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university
of south africa
Tutorial Letter 101/3/2014
Linear Algebra
MAT3701
Semesters 1 & 2
Department of Mathematical Sciences
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important
information about your module.
MAT3701/101/3/2014
CONTENTS
Page
1
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................4
1.1
Tutorial matter.......................................................................................................................4
2
PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ..........................................................4
2.1
Purpose ...............................................................................................................................4
2.2
Outcomes.............................................................................................................................5
3
LECTURERS AND CONTACT DETAILS ...............................................................................6
3.1
Lecturer(s)............................................................................................................................6
3.2
Department ..........................................................................................................................6
3.3
University (contact details).....................................................................................................7
4
MODULE RELATED RESOURCES.......................................................................................7
4.1
Prescribed book....................................................................................................................7
4.2
Recommended books ...........................................................................................................7
4.3
Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)..........................................................................................7
5
STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ..........................................................7
5.1
Study groups ........................................................................................................................8
5.2
myUnisa...............................................................................................................................8
5.3
Group Discussions................................................................................................................8
6
MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN.......................................................................................8
7
MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING.................................8
8
ASSESSMENT.....................................................................................................................8
8.1
Assessment plan ..................................................................................................................8
8.2
General assignment numbers................................................................................................9
8.2.1
Unique assignment numbers .................................................................................................9
8.2.2
Due dates of assignments .....................................................................................................9
8.3
Submission of assignments .................................................................................................10
8.4
Assignments.......................................................................................................................10
9
EXAMINATIONS ................................................................................................................10
9.1
Examination admission .......................................................................................................10
9.2
Examination period .............................................................................................................11
2
MAT3701/101
9.3
Examination paper ..............................................................................................................11
10
OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS.....................................................................................11
11
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ..................................................................................11
12
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................11
12.1
Assignment 01....................................................................................................................12
12.2
Assignment 02....................................................................................................................15
ADDENDUM A: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 2 ......................................................................17
A.1
Assignment 01....................................................................................................................17
A.2
Assignment 02....................................................................................................................20
3
1 INTRODUCTION
Dear Student
Welcome to module MAT3701 on Linear Algebra. We hope you will nd it both interesting and
rewarding. This module is offered as a semester module. You will be well on your way to success
if you start studying early in the semester and resolve to do the assignments properly.
We hope you will enjoy this module, and wish you success with your studies.
1.1 Tutorial matter
Tutorial Letter 101 contains important information about the scheme of work, resources and as-
signments for this module. We urge you to read it carefully and to keep it at hand when working
through the study material, preparing the assignments, preparing for the examination and address-
ing questions to your lecturers.
In this tutorial letter you will nd the assignments as well as instructions on the preparation and
submission of the assignments. This tutorial letter also provides information with regard to other
resources and where to obtain them. Please study this information carefully.
Certain general and administrative information about this module has also been included. Please
study this section of the tutorial letter carefully.
You must read all the tutorial letters you receive during the semester immediately and care-
fully, as they always contain important and, sometimes, urgent information.
Some of this tutorial matter may not be available when you register. Tutorial matter that is not
available when you register will be posted to you as soon as possible, but is also available on
myUnisa.
We hope you will enjoy this module and wish you all the best!
2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE
2.1 Purpose
