 7ar *ts Dur*s"*+t*!n *n +erta*n +ases e;+ept*n3
*n +!2pl*an+e t)ere-*t)( $ut Se+t*!n &4? "!es n!t(
')*le n! "!u7t1 *n !ne sense1 +lauses (a)1 (b) an" (c) !.
Se+t*!n &4?(&) are +!n"*t*!ns re,u*s*te .!r taA*n3 !.
+!3n*Can+e1 *t *s n!t p!ss*7le t! sa< t)at +!3n*Can+e !n
an *n/al*" p!l*+e rep!rt *s pr!)*7*te" an" *s t)ere.!re a
null*t<( Su+) an *n/al*" rep!rt 2a< st*ll .all e*t)er un"er
+lause (a) !r (b) !. Se+t*!n &4?(&)1 (-)et)er *t *s t)e !ne
!r t)e !t)er -e nee" n!t pause t! +!ns*"er) an" *n an<
+ase +!3n*Can+e s! taAen *s !nl< *n t)e nature !. err!r
*n a pr!+ee"*n3 ante+e"ent t! t)e tr*al( T! su+) a
s*tuat*!n Se+t*!n 586 Cr(PC -)*+) *s *n t)e .!ll!-*n3
ter2s *s attra+te"F
=Su7De+t t! t)e pr!/*s*!ns )ere*n7e.!re +!nta*ne"1 n!
.*n"*n31 senten+e !r !r"er passe" 7< a +!urt !.
+!2petent Dur*s"*+t*!n s)all 7e re/erse" !r altere" !n
appeal !r re/*s*!n !n a++!unt !. an< err!r1 !2*ss*!n !r
*rre3ular*t< *n t)e +!2pla*nt1 su22!ns1 -arrant1 +)ar3e1
pr!+la2at*!n1 !r"er1 Du"32ent !r !t)er pr!+ee"*n3s
7e.!re !r "ur*n3 tr*al !r *n an< *n,u*r< !r !t)er
pr!+ee"*n3s un"er t)*s C!"e1 unless su+) err!r1 !2*ss*!n
!r *rre3ular*t<1 )as *n .a+t !++as*!ne" a .a*lure !. Dust*+e(>
I.1 t)ere.!re1 +!3n*Can+e *s *n .a+t taAen1 !n a p!l*+e
rep!rt /*t*ate" 7< t)e 7rea+) !. a 2an"at!r< pr!/*s*!n
relat*n3 t! *n/est*3at*!n1 t)ere +an 7e n! "!u7t t)at t)e
result !. t)e tr*al -)*+) .!ll!-s *t +ann!t 7e set as*"e
8@
Page 39
unless t)e *lle3al*t< *n t)e *n/est*3at*!n +an 7e s)!-n t!
)a/e 7r!u3)t a7!ut a 2*s+arr*a3e !. Dust*+e( T)at an
*lle3al*t< +!22*tte" *n t)e +!urse !. *n/est*3at*!n "!es
n!t a..e+t t)e +!2peten+e an" t)e Dur*s"*+t*!n !. t)e
+!urt .!r tr*al *s -ell settle" as appears .r!2 t)e +ases *n
O =Parb*u /( mperor1 AIR &4:: PC 681 an" O
=Lumb*ar$ar .uts*i /( R-1 AIR &45? PC 0E J
It .urt)er )el"F
IIn !ur !p*n*!n1 t)ere.!re1 -)en su+) a 7rea+) *s
7r!u3)t t! t)e n!t*+e !. t)e +!urt at an earl< sta3e !. t)e
tr*al1 t)e +!urt -*ll )a/e t! +!ns*"er t)e nature an"
e;tent !. t)e /*!lat*!n an" pass appr!pr*ate !r"ers .!r
su+) re*n/est*3at*!n as 2a< 7e +alle" .!r1 -)!ll< !r
partl<1 an" 7< su+) !..*+er as *t +!ns*"ers appr!pr*ate
-*t) re.eren+e t! t)e re,u*re2ents !. Se+t*!n 5BA !. t)e
A+t( It *s *n t)e l*3)t !. t)e a7!/e +!ns*"erat*!ns t)at t)e
/al*"*t< !r !t)er-*se !. t)e !7De+t*!n as t! t)e /*!lat*!n
!. Se+t*!n 5(:) !. t)e A+t )as t! 7e "e+*"e" an" t)e
+!urse t! 7e a"!pte" *n t)ese pr!+ee"*n3s1 "eter2*ne"(J
:&( In t)e +ase !. &irectorate of 'nforcement vs. &eepak
Maha(an1 (&44:) 8 SCC ::?1 t)e ,uest*!n +a2e up .!r
+!ns*"erat*!n 7e.!re t)*s C!urt -as as t! -)et)er a Ma3*strate
7e.!re -)!2 a pers!n arreste" un"er Se+t*!n 85 !. t)e F!re*3n
E;+)an3e Re3ulat*!n A+t1 &468 *s pr!"u+e"1 )as Dur*s"*+t*!n t!
aut)!r*Ce "etent*!n !. t)at pers!n un"er Se+t*!n &E6(0) !. t)e
C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure( Ans-er*n3 t)at ,uest*!n t)e C!urt
!7ser/e"FB
123. #eep*n3 *n /*e- t)e +ar"*nal pr*n+*ple !. la- t)at
e/er< la- *s "es*3ne" t! .urt)er t)e en"s !. Dust*+e 7ut
n!t t! .rustrate !n t)e 2ere te+)n*+al*t*es1 -e s)all "eal
84
Page 40
-*t) all t)!se +)allen3es *n t)e 7a+A3r!un" !. t)e
pr*n+*ples !. statut!r< *nterpretat*!ns an" !. t)e purp!se
an" t)e sp*r*t !. t)e +!n+erne" A+ts as 3at)ere" .r!2
t)e*r *nten"2ent(
24. T)e +!n+erne" rele/ant pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+ts
-*t) -)*+) -e are +!n+erne"1 n! "!u7t1 p!se s!2e
"*..*+ult< *n res!l/*n3 t)e ,uest*!n -*t) re3ar" t! t)e
Dur*s"*+t*!n !. t)e Ma3*strate aut)!r*s*n3 "etent*!n an"
su7se,uent e;tens*!n !. t)e sa2e -)en t)e pr!/*s*!ns
!. t)!se A+ts are narr!-l< an" l*terall< *nterprete"(
T)!u3) t)e .un+t*!n !. t)e +!urts *s !nl< t! e;p!un" t)e
la- an" n!t t! le3*slate1 n!net)eless t)e le3*slature
+ann!t 7e asAe" t! s*t t! res!l/e t)e "*..*+ult*es *n t)e
*2ple2entat*!n !. *ts *ntent*!n an" t)e sp*r*t !. t)e la-(
In su+) +*r+u2stan+es1 *t *s t)e "ut< !. t)e +!urt t!
2!ul" !r +reat*/el< *nterpret t)e le3*slat*!n 7< l*7erall<
*nterpret*n3 t)e statute(
;;;;;;;;;;;;
134. T)ere are a ser*es !. "e+*s*!ns !. /ar*!us H*3)
C!urts1 !. +!urse -*t) s!2e e;+ept*!n1 taA*n3 t)e /*e-
t)at a Ma3*strate 7e.!re -)!2 a pers!n arreste" 7< t)e
+!2petent aut)!r*t< un"er t)e FERA !r Cust!2s A+t *s
pr!"u+e"1 +an aut)!r*se "etent*!n *n e;er+*se !. )*s
p!-ers un"er Se+t*!n &E6( Ot)er-*se t)e 2an"at!r<
"*re+t*!n un"er t)e pr!/*s*!n !. Se+t*!n 85(0) !. FERA !r
Se+t*!n &?:(0) !. t)e Cust!2s A+t1 t! taAe e/er< pers!n
arreste" 7e.!re t)e Ma3*strate -*t)!ut unne+essar<
"ela< -)en t)e arrestee -as n!t release" !n 7a*l un"er
su7Bse+t*!n (8) !. t)!se spe+*al A+ts1 -*ll 7e+!2e
purp!seless an" 2ean*n3less an" t! sa< t)at t)e +!urts
e/en *n t)e e/ent !. re.usal !. 7a*l )a/e n! +)!*+e 7ut t!
set t)e pers!n arreste" at l*7ert< 7< .!l"*n3 t)e*r )an"s
as a )elpless spe+tat!r *n t)e .a+e !. -)at *s ter2e" as
Ile3*slat*/e +asus !2*ssusJ !r le3al .la- !r la+una1 *t -*ll
7e+!2e utterl< *ll!3*+al an" a7sur"(J
:0( In t)e +ase !. Ma)bool *!ssain vs. State of +ombay1
AIR &458 SC 8051 t)e ,uest*!n t)at .ell .!r +!ns*"erat*!n 7e.!re
t)e C!nst*tut*!n $en+) !. t)*s C!urt -as -)et)er 7< reas!n !.
:?
Page 41
t)e pr!+ee"*n3s taAen 7< t)e Sea Cust!2s aut)!r*t*es t)e
appellant +!ul" 7e sa*" t! )a/e 7een pr!se+ute" an" pun*s)e"
.!r t)e sa2e !..en+e -*t) -)*+) )e -as +)ar3e" *n t)e +!urt !.
t)e C)*e. Pres*"en+< Ma3*strate1 $!27a<( In t)e sa*" +ase1
3!l" )a" 7een 7r!u3)t 7< t)e appellant .r!2 Je""a) *n
+!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. F!re*3n E;+)an3e Re3ulat*!n
A+t1 &4:6( He -as als! l*a7le t! 7e pr!se+ute" un"er t)e Sea
Cust!2s A+t( T)e pr!se+ut*!n -as +)allen3e" as 7e*n3
/*!lat*/e !. Art*+le 0?(0) !. t)e C!nst*tut*!n( T)e C!nst*tut*!n
$en+) ans-er*n3 t)e ,uest*!n )el" as un"erF
IT)ere *s n! "!u7t t)at t)e a+t -)*+) +!nst*tutes
an !..en+e un"er t)e Sea Cust!2s A+t as als! an
!..en+e un"er t)e F!re*3n E;+)an3e Re3ulat*!n A+t
-as !ne an" t)e sa2e1 /*C(1 *2p!rt*n3 t)e 3!l" *n
+!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e n!t*.*+at*!n !. t)e %!/ern2ent
!. In"*a "ate" t)e 05t) Au3ust1 &4:@( T)e appellant
+!ul" 7e pr!+ee"e" a3a*nst un"er se+t*!n &E6(@) !.
