HOLOPHANE

Lighting Fundamentals
I Lighting basics
I Light sources
Lamp characteristics
I Photometry
I Calculations
I Lighting quality
HL-862 7/99
2
HOLOPHANE Index Introduction
Holophane Mission Statement:
Provide lighting products and solutions, giving
our customers the greatest value through superior:
visibility
energy efficiency
reliability
quality
service
Page
Introduction 2
Holophane Research and Development 3
Lighting Basics 6
Luminous Flux
Luminous Intensity
Illuminance
Luminance
Metric conversions
Light Sources-Lamp Characteristics 7
Incandescent
Fluorescent
High Intensity Discharge
Mercury
Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
Low Pressure Sodium
Quartz
Photometry 9
Candlepower Distribution Curve
Coefficient of Utilization
Isofootcandle Chart
Spacing Criteria
Methods of Calculating Levels of Illuminance 10
The Zonal Cavity Method of Calculating Average Illuminance Levels
Calculating Average Illuminance using the Utilization Curve
Point Calculations using Candlepower Data
Point Calculations using Isofootcandle Chart
Lighting Quality 16
Visual Comfort Illumination
Equivalent Sphere Illumination
Selection of Level of Illuminance 17
Illumination is light falling on a surface
measured in footcandles. Distributed
with an economic and visual plan, it
becomes engineered lighting and
therefore, practical illuminance.
A lighting designer has four major
objectives:
1. Provide the visibility required based
on the task to be performed and the
economic objectives.
2. Furnish high quality lighting by
providing a uniform illuminance level
and by minimizing the negative effects
of direct and reflected glare.
3. Choose luminaires esthetically
complimentary to the installation with
mechanical, electrical and maintenance
characteristics designed to minimize
operational expense.
4. Minimize energy usage while
achieving the visibility, quality and
aesthetic objectives.
There are two parts to the solution of
a design problem. One is to select
luminaires which are designed to
control the light in an effective and
energy efficient manner. The other is
to apply them to the project with all
the skill and ingenuity the designer
can bring to bear from his own
knowledge and all the reliable sources
at his disposal.
This primer has been developed to
give the designer a useful summary of
basic lighting principles. It gives
important data and practical
information on how to apply them. It
offers the assistance of the Holophane
technical sales force who have
CALAPro

application software and

LSAC economic analysis software at
their disposal. The facilities and staff
of the Holophane Technical Support
Group are also available.
In addition, it prefaces a selection of
quality lighting products that use the
best design and manufacturing
techniques of illumination science and
technology available today. Their use
assures the ultimate in lighting quality,
economy, light distribution, energy
efficiency and glare control.
3
HOLOPHANE
Reasearch & Development
The high caliber performance
characteristic of Holophane
luminaires is a result of quality in
concept, research, develop-ment
and execution. This depends on
a staff with ability and integrity,
along with the physical plant and
equipment, to carry on their
work. The following are some
brief aspects of the more
important activities and facilities
vital to the creation of quality
Holophane lighting products.
Photometers (A/B) A full scale
radial photometer (A) with a
radius of 25 that will accom-
modate up to an 8 long or 5
square luminaire. There are
photocells along the arc at every 2
1/2, starting at 0 (nadir) up to
180 and a single cell spinning
mirror photometer with an
effective test distance of 25. Each
luminaire that is tested is rotated
to measure up to 72 planes of
data. The systems are fully
automated so the photocell
readings are sent directly to an
inhouse computer (B) which
generates Photometric Test
Reports used for calculation and
analysis. Photometric data is
available in IESNA format on disks
for use in CALAPro and other
lighting application programs.
Electric and ballast laboratory
A heavy current laboratory to
simulate various field power and
load situations. Ballasts are
designed and tested to ensure
that they operate within
applicable American National
Standards design limits. A
properly designed ballast will
optimize its own life while pro-
viding full lamp life and output.
Thermal laboratory (C) Heat
testing facility where luminaires
and components are subjected
to heat conditions well in excess
of their normally expected
exposure under field use. While
this laboratory is used for
research and development of
luminaires, a significant part of
its activities is directed to the
meeting and maintenance of
Underwriters Laboratories
requirements.
A
B
C
4
HOLOPHANE Research & Development
Sound laboratory (D) An
anechoic (non-echoing) sound
room that has been isolated from
extraneous sounds. The sound
power is measured over each 1/3
of an octave band through the
audible spectrum from 20 to
20,000 hertz. The values are
weighted according to a
standard hearer, then a Lighting
System Noise Criterion (LSNC) is
established for a given room and
layout.
Vibration laboratory (E)
Stability of equipment under a
variety of vibration loadings is
rigorously tested to meet
specifications and field-use
conditions. This assures product
reliability when luminaires and
poles are subjected to various
wind conditions.
Water spray facilities (F)
Resistance to water penetration is
evaluated in this closed cycle
water spray system. Luminaires
can be tested for standard UL
wet-location and outdoor marine
suitability; also, a special 100
gallon per minute, 100 psi
capacity can be used to test such
severe conditions as those found
in tunnels.
CAD system (G) A Computer
Aided Design system is used for
the precise design of optical and
fixture components to assure
precise light control and
manufacturing tolerances from all
the elements which make up the
luminaire assembly.
Electronics laboratory A
complete facility for the design,
development and testing of
electronic components of a
luminaire. All designs are
thoroughly life tested to assure
full service life and performance.
Light and Vision institute (H)
A facility for teaching principles
of lighting design and calculation
as well as a center for the
consideration of lighting
problems in consultation with
recognized experts in the field.
Seminars on energy conservation,
lighting for retail and roadway
lighting are conducted together
with schools for electrical
consultants, distributors and utility
personnel. Contact your local
Holophane representative for
schedule.
D
H
E
F
G
5
HOLOPHANE
Lighting demonstration
center (I) In this laboratory,
complete luminaires and systems
are installed for measurement
and visual evaluation of
performance. The room is highly
flexible and mounting heights
can be altered to duplicate
various lighting conditions.
Outdoor lighting laboratory
(J/K) A street and parking lot
area arranged for the measure-
ment and visual evaluation of a
variety of lighting systems
including signage. Outdoor
architectural, historical and
municipal luminaires may also
be examined in an adjacent
park-like setting
Technical Support Group (L)
A computer equipped
department, staffed with
professional lighting designers
and engineers, to aid consultants
and users in reaching their
lighting decisions. The
department uses the CALAPro
lighting analysis program for all
of their lighting designs.
Optical laboratory (M) A
visual evaluation facility to aid
in the optical design of high
quality light control elements of
Holophane luminaires.
Materials laboratory (N) A
facility for the testing of
materials for strength, corrosion
resistance and other properties
related to luminaires.
Model shop (O) A complete
wood and metal working shop
for the preparation of models -
and working prototypes of
luminaires under design.
I K
L
O
J
M
N
6
An understanding of some of the
fundamental terms in lighting
technology is basic to good design
practice. The more important terms
and concepts are reviewed here for
this purpose.
Luminous flux Luminous flux is
the time rate of flow of light as
measured in lumens. It is a measure
of the total light emitted by a source
and is most commonly used for
measurement of total lamp output.
Luminous intensity The candela is
the unit of intensity (I) and is
analogous to pressure in a hydraulic
system. it is sometimes called
candlepower and describes the
amount of light (lumens) in a unit of
solid angle. This unit of solid angle
is called the steradian. It will be
seen from figure 1 that while the
light travels away from the source
the solid angle covers a larger and
larger area; but the angle itself
remains the same, as does the
amount of light it contains. Intensity
therefore, in a given direction is
constant regardless of distance.
I=
(lumens)
(steradians)
Illuminance (E) Illuminance is the
quantity of light reaching a unit area
of surface and is measured in
footcandles or lux. It is defined by
intensity (), in candelas, directed
toward point P divided by the
square of the distance (D) from the
source to the surface.
E=
I
D
2
As the area covered by a given solid
angle becomes larger with distance
from the source, the included light
flux remains the same. The
illumination density of light on the
surface decreases, therefore, as the
inverse square of the distance. This
forniula holds only if the receiving
surface is perpendicular to the
source direction. If light is incident
at some other angle, the formula
becomes:
E=
I cos
D
2
where E = illumination in
footcandles (fC) or lux
I = intensity in candela (cd) toward
point P
D = distance in feet or meters
0 = angle of incidence
Luminance (L) Luminance, often
called brightness, is the name
given to what we see. Brightness
is a subjective sensation varying
from very dim or dark to very
bright. Objectively it is referred to as
luminance, defined as intensity in a
given direction divided by a
projected area as seen by the
observer. Luminance is usually
referred to in one of two ways,
either pertaining to a luminaire or to
a surface.
The direct luminance or brightness
of luminaires at various angles of
view is a major factor in the visual
comfort evaluation of an installation
using those luminaires. In general, it
is desirable to minimize the
brightness of ceiling mounted
luminaires at the high vertical
angles, 60-90. When the intensity
is in candelas, and the projected
area is in meters, the unit of
luminance is candelas per square
meter (cd/m
2
).
Exitance (M) It is often desirable to
calculate the amount of light
reflected from room surfaces. Many
room surfaces are diffuse in nature
and as a result the correct term to
use is Exitance (M), Where:
Existance = illuminance x reflection
factor
M = E x p
Where E = Illuminance in
footcandles
p = the reflection factor of the
surface expressed as the fraction
of light reflected over incident
light
M = the resulting exitance in
footcandles
Metric system As the U.S.A. moves
toward conversion to the metric
system to conform with the scientific
fields and the rest of the world, our
illumination engineering, will
convert to the International System
of Units (SI). Only the terms
involving length or area, illuminance
and luminance, are affected.
Illuminance (E) is stated in lux in
the metric System. lfc= 10.76 lux.
Luminance (L) is stated in nits in the
metric system.
HOLOPHANE Lighting Basics
D