The purpose of this module is to equip students with an integrated knowledge of the main con-
cepts, theory and techniques of linear algebra over the real or complex eld as it applies to inner
product spaces, invariant subspaces, operators and their canonical forms. This will contribute to
a knowlege base for further studies in mathematics and for application in other disciplines.
4
MAT3701/101
2.2 Outcomes
Outcome
Demonstrate an
understanding of and
ability to work with:
Assessment Criteria
Theoretical concepts
State denitions and results in own words
Reproduce the proofs of a selection of theorems
Do exercises of a theoretical nature that require deductive
reasoning
Verify whether denitions and results are satised in certain
situations
Construct counter examples
Real or complex matrix
theory
Check and (if possible) diagonalise a matrix
Calculate the spectral decomposition of a normal or self-adjoint
matrix.
Use the adjoint of a matrix to solve least squares problems
Use orthogonal matrices to eliminate the cross term in a conic
section
Use orthogonal matrices to describe rigid motions in the plane
Test and (if possible) nd the limit of a sequence of matrices
Use Gerschgorins Disk Theorem to locate the eigenvalues of
a matrix
Apply matrix theory to Markov chains
Find the matrix representation and invariants of a bilinear form
Compute condition numbers and use it for error estimates
Real or complex vector
and inner product
spaces
Construct Lagrange polynomials and use it for interpolation
Construct and use direct sum decompositions
Construct invariant (including cyclic) subspaces
Construct orthogonal bases, projections and complements
Use inner products to nd coordinate vectors and transition
matrices
Linear operators on real
or complex vector and
inner product spaces
Check and (if possible) nd a diagonalising basis of a linear
operator
Find the adjoint of a linear operator
Find the orthogonal projection on an inner product subspace
Find the vector dening the action of a linear functional
Find the spectral decomposition of a normal or self-adjoint
operator
Solve equations involving linear operators
Find orthonormal eigenvector bases of unitary and normal
operators
5
3 LECTURERS AND CONTACT DETAILS
3.1 Lecturer(s)
The lecturers responsible for MAT3701 are:
Name Ofce Telephone E-mail
Prof JD Botha (Ofce location to be 012-429-6346 (RSA) bothajd@unisa.ac.za
communicated) 27-12-429-6346
Florida Campus (International)
Prof Y. Hardy (Ofce location to be 012-429-6728 (RSA) hardyy@unisa.ac.za
communicated) 27-12-429-6728
Florida Campus (International)
(Muckleneuk Campus)
OR
011-471-3671 (RSA)
27-11-471-3671
(International)
(Florida Campus)
All queries that are not of a purely administrative nature but are about the content of this module
should be directed to us. Email is the preferred form of communication to use. If you phone us
please have your study material with you when you contact us. If you cannot get hold of us, leave
a message with the Departmental Secretary. Please clearly state your name, time of call and how
we can get back to you.
You are always welcome to come and discuss your work with us, but please make an appoint-
ment before coming to see us. Please come to these appointments well prepared with specic
questions that indicate your own efforts to have understood the basic concepts involved.
You are also free to write to us about any of the difculties you encounter with your work for this
module. If these difculties concern exercises which you are unable to solve, you must send your
attempts so we can see where you are going wrong, or what concepts you do not understand. Mail
should be sent to one of us at:
Department of Mathematical Sciences
PO Box 392
UNISA
0003
PLEASE NOTE: Letters to lecturers may not be enclosed with or inserted into assignments.
3.2 Department
Fax number: 012 429 6064 (RSA) +27 12 429 6064 (International)
Departmental Secretary: 012 429 6202 (RSA) +27 12 429 6202 (International)
6
MAT3701/101
3.3 University (contact details)
If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this
module, please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa that you received with
your study material. This brochure contains information on how to contact the University
(e.g. to whom you can write for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers,
addresses and details of the times certain facilities are open).
Always have your student number at hand when you contact the University.
4 MODULE RELATED RESOURCES
4.1 Prescribed book
The prescribed textbook is
Stephen H. Friedberg, Arnold J. Insel and Lawrence E. Spencer:
Linear Algebra, 2nd (1992), 3rd (1997) or 4th (2003) edition,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Please refer to the list of ofcial booksellers and their addresses in the my Studies @ Unisa
brochure. Prescribed books can be obtained from the Universitys ofcial booksellers. If you have
difculty in locating your book(s) at these booksellers, please contact the Prescribed Book Section
at Tel: 012 429-4152 or e-mail vospresc@unisa.ac.za.
4.2 Recommended books
There are NO recommended books for this module.
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)
There are NO e-Reserves for this module.
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE
For information on the various student support systems and services available at Unisa (e.g. stu-
dent counselling, tutorial classes, language support), please consult the publication My studies @
Unisa that you received with your study material.
7
5.1 Study groups
It is advisable to have contact with fellow students. One way to do this is to form study groups. The
addresses of students in your area may be obtained from the following department:
Directorate: Student Administration and Registration
PO Box 392
UNISA
0003
5.2 myUnisa
If you have access to a computer that is linked to the internet, you can quickly access resources
and information at the University. The myUnisa learning management system is Unisas online
campus that will help you to communicate with your lecturers, with other students and with the
administrative departments of Unisa all through the computer and the internet.
To go to the myUnisa website, start at the main Unisa website, www.unisa.ac.za, and then click
on the myUnisa link below the orange tab labelled Current students. This should take you to
the myUnisa website. You can also go there directly by typing my.unisa.ac.za in the address bar of
your browser.
Please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material for
more information on myUnisa.
5.3 Group Discussions
You will receive a tutorial letter with dates, venues and times for group discussions in Pretoria.
6 MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN
Study plan Semester 1 Semester 2
Study units 1 - 9 7 March 15 August
Study units 10 - 17 2 April 13 September