t)e Sea Cust!2s A+t as als! un"er se+t*!n 08 !. t)e
F!re*3n E;+)an3e Re3ulat*!n A+t *n respe+t !. t)e
sa*" a+t( Pr!+ee"*n3s -ere *n .a+t taAen un"er
se+t*!n &E6(@) !. t)e Sea Cust!2s A+t -)*+) resulte"
*n t)e +!n.*s+at*!n !. t)e 3!l"( Furt)er pr!+ee"*n3s
-ere taAen un"er se+t*!n 08 !. t)e F!re*3n E;+)an3e
Re3ulat*!n A+t 7< -a< !. .*l*n3 t)e +!2pla*nt
a.!resa*" *n t)e C!urt !. t)e C)*e. Pres*"en+<
Ma3*strate1 $!27a<1 an" t)e plea -)*+) -as taAen
7< t)e a++use" *n 7ar !. t)e pr!se+ut*!n *n t)e C!urt
!. t)e C)*e. Pres*"en+< Ma3*strate1 -as t)at )e )a"
alrea"< 7een pr!se+ute" an" pun*s)e" .!r t)e sa2e
:&
Page 42
!..en+e an" 7< /*rtue !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns !.
art*+le 0?(0) !. t)e C!nst*tut*!n )e +!ul" n!t 7e
pr!se+ute" an" pun*s)e" a3a*n(J
:8( T)*s C!urt .urt)er !7ser/e" t)atF
IT)e .un"a2ental r*3)t -)*+) *s 3uarantee" *n
art*+le 0?(0) enun+*ates t)e pr*n+*ple !. Qautre.!*s
+!n/*+tQ !r Q"!u7le De!par"<Q( T)e r!!ts !. t)at
pr*n+*ple are t! 7e .!un" *n t)e -ell esta7l*s)e" rule
!. t)e +!22!n la- !. En3lan" Qt)at -)ere a pers!n
)as 7een +!n/*+te" !. an !..en+e 7< a +!urt !.
+!2petent Dur*s"*+t*!n t)e +!n/*+t*!n *s a 7ar t! all
.urt)er +r*2*nal pr!+ee"*n3s .!r t)e sa2e !..en+e(Q
(Per C)arles J( *n Re3( /( M*les 0:1 L($(D( :08( T! t)e
sa2e e..e+t *s t)e an+*ent 2a;*2 QNe2! 7*s "e7et
pun*re pr! un! "el*+t!Q1 t)at *s t! sa< t)at n! !ne
!u3)t t! 7e t-*+e pun*s)e" .!r !ne !..en+e !r as *t *s
s!2et*2es -r*tten Qpr! ea"e2 +ausaQ1 t)at *s1 .!r
t)e sa2e +ause(J
::( In t)e +ase !. State of +ombay vs. S.". %pte1 AIR &4E&
SC 56@1 t)e ,uest*!n t)at .ell .!r +!ns*"erat*!n -as -)et)er *n
/*e- !. an earl*er +!n/*+t*!n an" senten+e un"er Se+t*!n :?41
IPC1 t)e su7se,uent pr!se+ut*!n .!r an !..en+e un"er Se+t*!n
&?5 !. t)e Insuran+e A+t -as 7arre" 7< Se+t*!n 0E !. t)e
%eneral Clauses A+t an" Art*+le 0?(0) !. t)e C!nst*tut*!n(
:0
Page 43
Ans-er*n3 t)e ,uest*!n1 t)e C!nst*tut*!n $en+) !. t)*s C!urt
!7ser/e"F
I&:( T! !perate as a 7ar t)e se+!n" pr!se+ut*!n
an" t)e +!nse,uent*al pun*s)2ent t)ereun"er 2ust
7e .!r Qt)e sa2e !..en+eQ( T)e +ru+*al re,u*re2ent1
t)ere.!re .!r attra+t*n3 t)e Art*+le *s t)at t)e
!..en+es are t)e sa2e1 *(e(1 t)e< s)!ul" 7e *"ent*+al(
I.1 )!-e/er1 t)e t-! !..en+es are "*st*n+t1 t)en
n!t-*t)stan"*n3 t)at t)e alle3at*!ns !. .a+ts *n t)e
t-! +!2pla*nts 2*3)t 7e su7stant*all< s*2*lar1 t)e
7ene.*t !. t)e 7an +ann!t 7e *n/!Ae"( It *s1 t)ere.!re1
ne+essar< t! anal<se an" +!2pare n!t t)e
alle3at*!ns *n t)e t-! +!2pla*nts 7ut t)e *n3re"*ents
!. t)e t-! !..en+es an" see -)et)er t)e*r *"ent*t< *s
2a"e !ut( It -!ul" 7e seen .r!2 a +!2par*s!n !.
s( &?5 !. t)e Insuran+e A+t an" s( :?5 !. In"*an Penal
C!"e (s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e 7e*n3 !nl< an
a33ra/ate" .!r2 !. t)e sa2e !..en+e) t)at t)!u3)
s!2e !. t)e ne+essar< *n3re"*ents are +!22!n t)e<
"*..er *n t)e .!ll!-*n3 F
(&) ')ereas un"er s( :?5 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e
t)e a++use" 2ust 7e Qentruste"Q -*t) pr!pert< !r
-*t) Q"!2*n*!n !/er t)at pr!pert<Q1 un"er s( &?5 !.
t)e Insuran+e A+t t)e entrust2ent !r "!2*n*!n !/er
pr!pert< *s unne+essar<G *t *s su..*+*ent *. t)e
2ana3er1 "*re+t!r1 et+( Q!7ta*ns p!ssess*!nQ !. t)e
pr!pert<(
(0) T)e !..en+e !. +r*2*nal 7rea+) !. trust (s( :?5 !.
t)e In"*an Penal C!"e) *s n!t +!22*tte" unless t)e
a+t !. 2*sappr!pr*at*!n !r +!n/ers*!n !r Qt)e
"*sp!s*t*!n *n /*!lat*!n !. t)e la- !r +!ntra+tQ1 *s
"!ne -*t) a "*s)!nest *ntent*!n1 7ut s( &?5 !. t)e
Insuran+e A+t p!stulates n! *ntent*!n an" pun*s)es
as an !..en+e t)e 2ere -*t))!l"*n3 !. t)e pr!pert< B
-)ate/er 7e t)e *ntent -*t) -)*+) t)e sa2e *s "!ne1
an" t)e a+t !. appl*+at*!n !. t)e pr!pert< !. an
*nsurer t! purp!ses !t)er t)an t)!se aut)!r*se" 7<
:8
Page 44
t)e A+t *s s*2*larl< -*t)!ut re.eren+e t! an< *ntent
-*t) -)*+) su+) appl*+at*!n !r 2*sappl*+at*!n *s
2a"e( In t)ese +*r+u2stan+es *t "!es n!t see2
p!ss*7le t! sa< t)at t)e !..en+e !. +r*2*nal 7rea+) !.
trust un"er t)e In"*an Penal C!"e *s t)e Qsa2e
!..en+eQ .!r -)*+) t)e resp!n"ents -ere pr!se+ute"
!n t)e +!2pla*nt !. t)e +!2pan< +)ar3*n3 t)e2 -*t)
an !..en+e un"er s( &?5 !. t)e Insuran+e A+t(
&5( T)*s aspe+t !. t)e 2atter 7ase" !n t)e t-!
!..en+es 7e*n3 "*st*n+t *n t)e*r *n3re"*ents1 +!ntent
an" s+!pe -as n!t presente" t! t)e learne" Ju"3es
!. t)e H*3) C!urt1 p!ss*7l< 7e+ause t)e "e+*s*!ns !.
t)*s C!urt +!nstru*n3 an" e;pla*n*n3 t)e s+!pe !.
Art( 0?(0) -ere ren"ere" later( In O2 PraAas) %upta
/( State !. U(P( M&456N S(C(R( :08 t)e a++use"1 a
+lerA !. a 2un*+*pal*t< )a" 7een +!n/*+te" !. an
!..en+e un"er s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e .!r
)a/*n3 2*sappr!pr*ate" su2s !. 2!ne< re+e*/e" 7<
)*2 *n )*s +apa+*t< as a ser/ant !. t)e l!+al aut)!r*t<
an" t)e +!n/*+t*!n )a" 7een a..*r2e" !n appeal1 7<
t)e Sess*!ns Ju"3e an" *n re/*s*!n 7< t)e H*3) C!urt(
T)e plea ra*se" 7< t)e a++use" 7e.!re t)*s C!urt1 *n
-)*+) t)e 2atter -as 7r!u3)t 7< an appeal -*t)
spe+*al lea/e1 -as t)at s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an Penal
C!"e )a" 7een repeale" 7< *2pl*+at*!n 7< t)e
ena+t2ent !. su7Bss( (&)(+) an" (0) !. s( 5 !. t)e
Pre/ent*!n !. C!rrupt*!n A+t 7e+ause t)e latter "ealt
-*t) an !..en+e !. su7stant*all< t)e sa2e t<pe( T)*s
+!urt repelle" t)at +!ntent*!n( It anal<se" t)e
*n3re"*ents !. t)e t-! !..en+es an" a.ter p!*nt*n3 !ut
t)e "*..eren+e *n t)e +ru+*al ele2ents -)*+)
+!nst*tute" t)e !..en+es un"er t)e t-! pr!/*s*!ns1
)el" t)at t)ere -as n! repeal !. s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an
Penal C!"e *2pl*e" 7< t)e +!nst*tut*!n !. a ne-
!..en+e un"er t)e ter2s !. t)e Pre/ent*!n !.
C!rrupt*!n A+t( It -as t)e appl*+at*!n !. t)*s "e+*s*!n
an" t)e rat*! un"erl<*n3 *t *n t)e +!nte;t !.
Art( 0?(0) !. t)e C!nst*tut*!n t)at *s !. rele/an+e t!
t)e present appeal( T)e !++as*!n .!r t)*s ar!se *n
State !. Ma")<a Pra"es) /( Veeres)-ar Ra!