I
P
90
50
00
50
00
80
50
67 84 100 125 172
Minimum lamp voltage
Ballast
characteristic curve
Maximum
lamp voltage
Minimum
lamp wattage
Maximum lamp wattage
One of the first decisions in the
design of a good lighting system is
the choice of a light source. A
number of light sources are
available, each with its own unique
combination of operating
characteristics. A few of the lamp
characteristics that a lighting
designer should consider when
choosing a light source include
efficacy, or lumens per watt; color;
lamp life; and lamp lumen
depreciation, or the percent of
output that a lamp loses over its life.
Although there are hundreds of
lamps on the market today, they can
be categorized by construction and
operating characteristics into three
groups: incandescent, fluorescent
and high intensity discharge (HID).
HID lamps can be grouped into four
major classes: high pressure sodium,
metal halide, mercury and low
pressure sodium.
Incandescent An incandescent
filament lamp is the light source
most commonly used in residential
lighting. Light is produced in this
source by a wire or filament being
heated to incandescence by a flow
of current through it. The short life
and low efficacy (lumens per watt)
of this source limits its use mostly to
residential and decorative
commercial lighting. Efficacy varies
with wattage and filament type, but
generally ranges from 15 to 25
lumens per watt for general service
lamps.
The incandescent source does,
however, produce a highly accepted
warm color rendition. It is more
convenient than other light sources
because it can be run directly on
line current and therefore does not
require a ballast. It can also be
dimmed using relatively simple
equipment. It is also available in
different bulb sizes, shapes and
distributions to add a decorative
touch to an area.
Fluorescent The fluorescent lamp
produces light by activating selected
phosphors on the inner surface of
the bulb with ultraviolet energy
which is generated by a mercury,
arc. Because of the characteristics of
a gaseous arc, a ballast is needed to
start and operate fluorescent lamps.
The advantages of the fluorescent
light source include improved
efficacy and longer life than
incandescent lamps. Efficiencies for
fluorescent lamps range anywhere
from 45 to 90 lumens per watt. Their
low surface brightness and heat
generation make them ideal for
offices and schools where thermal
and visual comfort are important.
The disadvantages of fluorescent
lamps include their large size for the
amount of light produced. This
makes light control more difficult
which results in a diffuse
shadowless environment. Their use
in outdoor areas becomes less
economical because light output of
a fluorescent source is reduced at
low ambient temperatures. Also,
although fluorescent efficacy is
higher than that of an incandescent
lamp, higher lumens per watt often
can be achieved by high pressure
sodium or metal halide lamps.
High Intensity Discharge (HID)
High intensity discharge sources
include mercury, metal halide, high
pressure sodium (HPS) and low
pressure sodium lamps. Light is
produced in HID sources through a
gaseous arc discharge using a
variety of elements. Each HID lamp
consists of an arc tube which
contains certain elements or
mixtures of elements which when
an arc is created between the
electrodes at each end, gasify and
generate visible radiation.
The major advantages of HID
sources are their high efficacy in
lumens per watt, long lamp life and
point source characteristic for good
light control. Disadvantages include
the need for a ballast to regulate
lamp current and voltage as well as
a starting aid for HPS and the delay
in restriking instantly after a
momentary power interruption.
7
HOLOPHANE
Light Sources Lamp Characteristics
HOLOPHANE
8
Mercury (MV) The mercury source
was the first HID lamp developed,
filling the need for a more efficient,
yet compact, high output lamp.
When first developed, the major
disadvantage of this lamp was its
poor color rendition. The color of
the deluxe white lamp, is greatly
improved through use of a
phosphor coated bulb wall.
The life of mercury lamps is good,
averaging 24,000 hours for most
larger wattage lamps. However,
because the output diminishes so
greatly over time, economic
operational life is often much
shorter. Efficacy ranges from 30 to
60 lumens per watt, with the higher
wattages being more efficient than
the lower wattages.
Like other HID lamps, starting of a
mercury lamp is not immediate.
Starting time is short, though, taking
4-7 minutes to achieve maximum
output depending upon the ambient
temperature.
Metal halide (MH) Metal halide
lamps are similar in construction to
mercury lamps with the addition of
various other metallic elements in
the arc tube. The major benefits of
this change are an increase in
efficacy to 60 to 100 lumens per
watt and an improvement in color
rendition to the degree that this
source is suitable for commercial
areas. Light control of a metal halide
lamp is also more precise than that
of a deluxe mercury lamp since light
emanates from the small arc tube,
not the total outer bulb of the
coated lamp.
A disadvantage of the metal halide
lamp is its shorter life (7,500 to
20,000 hrs) as compared to mercury
and high pressure sodium lamps.
Starting time of the metal halide lamp
is approximately the same as for
mercury lamps. Restriking, after a
voltage dip has extinguished the
lamp, however can take substantially
longer, ranging from 4 to 12 minutes
depending on the time required for
the lamp to cool.
High pressure sodium (HPS) In
the 1970s, as increasing energy
costs placed more emphasis on the
efficiency of lighting, high pressure
sodium lamps (developed in the
1960s) gained widespread usage.
With efficacies ranging from 80 to
140 lumens per watt, these lamps
provide about 7 times as much light
per watt as incandescent and about
twice as much as some mercury or
fluorescent. The efficacy of this
source is not its only, advantage. An
HPS lamp also offers the longest life
(24,000 hrs.) and the best lumen
maintenance characteristics of all
HID sources.
The major objection to the use of
HPS is its yellowish color. It is ideal
for most industrial and outdoor
applications.
Low pressure sodium (LPS) Low
pressure sodium offers the highest
initial efficacy of all lamps on the
market today, ranging from 100 to
180 lumens per watt. However,
because all of the LPS output is in
the yellow portion of the visible
spectrum, it produces extremely
poor and unattractive color
rendition. Control of this source is
more difficult than other HID
sources because of the large size of
the arc tube. Average life of low
pressure sodium lamps is 18,000
hours. While lumen maintenance
through life is good with LPS, there
is an offsetting increase in lamp
watts reducing the efficiency of this
lamp type with use.
Light Sources Lamp Characteristics
HOLOPHANE
9
Photometry
PHOTOMETRIC TEST REPORT
HOLOPHANE CORPORATION
HOLOPHANE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER
NEWARK, OHIO 43055
DISTRIBUTION DATA
VERTICAL
ANGLE
CANDLE
POWER
ZONAL
LUMENS
ZONAL
LUMENS
ZONAL
DEGREES
TOTAL
EFFIC.
OUTPUT DATA
TEST OF HOLOPHANE
BL2X250MHXXM PRISMGLO MENTOR
POSITION OF LAMP Set Position
LAMP 250W Coated MH LUMENS 23000
WATTS 250 BULB TYPE E-28
TEST DISTANCE 25 ft. S.C. 1.8
TESTED BY CERTIFIED BY
MANAGER OF ENGINEERING
TEST NO.
fc
cc
w
R
C
R
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
30 30
60
60
90 90
120 120 180 150 150
42343
.99 .99 .99 .92 .92 .92 .79 .79 .79
.85 .80 .77 .78 .75 .72 .67 .64 .62
.73 .67 .61 .68 .62 .57 .58 .54 .50
.63 .56 .50 .59 .52 .47 .50 .45 .41
.56 .48 .42 .52 .45 .39 .44 .39 .34
.49 .41 .35 .46 .38 .33 .39 .33 .29
.44 .36 .30 .41 .33 .28 .35 .29 .25
.39 .31 .26 .36 .29 .24 .31 .26 .22
.35 .28 .23 .33 .26 .21 .28 .23 .19
.32 .25 .20 .30 .23 .19 .26 .20 .17
.29 .22 .18 .27 .21 .17 .24 .18 .15
0 2305
5 2236 213
10 2142
15 2158 612
20 2140
25 2153 997
30 2306
35 2451 1540
40 2645
45 2771 2146
50 2616
55 2212 1985
60 1724
65 1324 1315
70 1015
75 818 865
80 724
85 677 739
90 675
95 745 813
105 1063 1124
115 1917 1903
125 2063 1851
135 1646 1275
145 1252 786
155 881 408
165 572 162
175 431 41
180 341
0-30 1822 8.9
30-60 5671 27.7
60-90 2919 14.2
0-90 10411 50.8
90-180 8363 40.8
0-180 18774 91.6
20%
80% 70% 50%
50% 30%10% 50%30%10% 50%30% 0%
600 CD/DIV
Coefficient of Utilization
Isofootcandle chart
150W HPS at (10) 3.05m mounting
Test No. 34673
HOUSE
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0
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.1
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5
Ratio = Distance across/Mounting height
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
0
The term Photometry is used to
define any test data which
describes the characteristics of a
luminaires light output. The most
common type of photometric data
includes candlepower distribution
curves, spacing criteria, luminaire