Work through previous exam paper 7 April 20 September
Revision 30 April 20 October
7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING
There are no practicals for this module.
8 ASSESSMENT
8.1 Assessment plan
In each semester there are two assignments for MAT3701. The questions for the assignments for
both semesters are given at the end of this tutorial letter. Both assignments count towards your
8
MAT3701/101
semester mark. Please make sure that you answer the questions for the semester for which
you are registered. If you answer questions from the wrong semester, your solutions will not be
marked and you will get zero marks for the assignments.
It is not necessary to write out the questions with your answers. However, you must explain carefully
the reasoning for your answer. Labelled diagrams should be included when necessary.
The assignments are designed to cover all of the course work. Please note that we will only mark
a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to do all the questions.
The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important than one
that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be provided. When marking the
assignments, constructive comments will be made on your work, which will then be returned to you.
The assignments and the comments on these assignments constitute an important part of your
learning and should help you to be better prepared for the next assignment and the examination.
If you need help with problems you must include your attempt at a solution so that we may see
where you are going wrong. You need to specify your problem clearly. For example, it is no good
saying you dont understand Chapter 4; all we can then do is to repeat what is in the study guide
or reference books.
To be admitted to the examination you need to submit the rst assignment by its due date.
Your semester mark for MAT3701 counts 20% and your exam mark 80% of your nal mark. Both
assignments carry the same weight.
Your nal mark will therefore be calculated according to the formula
Final mark = 0.8P
E
+ 0.1P
1
+ 0.1P
2
where P
E
, P
1
and P
2
denote your percentage in the exam, Assignment 01 and Assignment 02
respectively.
8.2 General assignment numbers
The assignments are numbered as 01 and 02 for each semester.
8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers
Please note that each assignment has its own unique assignment number which has to be written
on the cover of your assignment upon submission.
8.2.2 Due dates of assignments
The due dates for the submission of the assignments in 2014 are:
Assignment number Semester 1 Semester 2
1 7 March 15 August
2 2 April 12 September
9
8.3 Submission of assignments
You may submit written assignments and assignments completed on mark-reading sheets either
by post or electronically via myUnisa. Assignments may not be submitted by fax or e-mail.
For detailed information on assignments, please refer to the myStudies @ Unisa brochure,
which you received with your study package.
To submit an assignment via myUnisa:
Go to myUnisa.
Log in with your student number and password.
Select the module.
Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.
Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.
Follow the instructions.
PLEASE NOTE: Although students may work together when preparing assignments, each student
must write and submit his or her own individual assignment. In other words, you must submit your
own calculations in your own words. It is unacceptable for students to submit identical assign-
ments on the basis that they worked together. That is copying (a form of plagiarism) and none of
these assignments will be marked. Furthermore, you may be penalised or subjected to disciplinary
proceedings by the University.
8.4 Assignments
The assignment questions for Semester 1 are contained in Addendum A.
Assignment 1, pages 1214
Assignment 2, pages 1517
The assignment questions for Semester 2 are contained in Addendum B.
Assignment 1, pages 1820
Assignment 2, pages 2122
9 EXAMINATIONS
9.1 Examination admission
To be admitted to the examination you must submit the compulsory assignment, i.e. Assignment
01, by the due date (7 March 2014 for Semester 1, and 15 August 2014 for Semester 2).
10
MAT3701/101
9.2 Examination period
This module is offered in a semester period of fteen weeks. This means that if you are registered
for the rst semester, you will write the examination in May/June 2014 and the supplementary ex-
amination will be written in October/November 2014. If you are registered for the second semester
you will write the examination in October/November 2014 and the supplementary examination will
be written in May/June 2015.
During the semester, the Examination Section will provide you with information regarding the ex-
amination in general, examination venues, examination dates and examination times.
9.3 Examination paper
The textbook and Study Guide forms the basis of this course. The relevant topics that you need to
study are listed in the Study Guide. The examination will be a single written paper of two hours
duration.
Refer to the myStudies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.
You are not allowed to use a calculator in the exam. A previous examination paper will be available
to students with a memorandum.
If you are not successful in the May/June or October/November exam (i.e. if you have less than
50%) you may write the supplementary exam in October/November or May/June respectively, pro-
vided that you obtained at least 40% for the previous exam. Supplementary examination dates
will be provided by the Examination Section.
10 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS
There are no other assessment methods for this module.
11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study information.
Please refer to this brochure for any other questions.
12 CONCLUSION
We trust that you will have a very successful academic year. Remember, you are important to us
and we are very willing and available to assist you with your course content related problems.
Our best wishes
Your MAT3701 lecturers.
11
12.1 Assignment 01
ONLY FOR SEMESTER 1 STUDENTS
ASSIGNMENT 01
Based on Study Units 1 - 9
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 7 MARCH 2014
UNIQUE NUMBER: 890658
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date.
QUESTION 1
Let V be the vector space C
2
with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let T : V V
be the mapping dened by
T (z
1
, z
2
) = (z
1
z
2
, z
2
z
2
) .
(a) Show that T is a linear operator.
(b) Find a basis for N (T) .
(c) Find a basis for R(T) .
(d) Determine whether V = N (T) R(T) .
QUESTION 2
Let f
a
, f
b
, f
c
be the Lagrange polinomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c
respectively. Dene T : P
2
(R) P
2
(R) by T (g) = g (a) f
a
.
(a) Show that T is a linear operator.
(b) Explain whether or not T is a projection.
(c) Find [T]