A3n*)!tr< M&456N S(C(R( @E@ T)e resp!n"ent -as a
ta;B+!lle+t!r un"er a 2un*+*pal*t< an" -as
pr!se+ute" .!r !..en+es a2!n3 !t)ers un"er
s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e an" s( 5(0) !. t)e
::
Page 45
Pre/ent*!n !. C!rrupt*!n A+t .!r 2*sappr!pr*at*!n !.
su2s entruste" t! )*2 as su+) ta;B+!lle+t!r( $<
/*rtue !. t)e pr!/*s*!n +!nta*ne" *n s( 6 !. t)e
Cr*2*nal La- A2en"2ent A+t1 RLVI !. &4501 t)e +ase
-as trans.erre" t! a Spe+*al Ju"3e -)! -as
app!*nte" 7< t)e State %!/ern2ent a.ter t)e
pr!se+ut*!n -as +!22en+e" 7e.!re a Ma3*strate(
T)e Spe+*al Ju"3e .!un" t)e a++use" 3u*lt< !. t)e
!..en+e un"er s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e an"
+!n/*+te" )*2 t! t)ree <earsS r*3!r!us *2pr*s!n2ent
7ut as re3ar"s t)e +)ar3e un"er s( 5(0) !. t)e
Pre/ent*!n !. C!rrupt*!n A+t1 )e a+,u*tte" t)e
a++use" !n t)e 3r!un" !. +erta*n pr!+e"ural n!nB
+!2pl*an+e -*t) t)e rules as t! *n/est*3at*!n
pres+r*7e" 7< t)e latter ena+t2ent( T)e resp!n"ent
appeale" t! t)e H*3) C!urt a3a*nst t)*s +!n/*+t*!n
an" senten+e un"er s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e
an" t)ere ur3e" t)at 7< reas!n !. )*s a+,u*ttal *n
respe+t !. t)e !..en+e un"er s( 5(0) !. t)e Pre/ent*!n
!. C!rrupt*!n A+t1 )*s +!n/*+t*!n un"er s( :?4 !. t)e
In"*an Penal C!"e +!ul" n!t als! 7e 2a*nta*ne"1 t)e
sa2e 7e*n3 7arre" 7< Art( 0?(0) !. t)e C!nst*tut*!n(
T)e H*3) C!urt !. Ma")<a $)arat a++epte" t)*s
ar3u2ent an" all!-e" t)e appeal an" t)e State
+)allen3e" t)e +!rre+tness !. t)*s "e+*s*!n 7< an
appeal t! t)*s C!urt( All!-*n3 t)e appeal !. t)e State1
%!/*n"a Men!n1 J(1 "el*/er*n3 t)e Du"32ent !. t)e
C!urt !7ser/e" F
QT)*s C!urt )as re+entl< )el" *n O2 PraAas)
%upta /( T)e State !. U(P( t)at t)e !..en+e !.
+r*2*nal 2*s+!n"u+t pun*s)a7le un"er s( 5(0) !.
t)e Pre/ent*!n !. C!rrupt*!n A+t1 II !. &4:61 *s
n!t *"ent*+al *n essen+e1 *2p!rt an" +!ntent
-*t) an !..en+e un"er s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an
Penal C!"e(((((( In /*e- !. t)e a7!/e
pr!n!un+e2ent1 t)e /*e- taAen 7< t)e learne"
Ju"3e !. t)e H*3) C!urt t)at t)e t-! !..en+es
are !ne an" t)e sa2e1 *s -r!n31 an" *. t)at *s
s!1 t)ere +an 7e n! !7De+t*!n t! a tr*al an"
+!n/*+t*!n un"er s( :?4 !. t)e In"*an Penal
C!"e1 e/en *. t)e resp!n"ent )as 7een
a+,u*tte" !. an !..en+e un"er s( 5(0) !. t)e
Pre/ent*!n !. C!rrupt*!n A+t II !. &4:6((((((( T)e
H*3) C!urt als! rel*e" !n Art( 0? !. t)e
:5
Page 46
C!nst*tut*!n .!r t)e !r"er !. a+,u*ttal 7ut t)at
Art*+le +ann!t appl< 7e+ause t)e resp!n"ent
-as n!t pr!se+ute" a.ter )e )a" alrea"< 7een
tr*e" an" a+,u*tte" .!r t)e sa2e !..en+e *n an
earl*er tr*al an"1 t)ere.!re1 t)e -ellBAn!-n
2a;*2 QNe2! "e7et 7*s /e;ar*1 s* +!nstat
+ur*ae ,u!" s*t pr! una et ea"e2 +ausaQ (N!
2an s)all 7e t-*+e pun*s)e"1 *. *t appears t!
t)e +!urt t)at *t *s .!r !ne an" t)e sa2e +ause)
e27!"*e" *n Art( 0? +ann!t appl<(Q
:5( In t)e +ase !. T.S. +aliah vs. IT,1 AIR &4E4 SC 6?&1 t)e
,uest*!n t)at ar!se .!r +!ns*"erat*!n 7e.!re t)*s C!urt -as
-)et)er t)e appellant +!ul" 7e s*2ultane!usl< pr!se+ute"
un"er Se+t*!n &661 IPC an" .!r /*!lat*!n !. Se+t*!n 50 !. t)e
In+!2e Ta; A+t1 &400( C!ns*"er*n3 t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!n 0E
!. t)e %eneral Clauses A+t1 t)*s C!urt )el" as un"erF
IE( (A pla*n rea"*n3 !. t)e se+t*!n s)!-s t)at t)ere
*s n! 7ar t! t)e tr*al !r +!n/*+t*!n !. t)e !..en"er
un"er 7!t) ena+t2ents 7ut t)ere *s !nl< a 7ar t! t)e
pun*s)2ent !. t)e !..en"er t-*+e .!r t)e sa2e
!..en+e( In !t)er -!r"s1 t)e se+t*!n pr!/*"es t)at
-)ere an a+t !r !2*ss*!n +!nst*tutes an !..en+e
un"er t-! ena+t2ents1 t)e !..en"er 2a< 7e
pr!se+ute" an" pun*s)e" un"er e*t)er !r 7!t) t)e
ena+t2ents 7ut s)all n!t 7e l*a7le t! 7e pun*s)e"
t-*+e .!r t)e sa2e !..en+e( 'e a++!r"*n3l< reDe+t t)e
ar3u2ent !. t)e appellant !n t)*s aspe+t1 !. t)e
+ase(
6( It -as t)en +!nten"e" !n 7e)al. !. t)e appellant
t)at t)e pr!se+ut*!n *s *lle3al as +!2pla*nt pet*t*!n
-as re,u*re" t! 7e r*le" 7< t)e Inspe+t*n3 Ass*stant
C!22*ss*!ner un"er t)e &400 A+t( In !ur !p*n*!n1
:E
Page 47
t)ere *s n! su7stan+e *n t)*s ar3u2ent1 Se+t*!n 58 !.
t)e &400 A+t !nl< re,u*res t)at a pers!n s)all n!t 7e
pr!+ee"e" a3a*nst .!r an !..en+e un"er Se+t*!n 5& !r
Se+t*!n 50 !. t)e &400 A+t Qe;+ept at t)e *nstan+e !.
t)e Inspe+t*n3 Ass*stant C!22*ss*!nerQ( It *s n!t
"*spute" *n t)e present +ase t)at t)e resp!n"ent )as
.*le" +!2pla*nt pet*t*!ns !n t)e aut)!r*t< !. t)e
Inspe+t*n3 Ass*stant C!22*ss*!ner( T)ere *s n!
statut!r< re,u*re2ent t)at t)e +!2pla*nt pet*t*!n
*tsel. 2ust 7e .*le" 7< t)e Inspe+t*n3 Ass*stant
C!22*ss*!ner( T)e +lause Qat )*s *nstan+eQ *n
Se+t*!n 58 !. t)e &400 A+t !nl< 2eans Q!n )*s
aut)!r*t<Q an" *t *s t)ere.!re su..*+*ent +!2pl*an+e !.
t)e statut!r< re,u*re2ent *. t)e +!2pla*nt pet*t*!n *s
.*le" 7< t)e resp!n"ent !n 7e*n3 aut)!r*se" 7< t)e
Inspe+t*n3 Ass*stant C!22*ss*!ner(J
:E( In t)e +ase !. Collector of C!stoms vs. -asantra(
+hag.an(i +hatia1 &4@@ (8) SCC :E61 t)e ,uest*!n t)at ar!se
.!r +!ns*"erat*!n 7e.!re t)*s C!urt -as as t! -)et)er a pers!n
pr!se+ute" un"er t)e Cust!2s A+t1 &4E0 -as als! l*a7le t! 7e
pr!se+ute" un"er t)e %!l" (C!ntr!l) A+t1 &4E@( In t)at +ase1
pers!n -as a+,u*tte" .r!2 t)e +)ar3e !. +!22*ss*!n !. !..en+e
un"er t)e Cust!2s A+t( C!ns*"er*n3 t)e ,uest*!n1 -)et)er
a+,u*ttal !. t)at pers!n -*ll +reate a 7ar .!r su7se,uent
pr!se+ut*!n un"er t)e %!l" (C!ntr!l) A+t1 &4E@1 t)*s C!urt
!7ser/e"F
IIt *s t)ere.!re e/*"ent t)at t)e *n3re"*ents re,u*re"
t! 7e esta7l*s)e" *n respe+t !. t)e !..en+e un"er t)e
:6
Page 48
Cust!2s A+t are alt!3et)er "*..erent .r!2 t)e !nes
re,u*re" t! 7e esta7l*s)e" .!r an !..en+e un"er t)e
%!l" (C!ntr!l) A+t( In respe+t !. t)e .!r2er1 t)e
pr!se+ut*!n )as t! esta7l*s) t)at t)ere -as a
pr!)*7*t*!n a3a*nst t)e *2p!rt *nt! In"*an sea -aters
!. 3!!"s -)*+) -ere .!un" t! 7e *n t)e p!ssess*!n !.
t)e !..en"er( On t)e !t)er )an" *n respe+t !. t)e
!..en+e un"er t)e %!l" (C!ntr!l) A+t1 *t *s re,u*re" t!