efficiency, isofootcandle charts,
coefficient of utilization and
luminance data. The purpose of
photometry is to accurately describe
the performance of a luminaire to
enable the designer to select the
lighting equipment and to design a
fixture layout which best meets the
needs of the job.
Following is a review of the more
frequently used types of
photometric data.
Candlepower distribution curve
(Figure 1) The photometric
distribution curve is one of the
lighting designers most valuable
tools. It is a cross sectional map
of intensity (candelas) measured at
many different angles. It is a two
dimensional representation and
therefore shows data for one plane
only. If the distribution of the unit
is symmetric, the curve in one
plane is sufficient for all
calculations. If asymmetric, such as
with street lighting and fluorescent
units, three or more planes are
required. In general, incandescent
and HID reflector units are
described by a single vertical plane
of photometry. Fluorescent
luminaires require a minimum of
one plane along the lamp axis, one
across the lamp axis and one at a
45 angle. The greater the departure
from symmetry, the more planes
are needed for accurate
calculations.
Coefficient of utilization (Figure 2)
A coefficient of utilization refers to
the ratio of lumens which ultimately
reach the work plane to the total
lumens generated by the lamp. CU
figures are necessary for calculating
average illuminance levels, and are
provided in one of two ways: a CU
table or a utilization curve. A
utilization curve is usually provided
for units intended for outdoor use or
units with a distribution radically
asymmetric. A CU table is provided
for units which are used primarily
indoors, where the zonal cavity
method of calculation applies. Use of
CU data will be discussed in the
section covering calculation methods.
Isofootcandle chart (Figure 3)
Isofootcandle charts are often used
to describe the light pattern when a
fixture produces a distribution other
than symmetric. These charts are
derived from the candlepower data
and show exact plots or lines of
equal footcandle levels on the work
plane when the fixture is at a
designated mounting height. Use of
isofootcandle charts in determining
illuminance at designated points
will be discussed in the point
calculations section.
Spacing criteria Spacing criteria
provides the designer with
information regarding how far apart
to space luminaires and maintain
acceptable illumination uniformity
on the work plane. Criteria for
spacing is generally conservative i.e.,
it takes into account the direct
component of illumination only and
ignores the indirect component of
light which can contribute
significantly to the uniformity.
However, used within its limits,
Spacing Criterion can be useful. To
use the spacing criterion, multiply
the net mounting height (luminaire
to work plane) by the spacing
criteria number. This ratio is used
predominantly with the zonal cavity
method of calculation. Since there
are many assumptions built into the
zonal cavity method, the designer
should be aware of the assumptions.
Figure 3
Candlepower curve
Figure 2
Figure 1
HOLOPHANE
10
Methods of calculating
illuminance
In order to design a luminaire layout
which best meets the illuminance
and uniformity requirements of the
job, two types of information are
generally needed; average
illuminance levels and illuminance
levels at a given point. Calculation
of illuminance at specific points is
often done to help the designer
evaluate the lighting uniformity
especially when using luminaires
where maximum spacing
recommendations are not supplied
or where task lighting levels must be
checked against ambient.
If average levels are to be
calculated, two methods can be
applied.
1. For indoor lighting situations, the
zonal cavity method is used with
data from a coefficient of utilization
table.
2. For Outdoor lighting applications,
a coefficient of utilization curve is
provided and the CU is read directly
from the curve and the standard
lumen formula is used.
The following two methods can be
used if calculations are to be done
to determine illuminance at one
point.
1. If an isofootcandle chart is
provided, illuminance levels may be
read directly from this curve.
2. If sufficient candlepower data is
available, illuminance levels may be
calculated from this data using the
point to point method.
The following sections describe
these methods of calculation.
Calculations
HOLOPHANE
11
Zonal Cavity Method
The zonal cavity method is the cur-
rently accepted method for calculat-
ing average illuminance levels for
indoor areas unless the light distri-
bution is radically asymmetric. It is
an accurate hand method for
indoor applications because it takes
into consideration the effect that
interreflectance has on the level of
illuminance. Although it takes into
account several variables, the basic
premise that footcandles are equal
to flux over an area is not violated.
The basis of the zonal cavity
method is that a room is made up
of three spaces or cavities. The
space between the ceiling and the
fixtures, if they are suspended, is
defined as the ceiling cavity; the
space between the work plane and
the floor, the floor cavity; and
the space between the fixtures and
the work plane, the room cavity.
Once the concept of these cavities
is understood, it is possible to cal-
culate numerical relationships
called cavity ratios, which can be
used to determine effective
reflectance of the ceiling and floor
and then to find the coefficient of
utilization.
There are four basic steps in any
calculation of illuminance level:
1. Determine cavity ratio
2. Determine effective cavity
reflectances
3. Select coefficient of utilization
4. Compute average illuminance
level
Step 1:
Cavity ratios may be determined by
calculating using the following for-
mulas:
Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) =
5 hcc (L+W)
L x W
Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) =
5 hrc (L+W)
L x W
Floor Cavity Ratio (FCR) =
5 hfc (L+W)
L x W
Where:
hcc = distance in feet from lumi-
naire to ceiling
hrc = distance in feet from
luminaire to work plane
hfc = distance in feet from work
plane to floor
L = length in feet of room
W= width in feet of room
An alternate formula for calculating
any cavity ratio is:
2.5 x height of cavity x
Cavity Ratio =
cavity perimeter
area of cavity base
Step 2:
Effective cavity reflectances must be
determined for the ceiling cavity
and for the floor cavity. These are
located in Table A (pg. 12) under
the applicable combination of
cavity ratio and actual reflectance
of ceiling, walls and floor. Note that
if the luminaire is recessed or
surface mounted, or if the floor is
the work plane, the CCR or FCR
will be 0 and then the actual reflec-
tance of the ceiling or floor will
also be the effective reflectance.
The effective reflectance values
found will then be pcc (effective
ceiling cavity reflectance) and pfc
(effective floor cavity reflectance)
.
Step 3:
With these values of pcc, pfc, and
pw (wall reflectance), and knowing
the room cavity ratio (RCR) previ-
ously calculated, find the coefficient
of utilization in the luminaire coeffi-
cient of utilization (CU) table. Note
that since the table is linear, linear
interpolations can be made for
exact cavity ratios or reflectance
combinations.
The coefficient of utilization found
will be for a 20% effective floor
cavity reflectance, thus, it will be
necessary to correct for the previ-
ously determined pfc. This is done
by multiplying the previously
determined CU by the factor from
Table B (pg.13).
CU final = CU (20% floor) x Multi-
plier for actual pfc. If it is other
than 10% or 30% then interpolate
or extrapolate and multiply by this
factor.
Step 4:
Computation of the illuminance
level is performed using the stan-
dard lumen method formula.
# of fixtures x lamps per
fixture x lumens per
Footcandles =
lamp x CU x LLF
(maintained)
area in square feet
hcc
hrc
hfc Floor
Workplane
Luminaires
Ceiling Ceiling Cavity
Room Cavity
Floor Cavity
Table A
Per cent effective ceiling or floor cavity reflectance for various reflectance combinations.
% Ceiling
or floor 90 80 70 50 30 10
reflectance
% Wall 90 70 50 30 80 70 50 30 70 50 30 70 50 30 70 50 30 10 50 30 10
reflectance
Cavity ratio
0.2 89 88 86 85 78 78 77 76 68 67 66 49 48 47 30 29 29 28 10 10 09
0.4 88 86 84 81 77 76 74 72 67 65 63 48 47 45 30 29 28 26 11 10 09
0.6 87 84 80 77 76 75 71 68 65 63 59 47 45 43 30 28 26 25 11 10 08
0.8 87 82 77 73 75 73 69 65 64 60 56 47 44 40 30 28 25 23 11 10 08
1.0 86 80 75 69 74 72 67 62 62 58 53 46 43 38 30 27 24 22 12 10 08
1.2 85 78 72 66 73 70 64 58 61 57 50 45 41 36 30 27 23 21 12 10 07
1.4 85 77 69 62 72 68 62 55 60 55 47 45 40 35 30 26 22 19 12 10 07
1.6 84 75 67 59 71 67 60 53 59 53 45 44 39 33 29 25 22 18 12 09 07
1.8 83 73 64 56 70 66 58 50 58 51 42 43 38 31 29 25 21 17 13 09 06
2.0 83 72 62 53 69 64 56 48 56 49 40 43 37 30 29 24 20 16 13 09 06