, where = {f
a
, f
b
, f
c
} .
QUESTION 3
Classify each of the following statements as true or false. If true, construct a T with the given
properties. If false, explain why such a T does not exist.
(a) There exists a linear transformation T : C
3
C
3
such that rank (T) = nullity (T) .
(b) There exists a linear transformation T : C
3
C
3
such that T is onto and N(T) =span{(1, 1, 1)} .
12
MAT3701/101
(c) There exists a linear transformation T : C
3
C
3
such that N (T) =span{(1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0)}
and R(T) = span{(1, 1, 1)} .
QUESTION 4
Let T : V V be a linear operator and suppose F is an eigenvalue of T. Prove that
(a) + 2 is an eigenvalue of T + 2I
V
;
(b)
2
is an eigenvalue of T
2
;
(c) T is singular if and only if = 0 is an eigenvalue of T.
QUESTION 5
Let T : M
22
(C) M
22
(C) be the linear operator dened by T (A) =
1
2
(A A
t
) .
(a) Show that T is a projection.
(b) Find a basis for the space onto which T projects.
(c) Find a basis for the space along which T projects.
(d) Find a basis for M
22
(C) such that [T]

is diagonal. Write down [T]

.
QUESTION 6
Let T : M
22
(C) M
22
(C) be the linear operator dened by
T
__
a b
c d
__
=
_
a +c d b +d
a +b +c b +d
_
.
(a) Show that T satises the test for diagonalizability.
(b) Find a basis for M
22
(C) consisting of eigenvectors of T, and write down [T]

.
(c) Show that T satises the equation T
2
= 2T.
QUESTION 7
Let T : M
22
(C) M
22
(C) be the linear operator dened by T (X) = AX, where
A =
_
0 1
1 0
_
, and let W be the cyclic subspace generated by A.
(a) Find the Tcyclic basis for W.
(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of T
W
.
13
(c) Explain whether or not
U = span
__
2 1
1 2
_
,
_
1 2
2 1
__
is Tinvariant.
QUESTION 8
Let
A =
_

_
1
2
0 1
1
2
0 0
0 1 0
_

_
.
(a) Show that A is a regular transition matrix.
(b) Find lim
m
A
m
.
(c) Describe the Gerschgorin discs in which the eigenvalues of A lie.
14
MAT3701/101
12.2 Assignment 02
ONLY FOR SEMESTER 1 STUDENTS
ASSIGNMENT 02
Based on Study Units 10 - 17
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 2 APRIL 2014
UNIQUE NUMBER: 776521
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date.
QUESTION 1
Dene <, >: C
2
C
2
C by < x, y >= y

Ax, where A =
_
1 i
i 2
_
and x and y are column
vectors in C
2
. Show that <, > is an inner product on C
2
.
QUESTION 2
Let f
a
, f
b
, f
c
be the Lagrange polynomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c
respectively.
(a) Show that
g, h = g (a) h(a) + g(b)h(b) + g (c) h(c)
is an inner product on P
2
(R) over R.
(b) Show that {f
a
, f
b
, f
c
} is an orthonormal basis for P
2
(R) with respect to , in (a).
(c) Show that, with respect to , , the orthogonal projection P : P
2
(R) P
2
(R) on W =
span{f
a
} is given by P (g) = g (a) f
a
.
QUESTION 3
(a) If {v, w} is a basis for R
2
over R, show that {v, w, iv, iw} is a basis for C
2
over R.
(b) Without any further computations, use (a) to explain why = {(1, 0) , (i, 0) , (0, 1) , (0, i)} is a
basis for C
2
over R.
QUESTION 4 (Friedberg: Section 6.3, Exercise 9)
Prove that if V = W W