7e esta7l*s)e" t)at t)e !..en"er -as *n p!ssess*!n !.
pr*2ar< 3!l" 2ean*n3 t)ere7< 3!l" !. a pur*t< !. n!t
less t)an 4 +arats *n an< un.*n*s)e" !r se2*B.*n*s)e"
.!r2( In re3ar" t! t)e latter !..en+e *t *s n!t
ne+essar< t! esta7l*s) t)at t)ere *s an< pr!)*7*t*!n
a3a*nst t)e *2p!rt !. 3!l" *nt! In"*an sea -aters(
Mere p!ssess*!n !. 3!l" !. pur*t< n!t less t)an 4
+arats *n an< un.*n*s)e" !r se2*B.*n*s)e" .!r2 -!ul"
7e an !..en+e un"er t)e %!l" C!ntr!l A+t( It *s
t)ere.!re stat*n3 t)e !7/*!us t! sa< t)at t)e
*n3re"*ents !. t)e t-! !..en+es are alt!3et)er
"*..erent( Su+) 7e*n3 t)e +ase t)e ,uest*!n ar*ses
-)et)er t)e a+,u*ttal .!r t)e !..en+es un"er t)e
Cust!2s A+t -)*+) re,u*res t)e pr!se+ut*!n t!
esta7l*s) alt!3et)er "*..erent *n3re"*ents !perates as
a 7ar t! t)e pr!se+ut*!n !. t)e sa2e pers!n *n
+!nne+t*!n -*t) t)e +)ar3e !. )a/*n3 +!22*tte" t)e
!..en+e un"er t)e %!l" (C!ntr!l) A+t(J
:6( In t)e +ase !. "eo Roy $rey vs. Thomas &ana1 AIR &45@
SC &&41 t)e ,uest*!n t)at ar!se .!r +!ns*"erat*!n 7e.!re t)e
C!nst*tut*!n $en+) !. t)*s C!urt -as as t! -)et)er +!n/*+t*!n
!. a pers!n .!r an !..en+e un"er Se+t*!n &56(@)(+) !. t)e
Cust!2s A+t -*ll 7ar a su7se,uent tr*al .!r +!nsp*ra+<1 t)*s
C!urt !7ser/e" t)atF
:@
Page 49
IT)e pr!+ee"*n3s 7e.!re t)e Cust!2s aut)!r*t*es
-ere un"er s( &E6(@) !. t)e Sea Cust!2s A+t( Un"er
s( &@E !. t)at A+t1 t)e a-ar" !. an< +!n.*s+at*!n1
penalt< !r *n+rease" rate !. "ut< un"er t)at A+t 7<
an !..*+er !. Cust!2s "!es n!t pre/ent t)e *n.l*+t*!n
!. an< pun*s)2ent t! -)*+) t)e pers!n a..e+te"
t)ere7< *s l*a7le un"er an< !t)er la-( T)e !..en+es
-*t) -)*+) t)e pet*t*!ners are n!- +)ar3e" *n+lu"e
an !..en+e un"er s( &0?$1 In"*an Penal C!"e(
Cr*2*nal +!nsp*ra+< *s an !..en+e +reate" an" 2a"e
pun*s)a7le 7< t)e In"*an Penal C!"e( It *s n!t an
!..en+e un"er t)e Sea Cust!2s A+t( T)e !..en+e !. a
+!nsp*ra+< t! +!22*t a +r*2e *s a "*..erent !..en+e
.r!2 t)e +r*2e t)at *s t)e !7De+t !. t)e +!nsp*ra+<
7e+ause t)e +!nsp*ra+< pre+e"es t)e +!22*ss*!n !.
t)e +r*2e an" *s +!2plete 7e.!re t)e +r*2e *s
atte2pte" !r +!2plete"1 e,uall< t)e +r*2e
atte2pte" !r +!2plete" "!es n!t re,u*re t)e
ele2ent !. +!nsp*ra+< as !ne !. *ts *n3re"*ents( T)e<
are1 t)ere.!re ,u*te separate !..en+es( T)*s *s als!
t)e /*e- e;presse" 7< t)e Un*te" States Supre2e
C!urt *n Un*te" States /( Ra7*n!-*+) (&4&5) 08@ U(S(
6@( T)e !..en+e !. +r*2*nal +!nsp*ra+< -as n!t t)e
su7De+t 2atter !. t)e pr!+ee"*n3s 7e.!re t)e
C!lle+t!r !. Cust!2s an" t)ere.!re *t +ann!t 7e sa*"
t)at t)e pet*t*!ners )a/e alrea"< 7een pr!se+ute"
an" pun*s)e" .!r t)e Qsa2e !..en+eQ( It *s true t)at
t)e C!lle+t!r !. Cust!2s )as use" t)e -!r"s
Qpun*s)2entQ an" Q+!nsp*ra+<Q1 7ut t)!se -!r"s
-ere use" *n !r"er t! 7r*n3 !ut t)at ea+) !. t)e t-!
pet*t*!ners -as 3u*lt< !. t)e !..en+e un"er
s( &E6(@) !. t)e Sea Cust!2s A+t( T)e pet*t*!ners
-ere n!t an" +!ul" ne/er 7e +)ar3e" -*t) +r*2*nal
+!nsp*ra+< 7e.!re t)e C!lle+t!r !. Cust!2s an"
t)ere.!re Art( 0?(0) +ann!t 7e *n/!Ae"( In t)*s /*e- !.
t)e 2atter *t *s n!t ne+essar< .!r us1 !n t)e present
!++as*!n1 t! re.er t! t)e +ase !. Ma,7!!l Hussa*n
/( T)e State !. $!27a<&458 SCR68? (AIR &458 SC
805) an" t! "*s+uss -)et)er t)e -!r"s use" *n
:4
Page 50
Art( 0? "! !r "! n!t +!nte2plate !nl< pr!+ee"*n3s !.
t)e nature !. +r*2*nal pr!+ee"*n3s 7e.!re a +!urt !.
la- !r a Du"*+*al tr*7unal s! !r"*nar*l< un"erst!!"( In
!ur !p*n*!n1 Art( 0? )as n! appl*+at*!n t! t)e .a+ts !.
t)e present +ase( N! !t)er p!*nts )a/*n3 7een ur3e"
7e.!re us1 t)ese appl*+at*!ns 2ust 7e "*s2*sse"(J
:@( S*2*lar pr!/*s*!n )a" 7een 2a"e *n t)e '*l" L*.e
(Pr!te+t*!n) A+t1 &460( Se+t*!n 55 !. t)e sa*" A+t *s peri metria
!. Se+t*!n 0& !. t)e MMDR A+t( Se+t*!n 55 !. t)e '*l" L*.e
(Pr!te+t*!n) A+t1 rea"s as un"erF
I55( N! +!urt s)all taAe +!n3n*Can+e !. an< !..en+e
a3a*nst t)*s A+t e;+ept !n t)e +!2pla*nt !. t)e C)*e.
'*l" L*.e 'ar"en !r su+) !t)er !..*+er as t)e State
%!/ern2ent 2a< aut)!r*Ce *n t)*s 7e)al.(J
:4( In t)e +ase !. State of +ihar vs. M!rad %li Khan and
others1 (&4@@) : SCC E551 a++usat*!n -as 2a"e a3a*nst t)e
pers!ns 7< alle3*n3 t)at t)e< s)!t an" A*lle" an elep)ant an"
re2!/e" */!r< tusAs !. t)e elep)ant( On t)e 7as*s !. t)e
+!2pla*nt l!"3e" -*t) t)e Ju"*+*al Ma3*strate1 +!3n*Can+e !.
t)e !..en+e -as taAen an" pr!+ess -as *ssue"( It -as at t)e
sa2e t*2e t)at t)e P!l*+e re3*stere" a +ase un"er Se+t*!ns
::61 :04 an" 8641 IPC rea" -*t) Se+t*!ns 5: an" 84 !. t)e '*l"
5?
Page 51
L*.e (Pr!te+t*!n) A+t1 &460 an" t)e 2atter -as *n/est*3ate" 7<
t)e P!l*+e( At t)*s sta3e1 !ne !. t)e a++use" pers!ns 2!/e"
t)e H*3) C!urt un"er Se+t*!n :@01 Cr(P(C( t! ,uas) t)e !r"er !.
t)e Ma3*strate t! taAe +!3n*Can+e !. t)e alle3e" !..en+e( T)e
H*3) C!urt t!!A t)e /*e- t)at Se+t*!n 0&?1 Cr(P(C( *s attra+te"
an" t)at as an *n/est*3at*!n 7< t)e P!l*+e -as un"er pr!3ress
*n relat*!n t! t)e sa2e !..en+e1 t)e learne" Ma3*strate -!ul"
7e re,u*re" t! sta< t)e pr!+ee"*n3s !n t)e +!2pla*nt( T)e
H*3) C!urt .urt)er )el" t)at learne" Ma3*strate a+te" -*t)!ut
Dur*s"*+t*!n *n taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e !. t)e !..en+e( T)e 2atter
ult*2atel< +a2e t! t)*s C!urt at t)e *nstan+e !. State !. $*)ar(
H!l"*n3 t)at Se+t*!n 0&? -as n!t attra+te"1 T)e*r L!r"s)*ps
)el"F
I24. 'e are una7le t! a++ept t)e +!ntent*!n !. S)r* R(F(
Nar*2an t)at t)e spe+*.*+ alle3at*!n *n t)e present +ase
+!n+erns t)e spe+*.*+ a+t !. A*ll*n3 !. an elep)ant1 an"
t)at su+) an !..en+e1 at all e/ents1 .alls -*t)*n t)e
!/erlapp*n3 areas 7et-een !. Se+t*!n :04 IPC !n t)e
!ne )an" an" Se+t*!n 4(&) rea" -*t) Se+t*!n 5?(&) !.