2.2 82 70 59 50 68 63 54 45 55 48 38 42 36 29 29 24 19 15 13 09 06
2.4 82 69 58 48 67 61 52 43 54 46 37 42 35 27 29 24 19 14 13 09 06
2.6 81 67 56 46 66 60 50 41 54 45 35 41 34 26 29 23 18 14 13 09 06
2.8 81 66 54 44 65 59 48 39 53 43 33 41 33 25 29 23 17 13 13 09 05
3.0 80 64 52 42 65 58 47 37 52 42 32 40 32 24 29 22 17 12 13 09 05
3.2 79 63 50 40 65 57 45 35 51 40 31 39 31 23 29 22 16 12 13 09 05
3.4 79 62 48 38 64 56 44 34 50 39 29 39 30 22 29 22 16 11 13 09 05
3.6 78 61 47 36 63 54 43 32 49 38 28 39 29 21 29 21 15 10 13 09 04
3.8 78 60 45 35 62 53 41 31 49 37 27 38 29 21 28 21 15 10 14 09 04
4.0 77 58 44 33 61 53 40 30 48 36 26 38 28 20 28 21 14 09 14 09 04
4.2 77 57 43 32 60 52 39 29 47 35 25 37 28 20 28 20 14 09 14 09 04
4.4 76 56 42 31 60 51 38 28 46 34 24 37 27 19 28 20 14 09 14 08 04
4.6 76 55 40 30 59 50 37 27 45 33 24 36 26 18 28 20 13 08 14 08 04
4.8 75 54 39 28 58 49 36 26 45 32 23 36 26 18 28 20 13 08 14 08 04
5.0 75 53 38 28 58 48 35 25 44 31 22 35 25 17 28 19 13 08 14 08 04
HOLOPHANE
12
Zonal Cavity Method
When the initial illuminance level
required is known and the number of
fixtures needed to obtain that level is
desired, a variation of the standard
lumen formula is used.
maintained
footcandles desired
# of luminaires =
x area in sq. ft.
lamp/fixture x
lumen/lamp x
CU x LLF
The total light loss factor (LLF)
consists of two basic factors, lamp lu-
men depreciation (LLD) and luminaire
dirt depreciation (LDD). If initial
levels are to be found, a multiplier of
1 is used. Light loss factors, along
with the total lamp lumen output vary
with manufacturer and type of lamp
or luminaire and are determined by
consulting the manufacturers
published data.
Occasionally, other light loss factors
may need to be applied when they
are applicable. Some of these are,
ballast factor, luminaire ambient
temperature, voltage factor and room
surface dirt depreciation.
Table B
Multiplying factors for other than 20 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance
% Effective
ceiling cavity 80 70 50 30 10
reflectance, pcc
% Wall
reflectance, 70 50 30 10 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10
pW
For 30 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent = 1.00)
Room cavity
ratio
1 1.092 1.082 1.075 1.068 1.077 1.070 1.064 1.059 1.049 1.044 1.040 1.028 1.026 1.023 1.012 1.010 1.008
2 1.079 1.066 1.055 1.047 1.068 1.057 1.048 1.039 1.041 1.033 1.027 1.026 1.021 1.017 1.013 1.010 1.006
3 1.070 1.054 1 042 1.033 1.061 1.048 1.037 1.028 1.034 1.027 1.020 1.024 1.017 1.012 1.014 1.009 1.005
4 1.062 1.045 1.033 1.024 1.055 1.040 1.029 1.021 1.030 1.022 1.015 1.022 1.015 1.010 1.014 1.009 1.004
5 1.056 1 038 1.026 1.018 1.050 1.034 1.024 1.015 1.027 1.018 1.012 1.020 1.013 1.008 1.014 1.009 1.004
6 1.052 1.033 1.021 1.014 1.047 1.030 1.020 1.012 1.024 1.015 l.009 1.019 1.012 1.006 1.014 1.008 1.003
7 1.047 1.029 1.018 1.011 1.043 1.026 1.017 l.009 1.022 1.013 1.007 1.018 1.010 1.005 1.014 1.008 1.003
8 1.044 1.026 1.015 1.009 1.040 1.024 1.015 1.007 1.020 1.012 1.006 1.017 1.009 1.004 1.013 1.007 1.003
9 1.040 1.024 1.014 1.007 1.037 1.022 1.014 1.006 1.019 1.011 1.005 1.016 1.009 1.004 1.013 1.007 1.002
10 1.037 1.022 1.012 1.006 1.034 1.020 1.012 1.005 1.017 1.010 1.004 1.015 1.009 1.003 1.013 1.007 1.002
For 10 per cent effective floor cavity reflectance (20 per cent=1.00)
Room cavity
ratio
1 .923 .929 .935 .940 .933 .939 .943 .948 .956 .960 .963 .973 .976 .979 .989 .991 .993
2 .931 .942 .950 .958 .940 .949 .957 .963 .962 .968 .974 .976 .980 .985 .988 .991 .995
3 .939 .951 .961 .969 .945 .957 .966 .973 .967 .975 .981 .978 .983 .988 .988 .992 .996
4 .944 .958 .969 .978 .950 .963 .973 .980 .972 .980 .986 .980 .986 .991 .987 .992 .996
5 .949 .964 .976 .983 .954 .968 .978 .985 .975 .983 .989 .981 .988 .993 .987 .992 .997
6 .953 .969 .980 .986 .958 .972 .982 .989 .977 .985 .992 .982 .989 .995 .987 .993 .997
7 .957 .973 .983 .991 .961 .975 .985 .991 .979 .987 .994 .983 .990 .996 .987 .993 .998
8 .960 .976 .986 .993 .963 .977 .987 .993 .981 .988 .995 .984 .991 .997 .987 .994 .998
9 .963 .978 .987 .994 .965 .979 .989 .994 .983 .990 .996 .985 .992 .998 .988 .994 .999
10 .965 .980 .965 .980 .967 .981 .990 .995 .984 .991 .997 .986 .993 .998 .988 .994 .999
HOLOPHANE
13
Zonal Cavity Example
Four lamp Prismawrap luminaire coefficients of utilization-zonal cavity method
Spacing Criterion 1.4
pcc 80% 70% 50% 30% 10%
pw 70% 50% 30% 10% 70% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10%
0 .78 .78 .78 .78 .75 .75 .75 .75 .70 .70 .70 .66 .66 .66 .62 .62 .62
1 .72 .69 .67 .64 .69 .67 .65 .63 .63 .61 .59 .59 .58 .56 .56 .55 .53
2 .66 .62 .58 .55 .64 .60 .56 .53 .56 .54 .51 .53 .51 .49 .50 .48 .47
3 .61 .55 .51 .47 .59 .54 .50 .46 .51 .47 .44 .48 .45 .43 .46 .43 .41
4 .57 .50 .45 .41 .55 .48 .44 .40 .46 .42 .39 .44 .40 .38 .41 .39 .36
5 .52 .45 .39 .35 .50 .43 .38 .35 .41 .37 .34 .39 .36 .33 .37 .34 .32
6 .48 .40 .35 .31 .47 .39 .34 .31 .37 .33 .30 .36 .32 .29 .34 .31 .28
7 .45 .36 .31 .27 .43 .35 .30 .27 .34 .29 .26 .32 .28 .25 .31 .27 .25
8 .41 .33 .27 .23 .40 .32 .27 .23 .30 .26 .23 .29 .25 .22 .28 .24 .22
9 .38 .29 .24 .20 .36 .28 .23 .20 .27 .23 .20 .26 .22 .19 .25 .21 .19
10 .35 .26 .21 .18 .34 .26 .21 .18 .25 .20 .17 .24 .20 .17 .23 .19 .16
R
C
R
Example:
A typical lecture hall is 60' long and
30' wide with a l4 ceiling height.
Reflectances are ceiling 80%, walls
30%, floor 10%. Four lamp
Prismawrap (coefficients of utilization
shown below) is to be used on 4'
stems and the work plane is 2' above
the floor. Find the illuminance level if
there are 18 luminaires in the room.
Solutions:
(l) Calculate cavity ratios as follows:
CCR=
5(4)(30+60)
=1.0
30 x 60
RCR=
5(8)(30 + 60)
=2.0
30 x 60
FCR=
5(2) (30+60)
=5.0
30 x 60
(2) In Table A, look up effective
cavity reflectances for these ceiling
and floor cavities, pcc for the ceiling
cavity is determined to be 62% while
pfc for the floor cavity is 10%.
(3) Knowing the room cavity ratio
(RCR), it is now possible to find the
coefficient of utilization for the
Prismawrap luminaire in a room
having an RCR of 2.0 and effective
reflectances as follows:
pcc = 62%; pw = 30%; pfc = 20%. By
interpolation between boxed num-
bers in the table this CU is .55. Note
that this CU is for an effective
reflectance of 20% while the actual
effective reflectance of the floor pfc
is 10%. To correct for this, locate the
appropriate multiplier in Table B for
the RCR already calculated (2.0). It is
.962 and is found by interpolating
between the boxed number in Table
B for 70% pcc, 30% pw, and 50% pcc,
30% pw at an RCR of 2.0.
Then:
CU final = .55 x .962 = .53
Note that all interpolations only need
to be of the approximate eyeball
type giving a credible degree of
accuracy to the calculation.
(4) Illuminance level can now be cal-
culated if we know the number of
units to be used and the lamp lumen
rating.
# of fixtures x lamps/fixture
FC initial =
x lumens/lamp x CU
area
FC initial =
18 x 4 x 3150 x .53
60 x 30
FC initial = 67
Check spacing of luminaires.
A possible arrangement for these
fixtures is three columns of six
fixtures spaced ten feet on center in
each direction. The Spacing Criterion
is 1.4, making the maximum allow-
able spacing 11 .2-feet. The actual
spacing is less than the maximum
allowable spacing, therefore the
illumination on the work plane
should be uniform.
HOLOPHANE
14
Lumen Method and Example
Calculating average illuminance
levels using a utilization curve
The standard lumen method formula
is also used to calculate average illu-
minance levels when CUs are taken
from a utilization curve.
lumens/lamp x lamps/
luminaire x # luminaires
Footcanales =
x CU x LLF
(maintained)
area in square feet
To calculate the number of luminaires
needed to produce the desired foot-
candles, the following formula is used:
maintained footcandles
desired x area in sq. ft.
# of luminaires=
lumens/lamp x lamps/
luminaire x CU x LLF
A variation of this formula, which is
used mostly for roadway lighting,
calculates how far apart the fixtures
must be spaced to produce the neces-
sary average illuminance.
lamp lumens x CU x LLF
Spacing =
Avg. MTD FC x width of
Road
A utilization curve shows the percent
of light which falls onto an area
having a designated width and an
infinite length. This width is expressed
on the utilization curve in terms of a
ratio of the width of the area to the
luminaire mounting height.
A CU is found by reading across the
bottom axis to this ratio, up until the
dashed CU line is intersected, then
across to the right hand axis, to read
the value of the CU. Separate CUs are
given for the area to the street side
and area to the house side of the
fixture and may be used to find
illumination on the roadway or
sidewalk areas or added to find the
total light on the street in the case of
median mounted luminaires.
Example:
A roadway 24 ft. wide is to be lighted
to an average maintained illumination
level of 1.0 fc. Holophane Mongoose