and T is the projection on W along W

, then T = T

. Hint : Recall that

N (T) = W

.
QUESTION 5
Let V be an inner product space, and let y, z V be nonzero vectors. Dene T : V V by
T (x) = x, y z for all x V .
15
(a) Prove that T is linear.
(b) Find a formula for T

.
(c) Find a formula for T
2
.
(d) Prove that T is a projection if and only if z, y = 1.
QUESTION 6
It is given that A M
33
(C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 1 and i and corresponding
eigenspaces
E
1
= span
_
1

2
(1, 1, 0) ,
1
2
_
1, 1,

2
_
_
and
E
i
= span
_
1
2
_
1, 1,

2
_
_
.
(a) Find the spectral decomposition of A.
(b) Find A.
QUESTION 7
Eliminate the xyterm (cross term) in
3x
2
+ 2xy + 3y
2
= 1 ... (ii)
by a rotation of the axes, that is, nd a rotation matrix P M
22
(R) such that (ii), expressed in
terms of x

, y

dened by
_
x
y
_
= P
_
x

_
,
contains no cross term.
Express x, y in terms of x

, y

, and state the (counterclockwise) angle of rotation.

QUESTION 8
Let
A =
_
_
0 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
_
_
.
(a) Find a nonsingular matrix Q such that Q
t
AQ = D, where D is diagonal.
(b) Write down the rank, index and signature of A.
16
MAT3701/101
ADDENDUM A: ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMESTER 2
A.1 Assignment 01
ONLY FOR SEMESTER 2 STUDENTS
ASSIGNMENT 01
Based on Study Units 1 - 9
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 15 AUGUST 2014
UNIQUE NUMBER: 20140815
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date.
QUESTION 1
Let V, W and U denote the subspaces of M
22
(C) dened by
V =
__
a b
c d
_
: a b c +d = 0
_
;
W =
__
a b
c 0
_
: a b c = 0
_
;
and
U = span
__
1 0
0 1
__
.
(a) Explain whether or not V = W U.
(b) Is dim(V + W) = dim(V +U)? Explain your answer.
QUESTION 2
Let W
1
and W
2
be nonzero subspaces of a vector space V of dimension n.
(a) If dim(W
1
) = n 1 and W
1
W
2
= W
2
, prove that dim(W
1
W
2
) = dim(W
2
) 1.
(b) If
dim(V ) = dim(W
1
) + dim(W
2
) ,
prove that V = W
1
W
2
if and only if W
1
W
2
= {0} .
QUESTION 3 (Friedberg: Section 5.1, Exercise 18)
Let A, B M
nn
(C) .
(a) Prove that if B is invertible, then there exists a scalar c C such that A+cB is not invertible.
Hint: Examine det (A +cB) .
17
(b) Find nonzero 2 2 matrices A and B such that both A and A+cB are invertible for all c C.
QUESTION 4
Let T : C
3
C
3
be the linear operator dened by
T (z
1
, z
2
, z
3
) = (2z
1
+iz
3
, z
2
, 2iz
1
z
3
) .
(a) Show that T is a projection.
(b) Find a basis for the space onto which T projects.
(c) Find a basis for the space along which T projects.
QUESTION 5
Let f
0
, f
1
, and f
2
denote the Lagrange polynomials associated with 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Let
= {f
0
, f
1
, f
2
} and = {1, x, x
2
} .
(a) Find f
0
, f
1
, f
2
, and express each one in standard polynomial form, i.e. a+bx+cx
2
, where a, b,
and c are real numbers.
(b) Use the Lagrange interpolation formula to express 1, x, and x
2
as linear combinations of
f
0
, f
1
, and f
2
.
(c) Without any further computations, explain why is a basis for P
2
(R) .
(d) Write down the change of coordinate matrix P which changes coordinates to coordi-
nates.
(e) Without any further computations, write down P
1
.
QUESTION 6
Let T : P
2
(C) P
2
(C) be the linear operator dened by
T
_
a +bx + cx
2
_
= 3a + (a + 2b) x + (a + 2c) x
2
.
(a) Show that T satises the test for diagonalizability.
(b) Find a basis for P
2
(C) consisting of eigenvectors of T, and write down [T]