t)e A+t !n t)e !t)er an" t)ere.!re +!nst*tutes t)e sa2e
!..en+e( Apart .r!2 t)e .a+t t)at t)*s ar3u2ent "!es n!t
ser/e t! supp!rt t)e !r"er !. t)e H*3) C!urt *n t)e
present +ase1 t)*s ar3u2ent *s1 e/en !n *ts t)e!ret*+al
p!ss*7*l*t*es1 2!re attra+t*/e t)an s!un"( T)e e;press*!n
Ian< a+t !r !2*ss*!n -)*+) +!nst*tutes an< !..en+e
un"er t)*s A+tJ *n Se+t*!n 5E !. t)e A+t1 2erel< *2p!rts
t)e *"ea t)at t)e sa2e a+t !r !2*ss*!n 2*3)t +!nst*tute
5&
Page 52
an !..en+e un"er an!t)er la- an" +!ul" 7e tr*e" un"er
su+) !t)er la- !r la-s als!(
;;;;;;;;
2!. $r!a"l< speaA*n31 a pr!te+t*!n a3a*nst a se+!n" !r
2ult*ple pun*s)2ent .!r t)e sa2e !..en+e1 te+)n*+al
+!2ple;*t*es as*"e1 *n+lu"es a pr!te+t*!n a3a*nst reB
pr!se+ut*!n a.ter a+,u*ttal1 a pr!te+t*!n a3a*nst reB
pr!se+ut*!n a.ter +!n/*+t*!n an" a pr!te+t*!n a3a*nst
"!u7le !r 2ult*ple pun*s)2ent .!r t)e sa2e !..en+e(
T)ese pr!te+t*!ns )a/e s*n+e re+e*/e" +!nst*tut*!nal
3uarantee un"er Art*+le 0?(0)( $ut "*..*+ult*es ar*se *n
t)e appl*+at*!n !. t)e pr*n+*ple *n t)e +!nte;t !. -)at *s
2eant 7< Isa2e !..en+eJ( T)e pr*n+*ple *n A2er*+an la-
*s state" t)usF
IT)e pr!l*.erat*!n !. te+)n*+all< "*..erent !..en+es
en+!2passe" *n a s*n3le *nstan+e !. +r*2e 7e)a/*!ur
)as *n+rease" t)e *2p!rtan+e !. "e.*n*n3 t)e s+!pe
!. t)e !..en+e t)at +!ntr!ls .!r purp!ses !. t)e
"!u7le De!par"< 3uarantee(
D*st*n+t statut!r< pr!/*s*!ns -*ll 7e treate" as
*n/!l/*n3 separate !..en+es .!r "!u7le De!par"<
purp!ses !nl< *. =ea+) pr!/*s*!n re,u*res pr!!. !. an
a""*t*!nal .a+t -)*+) t)e !t)er "!es n!t>
(/loc0bur1er /( +nite$ States)( ')ere t)e sa2e
e/*"en+e su..*+es t! pr!/e 7!t) +r*2es1 t)e< are t)e
sa2e .!r "!u7le De!par"< purp!ses1 an" t)e +lause
.!r7*"s su++ess*/e tr*als an" +u2ulat*/e pun*s)2ents
.!r t)e t-! +r*2es( T)e !..en+es 2ust 7e D!*ne" *n
!ne *n"*+t2ent an" tr*e" t!3et)er unless t)e
"e.en"ant re,uests t)at t)e< 7e tr*e" separatel<(
(#e!!ers /(+nite$ States1M&466N:80 US &86)J
2. T)e e;press*!n It)e sa2e !..en+eJ1
Isu7stant*all< t)e sa2e !..en+eJ I*n e..e+t t)e sa2e
!..en+eJ !r Ipra+t*+all< t)e sa2eJ1 )a/e n!t "!ne 2u+)
t! lessen t)e "*..*+ult< *n appl<*n3 t)e tests t! *"ent*.<
t)e le3al +!22!n "en!2*nat!rs !. Isa2e !..en+eJ(
Fr*e"lan" *n Double #eopar$2 (O;.!r" &4E4) sa<s at p(
&?@F
IT)e tr!u7le -*t) t)*s appr!a+) *s t)at *t *s /a3ue
an" )aC< an" +!n+eals t)e t)!u3)t pr!+esses !. t)e
+!urt( Su+) an *ne;a+t test 2ust "epen" up!n t)e
*n"*/*"ual *2press*!ns !. t)e Du"3es an" +an 3*/e
50
Page 53
l*ttle 3u*"an+e .!r .uture "e+*s*!ns( A 2!re ser*!us
+!nse,uen+e *s t)e .a+t t)at a "e+*s*!n *n !ne +ase
t)at t-! !..en+es are =su7stant*all< t)e sa2e> 2a<
+!2pel t)e sa2e result *n an!t)er +ase *n/!l/*n3 t)e
sa2e t-! !..en+es -)ere t)e +*r+u2stan+es 2a< 7e
su+) t)at a se+!n" pr!se+ut*!n s)!ul" 7e
per2*ss*7le((((J
28. In !r"er t)at t)e pr!)*7*t*!n *s attra+te" t)e
sa2e a+t 2ust +!nst*tute an !..en+e un"er 2!re t)an
!ne A+t( I. t)ere are t-! "*st*n+t an" separate !..en+es
-*t) "*..erent *n3re"*ents un"er t-! "*..erent
ena+t2ents1 a "!u7le pun*s)2ent *s n!t 7arre"( In Leo
Ro2 3re2 /( Superinten$ent1 District #ail, t)e ,uest*!n
ar!se -)et)er a +r*2e an" t)e !..en+e !. +!nsp*ra+< t!
+!22*t *t are "*..erent !..en+es( T)*s C!urt sa*"F
IT)e !..en+e !. +!nsp*ra+< t! +!22*t a +r*2e *s a
"*..erent !..en+e .r!2 t)e +r*2e t)at *s t)e !7De+t !.
t)e +!nsp*ra+< 7e+ause t)e +!nsp*ra+< pre+e"es t)e
+!22*ss*!n !. t)e +r*2e an" *s +!2plete 7e.!re t)e
+r*2e *s atte2pte" !r +!2plete"1 e,uall< t)e +r*2e
atte2pte" !r +!2plete" "!es n!t re,u*re t)e
ele2ent !. +!nsp*ra+< as !ne !. *ts *n3re"*ents( T)e<
are1 t)ere.!re1 ,u*te separate !..en+es(J
5?( It *s -ell An!-n pr*n+*ple t)at t)e rule a3a*nst "!u7le
De!par"< *s 7ase" !n a 2a;*2 nemo $ebet bis "e4ari pro una
et ea$em causa1 -)*+) 2eans n! 2an s)all 7e put *n De!par"<
t-*+e .!r !ne an" t)e sa2e !..en+e( Art*+le 0? !. t)e
C!nst*tut*!n pr!/*"es t)at n! pers!n s)all 7e pr!se+ute" !r
pun*s)e" .!r t)e !..en+e 2!re t)an !n+e( H!-e/er1 *t *s als!
settle" t)at a su7se,uent tr*al !r a pr!se+ut*!n an" pun*s)2ent
)as n! 7ar *. t)e *n3re"*ents !. t)e t-! !..en+es are "*st*n+t(
58
Page 54
5&( In t)e +ase !. State of Ra(asthan vs. *at Singh1 (0??8)
0 SCC &501 a pers!n -as pr!se+ute" .!r /*!lat*!n !. pr!)*7*t!r<
!r"er *ssue" 7< t)e C!lle+t!r un"er Se+t*!ns 5 an" E !. t)e
RaDast)an Sat* (Pre/ent*!n) Or"*nan+e1 &4@6( A3a*nst t)e sa*"
Or"*nan+e1 2ass rall< t!!A pla+e -)*+) le" t! t)e re3*strat*!n
!. FIRs a3a*nst /ar*!us pers!ns .!r /*!lat*!n !. pr!)*7*t!r< !r"er
un"er Se+t*!ns 5 an" E !. t)e A+t( Pers!ns1 -)! -ere arreste"1
2!/e" a pet*t*!n +)allen3*n3 t)e /*res !. t)e Or"*nan+e an"
t)e A+t( T)e H*3) C!urt up)!l"*n3 t)e /*res !. t)e
Or"*nan+e9A+t )el" t)at t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!ns 5 an" E
!/erlappe" ea+) !t)er an" t)at a pers!n +!ul" 7e .!un" 3u*lt<
!nl< !. t)e !..en+e !. +!ntra/en*n3 a pr!)*7*t!r< !r"er un"er
e*t)er Se+t*!n E(&) !r Se+t*!n E(0) !. t)e A+t( T)*s C!urt
"*s+uss*n3 t)e "!+tr*ne !. "!u7le De!par"< an" Se+t*!n 0E !.
t)e %eneral Clauses A+t )el" as un"erF
I'e are1 t)ere.!re1 !. t)e !p*n*!n t)at *n a 3*/en
+ase1 sa2e set !. .a+ts 2a< 3*/e r*se t! an !..en+e
pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!n 5 an" Se+t*!n E(8) 7!t)(
T)ere *s n!t)*n3 un+!nst*tut*!nal !r *lle3al a7!ut *t(
S! als! an a+t -)*+) *s alle3e" t! 7e an !..en+e
un"er Se+t*!n E(8) !. t)e A+t an" *. .!r an< reas!n
pr!se+ut*!n un"er Se+t*!n E(8) "!es n!t en" *n
5:
Page 55
+!n/*+t*!n1 *. t)e *n3re"*ents !. !..en+e un"er Se+t*!n
5 are 2a"e !ut1 2a< st*ll 7e l*a7le t! 7e pun*s)e"
un"er Se+t*!n 5 !. t)e A+t( 'e1 t)ere.!re1 "! n!t
a3ree -*t) t)e H*3) C!urt t! t)e e;tent t! -)*+) *t
)as 7een )el" t)at !n+e a pr!)*7*t!r< !r"er un"er
su7Bse+t*!n (&) !r (0) )as 7een *ssue"1 t)en a
+r*2*nal a+t "!ne a.ter t)e pr!2ul3at*!n !. t)e
pr!)*7*t!r< !r"er +an 7e pun*s)e" !nl< un"er Se+t*!n
E(8) an" *n sp*te !. pr!se+ut*!n un"er Se+t*!n E(8)
.a*l*n31 !n t)e sa2e set !. .a+ts t)e pers!n
pr!+ee"e" a3a*nst +ann!t 7e )el" pun*s)a7le un"er
Se+t*!n 5 !. t)e A+t alt)!u3) t)e *n3re"*ents !.
Se+t*!n 5 are .ull< 2a"e !ut(
50( Learne" +!unsel appear*n3 .!r t)e appellant put )ea/<
rel*an+e !n t)e "e+*s*!n !. t)*s C!urt *n t)e +ase !. %vtar
Singh vs. State of P!n(ab1 AIR &4E5 SC EEE1 *n -)*+) t)e
appellant -as pr!se+ute" an" +!n/*+te" .!r t)e.t !. ele+tr*+al
ener3< un"er Se+t*!n 84 !. t)e In"*an Ele+tr*+*t< A+t1 &4&?(
T)e sa*" +!n/*+t*!n -as +)allen3e" !n t)e 3r!un" t)at as )*s
pr!se+ut*!n -as .!r an !..en+e a3a*nst t)e A+t *t -as
*n+!2petent as *t )a" n!t 7een *nst*tute" at t)e *nstan+e !. an<
pers!n 2ent*!ne" *n Se+t*!n 5? !. t)e A+t( Se+t*!n 84 !. t)e
A+t pr!/*"es t)at *. a pers!n "*s)!nestl< a7stra+ts1 +!nsu2es
!r uses an< ener3< s)all 7e "ee2e" t! )a/e +!22*tte" t)e.t
-*t)*n t)e 2ean*n3 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e( It *s n!t *n "*spute
55
Page 56
t)at t)e appellant )a" +!22*tte" t)e t)e.t 2ent*!ne" *n t)*s
se+t*!n( H!-e/er1 Se+t*!n 5? !. t)e A+t pr!/*"es t)at n!
pr!se+ut*!n s)all 7e *nst*tute" a3a*nst an< pers!n .!r an<
!..en+e a3a*nst t)e A+t e;+ept at t)e *nstan+e !. t)e
%!/ern2ent !r an Ele+tr*+al Inspe+t!r1 !r !. a pers!n a33r*e/e"
7< t)e sa2e( T)*s C!urt all!-*n3 t)e appeal )el" as un"erF
I'e 2a< n!- re.er t! +erta*n 3eneral +!ns*"erat*!ns
als! lea"*n3 t! t)e /*e- -)*+) -e )a/e taAen( F*rst1
-e .*n" t)at t)e )ea"*n3 -)*+) 3!/erns Se+t*!ns 84
t! 5? !. t)e A+t *s QCr*2*nal O..en+es an" Pr!+e"ureQ(
O7/*!usl<1 t)ere.!re1 t)e le3*slature t)!u3)t t)at
s( 84 +reate" an !..en+e( 'e )a/e als! sa*" t)at
Se+t*!ns :@ an" :4 *n"*+ate t)at *n t)e le3*slatureSs
+!nte2plat*!n s( 84 pr!/*"e" .!r a pun*s)2ent( T)at
se+t*!n 2ust1 t)ere.!re1 als! )a/e 7een *nten"e" t!