MV400HPNC6 is to be used. They will

be mounted on 30 ft. poles which are
set back 36 ft. from the road. Find the
spacing required.
lamp lumens x CU x LLF
Spacing =
Avg. MTD FC x width of
Road
Solution
The CU is determined by reading from
the chart #l the intersection of the
distance across/mounting height with
the CU and hence horizontally to the
CU axis.
Chart 1
The CU for the roadway area only is
determined by subtracting the CU of
the setback area from the CU of the
total area of both roadway and
setback. The width of the total area is
60 feet ( 2.0 M.H.) and the width of
the setback is 36 feet (1.2 M.H.). From
the CU curve (see chart 1 ) we find
that the corresponding CUs are .52
and .3. Deducting the second from the
first we get a CU of .22. Inserting this
CU into the standard lumen method
formula results in a spacing of 371
feet.
Spacing =
50,000 x .22 x .81
= 371 ft.
1.0 x 24
T
y
p
ic
a
l
S
p
a
c
in
g
R
o
a
d
w
a
y
E
a
s
t B
o
u
n
d
30 Pole
36
Setback
24
Cat. No. MV400HP00NC6 - RE-248
400W Clear HPS/Test No. 49730
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
0
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Ratio = Distance Across/Mounting Height
R
a
t
i
o