.
(c) Show that 3I T is a projection.
QUESTION 7
18
MAT3701/101
1. Let T : M
22
(R) M
22
(R) denote the projection on W =
__
a b
c d
_
: a b c +d = 0
_
along U = span
__
1 0
0 1
__
.
(a) Find the matrix representation of T with respect to =
__
1 0
0 0
_
,
_
0 1
0 0
_
,
_
0 0
1 0
_
,
_
0 0
0 1
__
(b) Find the formula for T.
QUESTION 8
Let T : V V be a linear operator on a nitedimensional vector space V over F, and suppose
v V is such that
v, T (v) , T
2
(v)
is linearly independent and
T
3
(v) = T (v) + T
2
(v) .
Let
W = span
_
v, T (v) , T
2
(v)
_
.
(a) Show that W is Tinvariant.
(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of T
W
.
(c) Explain whether T
W
: W W is onetoone.
(d) Explain whether T
W
: W W is onto.
19
A.2 Assignment 02
ONLY FOR SEMESTER 2 STUDENTS
ASSIGNMENT 02
Based on Study Units 10 - 17
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 12 SEPTEMBER 2014
UNIQUE NUMBER: 20140912
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date.
QUESTION 1
Let T : C
4
C
4
be the linear operator such that
[T]

=
_

_
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 i
0 i i 1 + i
_

_
,
where is the standard basis for C
4
, and let
W = span {(1, 0, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 1, 0)} .
(a) Show that W is T invariant.
(b) Find a basis for W

.
(c) Show that W

is T

invariant.
QUESTION 2
Find the minimal solution in R
3
to the system
x y + z = 0
x + y = 0.
QUESTION 3
Consider M
22
(R) with respect to the Frobenius inner product dened by A, B = tr (B

A) . Find
the formula for the orthogonal projection P : M
22
(R) M
22
(R) on W, where
W = span
_
1
2
_
1 1
1 1
_
,
1
2
_
1 1
1 1
__
.
20
MAT3701/101
QUESTION 4
It is given that A M
33
(C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 0,

2 and

2 and corresponding
eigenspaces
E
0
= span
_
1

2
(1, 1, 0)
_
E

2
= span
_
1
2
_
1, 1,

2
_
_
E

2
= span
_
1
2
_
1, 1,

2
_
_
(a) Find the spectral decomposition of A.
(b) Find A.
QUESTION 5 (Friedberg: Section 6.4, Exercise 6)
Let V be a complex inner product space, and let T be a linear operator on V. Dene
T
1
=
1
2
(T +T

) and T
2
=
1
2i
(T T

) .
(a) Prove that T
1
and T
2
are selfadjoint and that T = T
1
+iT
2
.
(b) Suppose also that T = U
1
+ iU
2
, where U
1
and U
2
are selfadjoint. Prove that U
1
= T
1
and
U
2
= T
2
.
(c) Prove that T is normal if and only if T
1
T
2
= T
2
T
1
.
QUESTION 6
Let f : R
2
R
2
be dened by
f (a, b) = (1 b, 2 + a)
(a) Prove that f is a rigid motion.
(b) Express f in the form f = g T, where g is a translation and T an orthogonal operator on
R
2
. Find the vector v
0
by which g translates. If T is a rotation, nd the angle through which
it rotates; and if T is a reection about a line L through the origin, nd the equation of L and
the angle it makes with the positive xaxis.
QUESTION 7 (Friedberg: Section 6.5, Exercise 31)
Let H
u
, u a unit vector, be a Householder operator on a nitedimensional inner product space
V, i.e., H
u
(x) = x 2 x, u u for all x V. Prove the following results.
21
(a) H
u
is linear.
(b) H
u
(x) = x if and only if x is orthogonal to u.
(c) H
u
(u) = u.
(d) H

u
= H
u
and H
2
u
= I, and hence H
u
is a unitary [orthogonal] operator on V .
(Note: If V is a real inner product space, then in the language of Section 6.11, H
u
is a reection.)
QUESTION 8
Let A =
_
2

2
1 1
_
and suppose denotes the Euclidean norm.
(a) Find A , A
1
and cond (A) .
(b) Suppose that we have vectors x and x such that Ax = b, b = 1, and b A x 0.001. Use
(a) to determine upper bounds for x A
1
b (the absolute error) and x A
1
b / A
1
b (the
relative error).
22