+reate an !..en+e t! -)*+) t)e pun*s)2ent -as t!
atta+)( T)e -!r" S!..en+eS *s n!t "e.*ne" *n t)e A+t(
S*n+e .!r t)e reas!ns earl*er 2ent*!ne"1 *n t)e
le3*slatureSs /*e- s( 84 +reate" an !..en+e1 *t )as t!
7e )el" t)at t)at -as !ne !. t)e !..en+es t! -)*+)
s( 5? -as *nten"e" t! appl<( Lastl<1 *t see2s t! us
t)at t)e !7De+t !. s( 5? *s t! pre/ent pr!se+ut*!n .!r
!..en+es a3a*nst t)e A+t 7e*n3 *nst*tute" 7< an<!ne
-)! +)!!ses t! "! s! 7e+ause t)e !..en+es +an 7e
pr!/e" 7< 2en p!ssess*n3 spe+*al ,ual*.*+at*!ns(
T)at *s -)< *t *s le.t !nl< t! t)e aut)!r*t*es +!n+erne"
-*t) t)e !..en+e an" t)e pers!ns a33r*e/e" 7< *t t!
*n*t*ate t)e pr!se+ut*!n( T)ere *s n! "*spute t)at
s( 5? -!ul" appl< t! t)e !..en+es 2ent*!ne" *n
Se+t*!ns:? t! :6( N!- *t see2s t! us t)at *. -e are
r*3)t *n !ur /*e- a7!ut t)e !7De+t !. s( 5?1 *n pr*n+*ple
*t -!ul" 7e *2p!ss*7le t! 2aAe an< "*st*n+t*!n
7et-een s( 84 an" an< !. t)e se+t*!ns .r!2 s( :? t!
:6( T)us s( :? 2aAes *t an !..en+e t! 2al*+*!usl<
+ause ener3< t! 7e -aste"( I. *n respe+t !. -aste !.
ener3< s( 5? *s t! )a/e appl*+at*!n1 t)ere *s n! reas!n
5E
Page 57
-)< *t s)!ul" n!t )a/e 7een *nten"e" t! appl< t!
"*s)!nest a7stra+t*!n !. ener3< 2a"e a t)e.t 7<
s( 84( F!r all t)ese reas!ns -e t)*nA t)at t)e present
*s a +ase !. an !..en+e a3a*nst t)e A+t an" t)e
pr!se+ut*!n *n respe+t !. t)at !..en+e -!ul" 7e
*n+!2petent unless *t -as *nst*tute" at t)e *nstan+e
!. a pers!n na2e" *n s( 5?(J
58( '*t) "ue respe+t1 t)e rat*! "e+*"e" 7< t)*s C!urt +an 7e
se/erall< "*st*n3u*s)e" .!r t)e reas!n t)at t)e +!2pla*nt !r
alle3at*!n !. "*s)!nest a7stra+t*!n !. ele+tr*+*t< as
+!nte2plate" un"er Se+t*!n 84 2aA*n3 t)e a+t as a t)e.t -*t)*n
t)e 2ean*n3 !. t)e In"*an Penal C!"e an" 7e 2a"e an" pr!/e"
7< pers!n p!ssess*n3 spe+*al ,ual*.*+at*!n( In !t)er -!r"s1
-)et)er t)ere *s a "*s)!nest a7stra+t*!n !. ele+tr*+al ener3<1 as
2ent*!ne" *n Se+t*!n 84 !. t)e A+t1 +an 7e as+erta*ne" !nl< 7<
a pers!n9En3*neers )a/*n3 spe+*al ,ual*.*+at*!n *n t)at .*el"(
5:( Last 7ut n!t least1 *n a""*t*!n t! t)ese "e+*s*!ns1 *n t)e
+ase !. Instit!te of Chartered %cco!ntants of India vs.
-imal K!mar S!rana and another1 (0?&&) & SCC 58:1 t)*s
C!urt )as /er< ela7!ratel< "ealt -*t) s*2*lar pr!/*s*!n un"er
t)e C)artere" A++!untants A+t1 &4:4 (*n s)!rt1 =C(A( A+t>)( In
56
Page 58
t)at +ase1 t)e resp!n"ent1 -)! passe" t)e C)artere"
A++!untant e;a2*nat*!n 7ut -as n!t a 2e27er !. t)e
appellant>s Inst*tute !. C)artere" A++!unts1 alle3e"l<
represente" 7e.!re t)e In+!2e Ta; Depart2ent an" t)e
aut)!r*t*es +!nst*tute" un"er t)e Ma")<a Pra"es) Tra"e Ta;
A+t !n t)e 7as*s !. p!-er !. att!rne< !r as le3al
representat*/e an" su72*tte" "!+u2ents su+) as au"*t
rep!rts an" +ert*.*+ates re,u*re" t! 7e *ssue" 7< t)e C)artere"
A++!untants 7< prepar*n3 .!r3e" seals an" t)ere7<
*2pers!nate" )*2sel. as C)artere" A++!untant( He -as
a++!r"*n3l< pr!se+ute" an" +)ar3e -as .ra2e" a3a*nst )*2
un"er Se+t*!ns :&41 :E@1 :6& an" :601 IPC( T)e resp!n"ent
+)allen3e" t)e !r"er 7< .*l*n3 re/*s*!n un"er Se+t*!n 8461
Cr(P(C( T)e A""*t*!nal Sess*!ns Ju"3e set as*"e t)e !r"er !.
t)e Ma3*strate an" re2an"e" t)e +ase t! t)e tr*al +!urt -*t) a
"*re+t*!n t! "e+*"e -)et)er t)ere are su..*+*ent 3r!un"s .!r
.ra2*n3 +)ar3es un"er Se+t*!ns :&41 :E@1 :6& an" :681 IPC
rea" -*t) Se+t*!ns 0: an" 0E !. t)e C(A( A+t( A.ter re2an"1
t)e tr*al +!urt passe" an !r"er )!l"*n3 t)at t)ere -as n! 7as*s
5@
Page 59
.!r .ra2*n3 an< +)ar3e a3a*nst resp!n"ent un"er t)e IPC(
T)e Ma3*strate .urt)er )el" t)at +!3n*Can+e !. !..en+es un"er
Se+t*!ns 0: an" 0E !. t)e C(A( A+t +ann!t 7e taAen 7e+ause
n! +!2pla*nt )a" 7een .*le" 7< !r un"er t)e !r"er !. t)e
C!un+*l 7e.!re t)e Ma3*strate( T)e re/*s*!n .*le" a3a*nst t)e
!r"ers !. t)e Ma3*strate -as "*s2*sse"( T)e H*3) C!urt
re.err*n3 Se+t*!ns 01 :1 5 an" Se+t*!n &45(&)1 Cr(P(C( )el" t)at
*n t)e a7sen+e !. a +!2pla*nt t)e Ma3*strate -as n!t
+!2petent t! .ra2e +)ar3es a3a*nst t)e resp!n"ent( T)e
H*3) C!urt .urt)er )el" t)at *n /*e- !. t)e spe+*al 2e+)an*s2
+!nta*ne" *n t)e C(A( A+t .!r pr!se+ut*!n !. a pers!n /*!lat*n3
Se+t*!ns 0:1 0:A an" 0E !. t)e A+t1 )e +ann!t 7e pr!se+ute"
un"er t)e IPC( T)e 2atter .*nall< +a2e t! t)*s C!urt( All!-*n3
t)e appeal1 t)*s C!urt +!ns*"ere" +atena !. "e+*s*!ns an" )el"
as un"erF
I0:( Su+) an un*nten"e" +!nse,uen+e +an 7e an"
"eser/es t! 7e a/!*"e" *n *nterpret*n3 Se+t*!ns 0:BA1
05 an" 0E Aeep*n3 *n /*e- t)e settle" la- t)at *.
t)ere are t-! p!ss*7le +!nstru+t*!ns !. a statute1
t)en t)e !ne -)*+) lea"s t! an!2al< !r a7sur"*t<
an" 2aAes t)e statute /ulnera7le t! t)e atta+A !.
un+!nst*tut*!nal*t< s)!ul" 7e a/!*"e" *n pre.eren+e
t! t)e !t)er -)*+) 2aAes *t rat*!nal an" *22une
.r!2 t)e +)ar3e !. un+!nst*tut*!nal*t<( T)at apart1
54
Page 60
t)e +!urt +ann!t *nterpret t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t *n
a 2anner -)*+) -*ll "epr*/e t)e /*+t*2 !. t)e
!..en+es "e.*ne" *n Se+t*!ns :&E1 :E81 :E:1 :E@ an"
:6& !. )*s r*3)t t! pr!se+ute t)e -r!n3"!er 7< .*l*n3
t)e .*rst *n.!r2at*!n rep!rt !r +!2pla*nt un"er t)e
rele/ant pr!/*s*!ns !. CrPC(J
;;;;;;;;;;;;
:0( T)e su72*ss*!n !. S)r* %upta t)at t)e resp!n"ent
+ann!t 7e pr!se+ute" .!r t)e !..en+es "e.*ne" un"er
IPC 7e+ause n! +!2pla*nt )a" 7een .*le" a3a*nst )*2
7< t)e +!urt +!n+erne" !r aut)!r*t< as per t)e
re,u*re2ent !. Se+t*!n &45(&)(b)(ii) CrPC s!un"s
attra+t*/e 7ut la+As 2er*t( T)e pr!)*7*t*!n +!nta*ne"
*n Se+t*!n &45 CrPC a3a*nst taA*n3 !. +!3n*Can+e 7<
t)e +!urt e;+ept !n a +!2pla*nt *n -r*t*n3 2a"e 7<
t)e +!urt +!n+erne" 7e.!re -)*+) t)e "!+u2ent *s
pr!"u+e" !r 3*/en *n a pr!+ee"*n3 *s n!t attra+te" *n
t)e +ase l*Ae t)e present !ne 7e+ause t)e !..*+ers !.
t)e In+!2e Ta; Depart2ent an" t)e aut)!r*t*es
+!nst*tute" un"er t)e Ma")<a Pra"es) Tra"e Ta;
A+t1 &445 7e.!re -)!2 t)e resp!n"ent *s alle3e" t!