=

D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

A
l
o
n
g
/
M
o
u
n
t
i
n
g

H
e
i
g
h
t
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

o
f

U
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

(
D
a
s
h
e
d

C
u
r
v
e
s
)
House Side Street Side
1
2
.2
.5
.001
.002
.005
.01
.02
.05
HOLOPHANE
15
Point Calculations and Examples
Point calculations using
candlepower data
This method is especially useful in the
determination of variation of
illumination levels and the uniformity
of illumination provided by a lighting
design. It is most frequently used in
heavy industrial and design where
interreflections are not a consideration.
The point-by-point method accurately
computes the illuminance level at any
given point in an installation by
summing up the illumination
contributions to that point from every
luminaire individually. It does not
account for contributions from other
sources such as reflection from walls,
ceiling, etc. For accuracy the
calculation distance from source to
point of calculation should be at least
five times the maximum luminaire
dimension. Using the photometric
distribution for the unit we may
calculate values for specific points as
follows for horizontal surfaces.
fc =
candlepower x Cos
D
2
Example:
A single 400W HPS Prismpack
luminaire is mounted 26 above a
work plane. it is desired to find the
initial horizontal illumination at a
point 15 to one side of the luminaire.
See figure 2.
Solution:
Since fc =
candlepower x Cos
D
2
we need to determine the angle y
and look up the cp at this angle. We
also must determine the distance D.
Since D
2
= a
2
+ h
2
D
2
= (15)
2
+ (26)
2
D = 30
and tangent =a
h
= arc tangent 15
26
= 30
Then we can determine the
candlepower of this luminaire from the
cp curve, figure 3, to be, 18936 (cp).
The illumination then is:
fc =
18936 x Cos 30
= 18.2 fc
(30)
2
When many point calculations must
be done by hand a variation of the
basic formula is somewhat more
useful.
fc =
Candlepower x cos
3