)a/e a+te" !n t)e 7as*s !. p!-er !. att!rne< !r as
le3al representat*/e !r pr!"u+e" au"*t rep!rt "! n!t
.all -*t)*n t)e a27*t !. t)e ter2 I+!urtJ as "e.*ne" *n
Se+t*!n &45(8) CrPC( Su+) !..*+er9aut)!r*t*es -ere
ne*t)er "*s+)ar3*n3 t)e .un+t*!ns !. a +*/*l1 re/enue
!r +r*2*nal +!urt n!r +!ul" t)e< 7e treate" as
tr*7unal +!nst*tute" 7< !r un"er t)e Central !r State
A+t1 -)*+) *s "e+lare" t! 7e a +!urt .!r t)e purp!se
!. Se+t*!n &45(J
55( T)ere +ann!t 7e an< t-! !p*n*!ns t)at natural res!ur+es
are t)e assets !. t)e nat*!n an" *ts +*t*Cens( It *s t)e !7l*3at*!n
!. all +!n+erne"1 *n+lu"*n3 t)e Central an" t)e State
%!/ern2ents1 t! +!nser/e an" n!t -aste su+) /alua7le
res!ur+es( Art*+le :@BA !. t)e C!nst*tut*!n re,u*res t)at t)e
E?
Page 61
State s)all en"ea/!ur t! pr!te+t an" *2pr!/e t)e en/*r!n2ent
an" sa.e3uar" t)e .!rests an" -*l" l*.e !. t)e +!untr<( S*2*larl<1
Art*+le 5&BA enD!*ns a "ut< up!n e/er< +*t*Cen t! pr!te+t an"
*2pr!/e t)e natural en/*r!n2ent *n+lu"*n3 .!rests1 laAes1 r*/ers
an" -*l" l*.e1 an" t! )a/e +!2pass*!n .!r all t)e l*/*n3
+reatures( In /*e- !. t)e C!nst*tut*!nal pr!/*s*!ns1 t)e D!+tr*ne
!. Pu7l*+ Trust )as 7e+!2e t)e la- !. t)e lan"( T)e sa*"
"!+tr*ne rests !n t)e pr*n+*ple t)at +erta*n res!ur+es l*Ae a*r1
sea1 -aters an" .!rests are !. su+) 3reat *2p!rtan+e t! t)e
pe!ple as a -)!le t)at *t -!ul" 7e )*3)l< unDust*.*a7le t! 2aAe
t)e2 a su7De+t !. pr*/ate !-ners)*p(
5E( Rea"*n3 t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t 2*nutel< an" +are.ull<1
pr*2a .a+*e -e are !. t)e /*e- t)at t)ere *s n! +!2plete an"
a7s!lute 7ar *n pr!se+ut*n3 pers!ns un"er t)e In"*an Penal
C!"e -)ere t)e !..en+es +!22*tte" 7< pers!ns are penal an"
+!3n*Ca7le !..en+e(
56( Su7Bse+t*!n (&A) !. Se+t*!n : !. t)e MMDR A+t puts a
restr*+t*!n *n transp!rt*n3 an" st!r*n3 an< 2*neral !t)er-*se
E&
Page 62
t)an *n a++!r"an+e -*t) t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t an" t)e rules
2a"e t)ereun"er( In !t)er -!r"s n! pers!n -*ll "! 2*n*n3
a+t*/*t< -*t)!ut a /al*" lease !r l*+ense( Se+t*!n 0& *s a penal
pr!/*s*!n a++!r"*n3 t! -)*+) *. a pers!n +!ntra/enes t)e
pr!/*s*!ns !. Su7Bse+t*!n (&A) !. Se+t*!n : s)all 7e pr!se+ute"
an" pun*s)e" *n t)e 2anner an" pr!+e"ure pr!/*"e" *n t)e A+t(
Su7Bse+t*!n (E) )as 7een *nserte" *n Se+t*!n : 7< a2en"2ent
2aA*n3 t)e !..en+e +!3n*Ca7le n!t-*t)stan"*n3 an<t)*n3
+!nta*ne" *n t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure &468(
5@( Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e A+t puts a restr*+t*!n !n t)e +!urt t!
taAe +!3n*Can+e !. an< !..en+e pun*s)a7le un"er t)e A+t !r an<
rule 2a"e t)ereun"er e;+ept up!n a +!2pla*nt 2a"e 7< a
pers!n aut)!r*Ce" *n t)*s 7e)al.(
54( It *s /er< *2p!rtant t! n!te t)at Se+t*!n 0& "!es n!t 7e3*n
-*t) a n!nB!7stante +lause( Instea" !. t)e -!r"s
In!t-*t)stan"*n3 an<t)*n3 +!nta*ne" *n an< la- .!r t)e t*2e
7e*n3 *n .!r+e n! +!urt s)all taAe +!3n*Can+e((J1 t)e Se+t*!n
E0
Page 63
7e3*ns -*t) t)e -!r"s In! +!urt s)all taAe +!3n*Can+e !. an<
!..en+e(J
E?( It *s -ell An!-n t)at a n!nB!7stante +lause *s a le3*slat*/e
"e/*+e -)*+) *s usuall< e2pl!<e" t! 3*/e !/err*"*n3 e..e+t t!
+erta*n pr!/*s*!ns !/er s!2e +!ntrar< pr!/*s*!ns t)at 2a< 7e
.!un" e*t)er *n t)e sa2e ena+t2ent !r s!2e !t)er ena+t2ent1
t)at *s t! sa<1 t! a/!*" t)e !perat*!n an" e..e+t !. all +!ntrar<
pr!/*s*!ns(
E&( In "iverpool +oro!gh vs. T!rner "ord Campbell
(&@E&)1 8? L(J( C)(8641 C(J( at pa3e 8@? sa*" FB
IN! un*/ersal rule +an 7e la*" "!-n .!r t)e
+!nstru+t*!n !. statutes1 as t! -)et)er 2an"at!r<
ena+t2ents s)all 7e +!ns*"ere" "*re+t!r< !nl< !r
!7l*3at!r<1 -*t) an *2pl*e" null*.*+at*!n .!r
"*s!7e"*en+e( It *s t)e "ut< !. +!urts t! tr< t! 3et at
t)e real *ntent*!n !. t)e le3*slature 7< +are.ull<
atten"*n3 t! t)e -)!le s+!pe !. t)e statute t! 7e
+!nstrue"(J
E0( In Pratap Singh vs. Shri Krishna /!pta1 AIR &45E SC
&:? at pa3e &:&1 t)e Supre2e C!urt -)*le *nterpret*n3 t)e
2an"at!r< an" "*re+t!r< pr!/*s*!ns !. statute !7ser/e" as
un"erFB
E8
Page 64
I'e "! n!t t)*nA t)at *s r*3)t an" -e "epre+ate
t)*s ten"en+< t!-ar"s te+)n*+al*t<G *t *s t)e
su7stan+e t)at +!unts an" 2ust taAe pre+e"en+e
!/er 2ere .!r2(
S!2e rules are /*tal an" 3! t! t)e r!!t !. t)e 2atterG
t)e< +ann!t 7e 7r!AenG !t)ers are !nl< "*re+t!r< an"
a 7rea+) !. t)e2 +an 7e !/erl!!Ae" pr!/*"e" t)ere *s
su7stant*al +!2pl*an+e -*t) t)e rules rea" as -)!le
an" pr!/*"e" n! preDu"*+e ensuesG an" -)en t)e
le3*slature "!es n!t *tsel. state -)*+) Ju"3es 2ust
"eter2*ne t)e 2atter an" e;er+*s*n3 a n*+e
"*s+r*2*nat*!n1 s!rt !ut !ne +lass .r!2 t)e !t)er
al!n3 7r!a" 7ase"1 +!22!nsense l*nes(J
E8( T)e ,uest*!n *s -)et)er a statute *s 2an"at!r< !r
"*re+t!r< "epen"s up!n t)e *ntent !. t)e Le3*slature an" n!t
up!n t)e lan3ua3e *n -)*+) t)e *ntent *s +l!t)e"( T)e 2ean*n3
an" *ntent*!n !. t)e le3*slature 2ust 3!/ern1 an" t)ese are t!
7e as+erta*ne"1 n!t !nl< .r!2 t)e p)rase!l!3< !. t)e pr!/*s*!n1
7ut als! 7< +!ns*"er*n3 *ts nature1 *ts "es*3n1 an" t)e
+!nse,uen+es -)*+) -!ul" .!ll!- .r!2 +!nstru*n3 *t t)e !ne
-a< !r t)e !t)er(
E:( In 5a4ell on t*e %nterpretation o! Statutes &?
t)
E"n( at
pa3e 8@&1 *t *s state" t)us FB
IOn t)e !t)er )an"1 -)ere t)e pres+r*pt*!ns !.
a statute relate t! t)e per.!r2an+e !. a pu7l*+ "ut<
an" -)ere t)e *n/al*"at*!n !. a+ts "!ne *n ne3le+t !.
t)e2 -!ul" -!rA ser*!us 3eneral *n+!n/en*en+e !r
*nDust*+e t! pers!ns -)! )a/e n! +!ntr!l !/er t)!se
entruste" -*t) t)e "ut< -*t)!ut pr!2!t*n3 t)e
essent*al a*2s !. t)e le3*slature1 su+) pres+r*pt*!ns
E:
Page 65
see2 t! 7e 3enerall< un"erst!!" as 2ere
*nstru+t*!ns .!r t)e 3u*"an+e an" 3!/ern2ent !.
t)!se !n -)!2 t)e "ut< *s *2p!se"1 !r1 *n !t)er
-!r"s1 as "*re+t!r< !nl<( T)e ne3le+t !. t)e2 2a<
7e penal1 *n"ee"1 7ut *t "!es n!t a..e+t t)e /al*"*t< !.