h
2
This version of the formula lets us
deal with only the net mounting
height of the fixtures and
candlepower angles and eliminates
the necessity to calculate each
separate distance D.
Point calculations using the
isofootcandle chart
The isofootcandle chart can also be
used to find the illumination at a
specific point. It is found by defining
the horizontal distance from the
fixture to that point in terms of a ratio
of distance to mounting height, then
looking up that ratio on the chart. If
the actual mounting height of the
fixture is different than the
isofootcandle chart mounting height,
a correction factor must be applied
using the following formula:
correction factor = chart MH
2
actual MH
2
Example:
Using the same layout and fixtures as
were used in example on page 14
determine the illuminance level,
between the two units, on the outside
edge of the road using Chart 1.
Solution:
From either fixture, point A is 60 feet
to the street side (2.0 M.H.) and 143
feet down the street (4.8 M.H.).
Looking at the isofootcandle curve,
we find that the footcandle line at
hat point is the .30 fc curve. This is
the contribution from one luminaire
and should be summed with other
contributions for total footcandles.
Since the isofootcandle chart
mounting height is the same as our
mounting height, no further
correction is necessary.
Computer programs
Point by point calculations can be
time consuming. Several computer
programs are available that perform
such calculations for many analysis
points and luminaires in a fraction
of the time necessary to do the
same calculations by hand.
igure 2
Luminaire
D
h=26
a = 15
Elevation
Luminaire Calculation Point
+
Plan
PHOTOMETRIC TEST REPORT
HOLOPHANE CORPORATION
HOLOPHANE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER
NEWARK, OHIO 43055
DISTRIBUTION DATA
ZONAL
LUMENS
ZONAL
DEGREES
TOTAL
EFFIC.
OUTPUT DATA
TESTED BY CERTIFIED BY
TEST NO.
0
30 30
60
60
90 90
120 120 180 150 150
42181
PP5K400HP00XXJ39
Set Position
400W Clear HPS
400
25 FT.
50000
E-18
1.4
TEST OF HOLOPHANE
POSITION OF LAMP
LAMP
WATTS
TEST DISTANCE
LUMENS
BULB TYPE
S.C.
0 16880
5 16774 1601
10 17611
15 19672 5576
20 20262
25 20286 9389
30 18936
35 16925 10632
40 14199
45 10411 8063
50 6367
55 3256 2921
60 1296
65 732 727
70 574
75 417 441
80 301
85 219 239
90 57
95 35 38
105 46 48
115 64 63
125 77 69
135 141 109
145 574 360
155 867 402
165 14 4
175 18 2
180 7
0-30
30-60
60-90
0-90
90-180
0-180
VERTICAL
ANGLE
CANDLE
POWER
ZONAL
LUMENS
16567
21616
1407
39591
1096
40686
33.1
43.2
2.8
79.2
2.2
81.4
2500 CD/DIV
HOLOPHANE
16
Lighting Quality
Achieving the required illuminance
level does not necessarily ensure
good lighting quality. The quality as
well as the quantity of illuminance is
important to produce a comfortable,
productive, aesthetically pleasing
lighting environment. The quality of
the lighting system refers, but is not
limited to, aspects of lighting such
as proper color, good uniformity,
proper room surface luminances,
adequate brightness control and
minimal glare.
Research has suggested that the
lighting system can effect users
impressions of visual clarity, spa-
ciousness and pleasantness. These
feelings occur in spaces that are
uniformly lighted with emphasis on
higher luminances on room surfaces.
The improved user satisfaction from
such spaces may or may not have
any effect on worker performance.
However, given two lighting systems
with equal lifetime costs, lighting
systems which provide improved
worker satisfaction should be
considered.
User satisfaction is often considered
in the design of offices and commer-
cial spaces, but ignored in industrial
spaces. However, the industrial en-
vironment should be designed to
provide a high quality visual envi-
ronment, yielding improved worker
satisfaction. This can be accom-
plished by using lighting systems
which produce the proper
luminance on ceilings and walls.
The photo below illustrates two
lighting systems in the same indus-
trial environment. Both lighting
systems provide the same quantity
of horizontal illuminance on the
work plane. The system on the right
provides little uplight, resulting in
the typical cavern effect associated
with industrial spaces. The system at
left provides uplight and improves
the luminance of the ceiling and
vertical surfaces. This system can
provide workers with a feeling of
increased spaciousness. The uplight
component also tends to improve
work plane illuminance uniformity,
possibly yielding improved feelings
of visual clarity.
Any lighting design should consider
the impressions of the user of the
space. The photograph below
indicates that even an industrial
environment can be improved with
the hope of providing better
working conditions and improved
satisfaction for the worker.
Prismatic Glass (left) Aluminum Reflector (right)
HOLOPHANE
17
The following procedure is the
currently accepted method of the
Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America for determining the
level of maintained illuminance
needed to perform a given task.
This method takes into consider-
ation the factors which most
commonly contribute to the
seeability of the task. It provides a
range of illuminance levels for a
given task, then defines a target
illuminance level from within that
range by the use of weighting
factors which have been
determined through research of
lighting performance needs.
The following conditions are
factored into this method:
1. The task to be performed
2. The details of the object to be
viewed
3. The age of the observer
4. The importance of speed and/or
accuracy for visual performance
5. The reflectance of the back-
ground material
This method, then, allows the
designer to use his own evaluation
of the environmental conditions to
select the target illuminance level.
Step 1:
Determine the type of activity for
which the level of lighting is to be
selected.
Step 2:
Select the appropriate illuminance
category by one of the following
methods:
A. When the visual task is defined
by one of the typical task
categories, choose the appropriate
illuminance category from Table E.
B. If a specific task cannot be es-
tablished, the illuminance category
may be determined from the
generic task descriptions listed in
Table C.
Step 3:
Establish illuminance target value.
Once the illuminance category is
chosen, an exact illuminance level
may be determined from within this
range. These levels are established
on Table D by matching the appro-
priate user, room, and task charac-
teristics with the previously
determined illuminance category.
Because the intention of this
method is to factor in the
previously listed five conditions, it
is not applicable to certain areas.
Therefore, it will be noted that
specific footcandle levels, rather
than ranges, are given for these en-
vironments.
These levels should be used as a
guide for the designer. Absolute
values cannot and should not be
assigned to cover all situations. It is
recognized that other installation
circumstances may alter the neces-
sary level to higher or lower fig-
ures; the final discretion resting
with the designer.
Table C
I. Illuminance categories and illuminance values for generic types
of activities in interiors
Ranges of illuminances
Type of activity Illuminance Reference work-plane
category
Lux Footcandles
Public spaces A 20-30-50 2-3-5
with dark
surroundings
Simple orientation B 50-75-100 5-7.5-10 General lighting
for short temporary throughout spaces
visits
Working spaces C 100- 150-200 10-15-20
where visual
tasks are only
occasionally
performed
Performance of D 200-300-500 20-30-50
visual tasks
of high contrast
or large size
Performance of E 500-750-1000 50-75-100 Illuminance on task
visual tasks of
medium contrast
or small size
Performance of F 1000-1500-2000 l00-150-200
visual tasks of
low contrast or
very small size
Performance of G 2000-3000-5000 200-300-500
visual tasks of
low contrast and
very small size
over a prolonged
period Illuminance on task
obtained by a com
bination of general
and local (supple-
mentary lighting)
Selection of level of Illuminance
HOLOPHANE
18
Selection of Level of Illuminance
Table D Illuminance values, maintained, in footcandles, for a combination of
illuminance categories and user, room and task characteristics (for illumi-
nance in lux, multiply by 10).
a. General lighting throughout room
Weighting factors Illuminance categories
Average of occupants Average room surface A B C
ages reflectance (percent)
Under 40 Over 70 2 5 10
30-70 2 5 10
Under 30 2 5 10
40-55 Over 70 2 5 10
30-70 3 7 15
Under 30 5 10 20
Over 55 Over 70 3 7 15
30-70 5 10 20
Under 30 5 10 20
b. Illuminance on task
Weighting factors Illuminance categories
Average of Demand for Task background
workers ages speed and/or reflectance D E F G**
accuracy* (per cent)
Under 40 NI Over 70 20 50 100 200
30-70 20 50 100 200
Under 30 30 75 150 300
I Over 70 20 50 100 200
30-70 30 75 150 300
Under 30 30 75 150 300
C Over 70 30 75 150 300
30-70 30 75 150 300
Under 30 30 75 150 300
40-55 NI Over 70 20 50 100 200
30-70 30 75 150 300
Under 30 30 75 150 300
I Over 70 30 75 150 300
30-70 30 75 150 300
Under 30 30 75 150 300
C Over 70 30 75 150 300
30-70 30 75 150 300
Under 30 50 100 200 500
Over 55 NI Over 70 30 75 150 300
30-70 30 75 150 300
Under 30 30 75 150 300
I Over 70 30 75 150 300
30-70 30 75 150 300
Under 30 50 100 200 500
C Over 70 30 75 150 300
30-70 50 100 200 500
Under 30 50 100 200 500
*NI = not important, I = important, and C = critical
**Obtained by a combination of general and supplementary lighting
Table E
Commercial, institutional, and
public assembly interiors
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Auditoriums
Assembly C
Social activity B
Banks
Lobby-general C
Writing area D
Tellers stations E
Conference rooms
Conferring D
Critical seeing (refer
to individual task)
Drafting
Mylar, vellum or tracing
paper (high contrast) E
Low contrast F
Blueprints E
Exhibition halls C
Garages (see parking)
Libraries
Reading areas
(see reading)
Book stacksactive D
Audiovisual areas and
audio/listening areas D
Merchandising spaces
Circulation
High activity 30
Medium activity 20
Low activity 10
HOLOPHANE
19