t)e a+t "!ne *n "*sre3ar" !. t)e2(J
E5( In t)e +ase !. State of #.P. vs. +ab! Ram #padhya1
AIR &4E& SC 65&1 -)*le *nterpret*n3 a part*+ular statute as
2an"at!r< !r "*re+t!r< t)*s C!urt !7ser/e" FB
I')en a statute uses t)e -!r" =s)all>1 =pr*2a
.a+*e>1 *t *s 2an"at!r<1 7ut t)e +!urt 2a< as+erta*n
t)e real *ntent*!n !. t)e le3*slature 7< +are.ull<
atten"*n3 t! t)e -)!le s+!pe !. t)e statute( F!r
as+erta*n*n3 t)e real *ntent*!n !. t)e le3*slature t)e
+!urt 2a< +!ns*"er1 *nter al*a1 t)e nature an" t)e
"es*3n !. t)e statute1 an" t)e +!nse,uen+es -)*+)
-!ul" .!ll!- .r!2 +!nstru*n3 *t t)e !ne -a< !r t)e
!t)er1 t)e *2pa+t !. !t)er pr!/*s*!ns -)ere7< t)e
ne+ess*t< !. +!2pl<*n3 -*t) t)e pr!/*s*!ns *n
,uest*!n *s a/!*"e"1 t)e +*r+u2stan+e1 na2el<1 t)at
t)e statute pr!/*"es .!r a +!nt*n3en+< !. t)e n!nB
+!2pl*an+e -*t) t)e pr!/*s*!ns1 t)e .a+t t)at t)e n!nB
+!2pl*an+e -*t) t)e pr!/*s*!ns *s !r *s n!t /*s*te" 7<
s!2e penalt<1 t)e ser*!us !r tr*/*al +!nse,uen+es
t)at .l!- t)ere.r!21 an"1 a7!/e all1 -)et)er t)e
!7De+t !. t)e le3*slat*!n -*ll 7e "e.eate" !r
.urt)ere"(J
EE( C!ns*"er*n3 t)e pr*n+*ples !. *nterpretat*!n an" t)e
-!r"*n3s use" *n Se+t*!n 001 *n !ur +!ns*"ere" !p*n*!n1 t)e
pr!/*s*!n *s n!t a +!2plete an" a7s!lute 7ar .!r taA*n3 a+t*!n 7<
E5
Page 66
t)e p!l*+e .!r *lle3al an" "*s)!nestl< +!22*tt*n3 t)e.t !.
2*nerals *n+lu"*n3 san" .r!2 t)e r*/er 7e"(
E6( T)e C!urt s)all taAe Du"*+*al n!t*+e !. t)e .a+t t)at !/er t)e
<ears r*/ers *n In"*a )a/e 7een a..e+te" 7< t)e alar2*n3 rate !.
unrestr*+te" san" 2*n*n3 -)*+) *s "a2a3*n3 t)e e+!Bs<ste2 !.
t)e r*/ers an" sa.et< !. 7r*"3es( It als! -eaAens r*/er 7e"s1 .*s)
7ree"*n3 an" "estr!<s t)e natural )a7*tat !. 2an< !r3an*s2s(
I. t)ese *lle3al a+t*/*t*es are n!t st!ppe" 7< t)e State an" t)e
p!l*+e aut)!r*t*es !. t)e State1 *t -*ll +ause ser*!us
reper+uss*!ns as 2ent*!ne" )ere*na7!/e( It -*ll n!t !nl<
+)an3e t)e r*/er )<"r!l!3< 7ut als! -*ll "eplete t)e 3r!un"
-ater le/els(
E@( T)ere +ann!t 7e an< "*spute -*t) re3ar" t! restr*+t*!ns
*2p!se" un"er t)e MMDR A+t an" re2e"< pr!/*"e" t)ere*n( In
an< +ase1 -)ere t)ere *s a 2*n*n3 a+t*/*t< 7< an< pers!n *n
+!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. Se+t*!n : an" !t)er se+t*!ns
!. t)e A+t1 t)e !..*+er e2p!-ere" an" aut)!r*Ce" un"er t)e
A+t s)all e;er+*se all t)e p!-ers *n+lu"*n3 2aA*n3 a +!2pla*nt
EE
Page 67
7e.!re t)e Dur*s"*+t*!nal 2a3*strate( It *s als! n!t *n "*spute
t)at t)e Ma3*strate s)all *n su+) +ases taAe +!3n*Can+e !n t)e
7as*s !. t)e +!2pla*nt .*le" 7e.!re *t 7< a "ul< aut)!r*Ce"
!..*+er( In +ase !. 7rea+) an" /*!lat*!n !. Se+t*!n : an" !t)er
pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t1 t)e p!l*+e !..*+er +ann!t *ns*st Ma3*strate
.!r taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e un"er t)e A+t !n t)e 7as*s !. t)e re+!r"
su72*tte" 7< t)e p!l*+e alle3*n3 +!ntra/ent*!n !. t)e sa*" A+t(
In !t)er -!r"s1 t)e pr!)*7*t*!n +!nta*ne" *n Se+t*!n 00 !. t)e
A+t a3a*nst pr!se+ut*!n !. a pers!n e;+ept !n a +!2pla*nt
2a"e 7< t)e !..*+er *s attra+te" !nl< -)en su+) pers!n s!u3)t
t! 7e pr!se+ute" .!r +!ntra/ent*!n !. Se+t*!n : !. t)e A+t an"
n!t .!r an< a+t !r !2*ss*!n -)*+) +!nst*tute an !..en+e un"er
In"*an Penal C!"e(
E4( H!-e/er1 t)ere 2a< 7e s*tuat*!n -)ere a pers!n -*t)!ut
an< lease !r l*+en+e !r an< aut)!r*t< enters *nt! r*/er an"
e;tra+ts san"s1 3ra/els an" !t)er 2*nerals an" re2!/e !r
transp!rt t)!se 2*nerals *n a +lan"est*ne 2anner -*t) an
*ntent t! re2!/e "*s)!nestl< t)!se 2*nerals .r!2 t)e
p!ssess*!n !. t)e State1 *s la*7le t! 7e pun*s)e" .!r
E6
Page 68
+!22*tt*n3 su+) !..en+e un"er Se+t*!ns 86@ an" 864 !. t)e
In"*an Penal C!"e(
6?( Fr!2 a +l!se rea"*n3 !. t)e pr!/*s*!ns !. MMDR A+t an"
t)e !..en+e "e.*ne" un"er Se+t*!n 86@1 IPC1 *t *s 2an*.est
t)at t)e *n3re"*ents +!nst*tut*n3 t)e !..en+e are "*..erent( T)e
+!ntra/ent*!n !. ter2s an" +!n"*t*!ns !. 2*n*n3 lease !r "!*n3
2*n*n3 a+t*/*t< *n /*!lat*!n !. Se+t*!n : !. t)e A+t *s an !..en+e
pun*s)a7le un"er Se+t*!n 0& !. t)e MMDR A+t1 -)ereas
"*s)!nestl< re2!/*n3 san"1 3ra/els an" !t)er 2*nerals .r!2
t)e r*/er1 -)*+) *s t)e pr!pert< !. t)e State1 !ut !. State>s
p!ssess*!n -*t)!ut t)e +!nsent1 +!nst*tute an !..en+e !. t)e.t(
6&( Hen+e1 2erel< 7e+ause *n*t*at*!n !. pr!+ee"*n3 .!r
+!22*ss*!n !. an !..en+e un"er t)e MMDR A+t !n t)e 7as*s !.
+!2pla*nt +ann!t an" s)all n!t "e7ar t)e p!l*+e .r!2 taA*n3
a+t*!n a3a*nst pers!ns .!r +!22*tt*n3 t)e.t !. san" an"
2*nerals *n t)e 2anner 2ent*!ne" a7!/e 7< e;er+*s*n3 p!-er
un"er t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure an" su72*t a rep!rt
E@
Page 69
7e.!re t)e Ma3*strate .!r taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e a3a*nst su+)
pers!n( In !t)er -!r"s1 *n a +ase -)ere t)ere *s a t)e.t !.
san" an" 3ra/els .r!2 t)e %!/ern2ent lan"1 t)e p!l*+e +an
re3*ster a +ase1 *n/est*3ate t)e sa2e an" su72*t a .*nal rep!rt
un"er Se+t*!n &681 Cr(P(C( 7e.!re a Ma3*strate )a/*n3
Dur*s"*+t*!n .!r t)e purp!se !. taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e as pr!/*"e" *n
Se+t*!n &4? (&)(") !. t)e C!"e !. Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure(
60( A.ter 3*/*n3 !ur t)!u3)t.ul +!ns*"erat*!n *n t)e 2atter1 *n
t)e l*3)t !. rele/ant pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e A+t /*sBHB/*s t)e C!"e !.
Cr*2*nal Pr!+e"ure an" t)e In"*an Penal C!"e1 -e are !. t)e
"e.*n*te !p*n*!n t)at t)e *n3re"*ents +!nst*tut*n3 t)e !..en+e
un"er t)e MMDR A+t an" t)e *n3re"*ents !. "*s)!nestl<
re2!/*n3 san" an" 3ra/el .r!2 t)e r*/er 7e"s -*t)!ut +!nsent1
-)*+) *s t)e pr!pert< !. t)e State1 *s a "*st*n+t !..en+e un"er t)e
IPC( Hen+e1 .!r t)e +!22*ss*!n !. !..en+e un"er Se+t*!n 86@
Cr(P(C(1 !n re+e*pt !. t)e p!l*+e rep!rt1 t)e Ma3*strate )a/*n3
Dur*s"*+t*!n +an taAe +!3n*Can+e !. t)e sa*" !..en+e -*t)!ut
a-a*t*n3 t)e re+e*pt !. +!2pla*nt t)at 2a< 7e .*le" 7< t)e
E4
Page 70
aut)!r*Ce" !..*+er .!r taA*n3 +!3n*Can+e *n respe+t !. /*!lat*!n !.
/ar*!us pr!/*s*!ns !. t)e MMRD A+t( C!nse,uentl< t)e +!ntrar<
/*e- taAen 7< t)e "*..erent H*3) C!urts +ann!t 7e susta*ne" *n
la- an"1 t)ere.!re1 !/errule"( C!nse,uentl<1 t)ese +r*2*nal
appeals are "*sp!se" !. -*t) a "*re+t*!n t! t)e +!n+erne"
Ma3*strates t! pr!+ee" a++!r"*n3l<(
===========.".
> M.&. E?4,- @
===========.".
>Pi+,Ai Ch,+6), %ho0/@
Ne- Del)*
Septe27er ?:1 0?&:
6?
Page 71
6&