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Merchandising
High activity 100
Medium activity 75
Low activity 30
Offices
General and private
offices (see reading)
Lobbies, lounges and
reception areas C
Reading
Xerograph,
mimeograph D
CRT screens B
#3 pencil and softer
leads E
#4 pencil and harder
leads F
Ball-point pen D
8 and 10 point type D
Glossy magazines D
Newsprint D
Schools
Classrooms
(see reading)
Science laboratories E
Shops (see part III,
industrial group)
Stairways C
Interior industrial areas
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Aircraft maintenance
General 75
Instruments, radio,
electrical 150
Upholstery 100
Parts inspection 100
Paint shop 100
Aircraft manufacturing
Rough bench work 50
Drilling, riveting,
screw fastening 75
Medium bench work 100
final assembly 100
Assembly
Simple D
Moderately difficult E
Difficult F
Very difficult G
Automobile manufacturing
Frame assembly 50
Chassis, body and
component assembly 100
Final assembly 200
Bakeriesgeneral D
Breweries D
Canning and preserving
Continuous-belt
Canning E
Sink canning E
Hand packing D
Inspection F
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Chemical plants (see Petroleum and
chemical plants)
Cloth products (see also
textile mills)
Cutting and sewing G
Pressing F
Corridors B
Electrical equipment
Manufacturing
Impregnating D
Insulating: coil winding E
Electrical generating stations
Interior (see also Nuclear
power plants)
Boiler platforms B
Burner platforms C
Coal handling system B
Coal pulverizer C
Condensers, deaerator
Floor, evaporator
Floor, heater floors B
Control rooms D
Main control boards D
Auxiliary control
panels D
Operators station E
Tunnels or galleries,
piping and electrical B
Turbine building
Operating floor D
Below operating floor C
Water treating area D
HOLOPHANE
20
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Flour mills
Rolling, sifting,
Purifying E
Packing D
Product control F
Forge shops E
Foundries
Annealing (furnaces) D
Core makingfine F
Core making medium E
Inspectionfine
Inspectionmedium F
Pouring E
Hangars (see aircraft)
manufacturing)
Inspection
Simple D
Moderately difficult E
Difficult F
Very difficult G
Iron and steel manufacturing
Open hearth
Stock yard 10
Charging floor 20
Hot Top 30
Stripping yard 20
Skull cracker 20
Rolling mills
Blooming, slabbing,
hot strip, hot sheet,
coal strip, plate 30
pipe, rod, tube, wire
drawing 50
Tin plate mills
Tinning and
galvanizing 50
Inspection
Black plate, bloom
and billet chipping 100
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Machine shops
Rough bench or
machine work D
Medium bench or
machine work,
ordinary automatic
machines rough
grinding, medium
buffing and polishing E
Fine bench or
machine work fine
automatic machines,
medium grinding, fine
buffing and polishing G
Materials handling
Wrapping, packing,
labeling D
Picking stock,
classifying D
Loading, inside truck
bodies and
freight cars C
Nuclear power plant (see also
Electric generating stations)
Auxiliary building,
uncontrolled access
areas C
Controlled access
areas count room E
Laboratory E
Health physics office F
Medical aid room F
Hot laundry D
Storage room C
Engineered safety
features equipment D
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Diesel generator
building D
Fuel handling building
Operating floor D
Below operating floor C
Off gas building C
Radwaste building D
Reactor building
Operating floor D
Below operating floor C
Paper manufacturing
Beaters, grinding,
calendering D
Finishing, cutting,
trimming, paper-
making machines E
Hand counting, wet
end of paper
machines E
Paper machine reel,
Paper inspections,
and laboratories F
Rewinder F
HOLOPHANE
21
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Parking areas (see parking areas in
outdoor facilitiessection)
Petroleum and chemical
plants
Loading, unloading, and
cooling water pump
houses
Pump area 5
General control area 15
Control panel 20
Boiler and air
compressor plants
Indoor equipment 20
Outdoor equipment 5
Tank fields (where
lighting is required)
Gaging area 1
Manifold area 5
Loading racks
General area 5
Tank car 10
Tank trucks, loading
point 10
Electrical substations
and switch yards
Outdoor switch
yards 2
General
substation
(outdoor) 2
Power plants (see electric
stations)
Photoengraving
Etching, staging,
blocking D
Routing, finishing,
proofing, tint laying
masking E
Rubber goodsmechanical
General 50
Plasticating, milling,
Banbury 30
Inspection 200
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Rubber tire manufacturing
Banbury 30
Calendering
General 30
Letoff and windup 50
Tire building
General 50
At machines 150
Curing
General
At molds 75
Inspection
General 100
Sawmills
Secondary log deck B
Head saw (cutting
area viewed by
sawyer) E
Head saw outfeed B
Machine in-feeds
bull edger, resaws,
edgers, trim, hula
saws, planers) B
Main mill floor (base
lighting) A
Sorting tables D
Rough lumber
grading D
Finished lumber
grading F
Dry lumber
warehouse (planer) C
Dry kiln coiling shed B
Chipper infeed B
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Sheet metal works
Miscellaneous
machines, ordinary
bench work E
Steel (see iron and steel)
Storage rooms or
warehouses
Inactive B
Active
Rough, bulky items C
Small items D
Textile mills
Stock dyeing, tinting D
Sorting and grading
(wool and cotton) E
Open picking, carding
drawing, combing D
Fabric production F
Finishing
Fabric preparation
(desizing, scouring,
bleaching, singeing,
mercerization and
dying) D
Fabric finishing
(calendering,
sanforizing, suedinc
chemical treatment) E
Inspection G
Tobacco products
Drying, stripping D
Grading and sorting F
Toilets and wash rooms C
Warehouse
(see storage rooms)
HOLOPHANE
22
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Building exteriors
Entrances
Active (pedestrian
and/or conveyance) 5
Inactive (normally
locked, infrequently
used) 1
Vital locations or
structures 5
Building surrounds 1
Bulletin and poster boards
Bright surroundings
Light surfaces 50
Dark surfaces 100
Dark surroundings
Light surfaces 20
Dark surfaces 50
Coal yards (protective) .2
Electric generating
stationsexterior
Boiler areas
Catwalks, general
area 2
Stairs and platforms 5
Ground level areas
including precipi-
tators, FD and ID
fans, bottom ash
hoppers 5
Fuel handling
Barge unloading, car
dumper, unloading
hoppers, truck
unloading, pumps,
gas metering 5
Conveyors 2
Coal, storage piles,
ash dumps .2
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Hydroelectric
Powerhouse roof,
stairs, platform and
intake decks 5
Substation
Horizontal general
area 2
Vertical tasks 5
Transformer yards
Horizontal general
area 2
Vertical tasks 5
Turbine areas
Building surrounds 2
Turbine and heater
decks, unloading
bays 5
Highways(see roadways)
Loading and unloading
platforms 20
Lumber yards 1
Parking areas
Open parking
For vehicular traffic
Low activity .5
Medium activity 1
High activity 2
For pedestrian
security
Low activity .8
Medium activity 2
High activity 4
Covered parking
general 5
Type of activity Illuminance
Category or
level (fc)
Prison yards 5
Railroad yards
Retarder, hump and car
rider classification
yards
Switch points 2
Body of yard 1
Hump area (vertical) 20
Roadways
Commercial
Freeways .6
Major 2
Residential
Major 1
Collector .6
Ship yards
General 5
Ways 10
Fabrication areas 30
Storage yards
Active 20
Inactive 1
HOLOPHANE
23
Sports and recreational areas
Activity Class Area Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Vertical
of play footcandles uniformity footcandles
uniformity
(max/min) (max/min)
Outdoor
Baseball & I Infield 150 1.5 100 1.5
Softball Outfield 100 1.5 70 2.0
II Infield 100 1.5 70 1.7
Outfield 70 1.7 50 2.5
III Infield 50 2.0 40
Outfield 30 2.5 25
IV Infield 30 3.0 25
Outfield 20 3.5 15
American I Playing 100 1.5 80
Football II Area 50 2.0 40
III Including 30 2.5
IV End Zones 20 3.0
Soccer I Playing
II Area 50 1.5 35
III 30 2.0 25
IV 20 3.0 15
Tennis I Within 125 1.2
II Lines 60 1.5
40 1.7
30 2.0
Handball II Playing 30 2.0 20
IV Area 15 3.0 10
Ice Hockey II 50 2.0 40
III 30 2.0 20
IV 20 3.0 15
Indoor
Basketball I 100 1.5 100 1.5
II Playing 75 2.1
III Area 50 3.0
IV 30 3.0
Tennis I Within 125 1.2
II Boundary 75 1.5
III Lines 50 1.7
IV 40 2.0
Racquetball I 100 1.5 75
& Squash II 75 2.0 50
III 50 2.5 30
Ice Hockey I 125 2.0 100
II 100 3.0 75
III 75 4.0 50
IV 50 4.0 25
These recommendations are taken
from publication number RP-6-88,
published by the Illuminating Engi-
neering Society of Basketball North
America. For information on other
recreational areas or for detailed
discussion of these recommendations,
please refer to RP-6-88 or contact your
Holophane representative .
Table 1 Class of Play and Facilities
Facility Class
I II III IV
International X
National X
Professional X
College X X
Semi-Professional X X
Sports clubs X X
Amateur leagues X X
High schools X X
Training facilities X X
Elementary schools X X
Recreational events X
Social events X
Class I - Facilities with spectator capacity of 5000 to 200,000
Class II - Facilities with spectator capacity of 5000 or less
Class III - No special provision for spectators
Class IV - Social or recreational, i.e. noncompetitive
HOLOPHANE
HL-862 7/99 Copyright Holophane Corporation 1999 Visit our website at www.holophane.com Printed in USA
Holophane Corporation, 214 Oakwood Ave., Newark,
OH 43055 / Holophane Canada, Inc. 294 Walker Drive,
Unit #3, Brampton, ON Canada L6T 4Z2 / Holophane
Europe Limited, Bond Ave., Milton Keynes MK1 1JG,
England./ Unique Lighting Solutions, 13/30 Heathcote
Road, Moorebank, NSW 2170 Australia/ Holophane, S.A.
de C.V., Apartado Postal No. 986, Naucalpan de Juarez,
53000 Edo. de Mexico
Contact your local Holophane sales
representative for application assistance, and
computer-aided design and cost studies. For
information on other Holophane products and
systems, call the Customer Service Center at
740-345-9631. In Canada call 905-793-3111 or
fax 905-793-9597.
Limited Warranty and Limitation of Liability
Refer to the Holophane limited material
warranty and limitation of liability on this
product, which are published in the Terms and
Conditions section of the current price
schedule, and is available from our local
Holophane sales representative.