424 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE.

Book 1
1.
ment of Dr. T. Young's Modulus
of
Elastlctfi/, and some otlier matters, wliicli we cannot
lielp tliinking unnecessary in a subject wliere, af'ttT exhausting all tlie niceties of the ques.
lion, a large proportion of weight is considered too much for the constant load.
]6"28f. 'J'he trnnscerse stretigth is that power, in tlie case of a l)eam, exerted in opposing a
force acting in a direction peii)endicular to its length. 'l'i)e following formuke and rules
apjjly to the various positions in whicli a beam or girder is placed.
I. If a beam be loose (or supported) at both ends, and the
weight be applied in tlie midiile
_ . .
II. If a beam be loose at both ends, and the weight be ap-
plied uniformly along the same length, it will bear twice
the load placed in the middle .
- -
-
III. if a beam be loose at both ends, and the weight be ap-
plied at an intermediate point; tlie spaces in with n =
l-
IV. If a beam be fixed at both ends, and the weight be ap-
plied in the middle, it will bear one half more than if
both ends be loose (I.)
- _ . - .
V. If a beam be fixed at both ends, and the weight be ap-
jilicd uniformly along the same length, it will bear three
times more than the load in the middle of No. 1,
than if
both ends be loose
.....
VI. If a beam le fixed at both ends, and the weight be ap-
plied at an intermediate point
....
VII. If a beam be fixed at one end, and the weight be ap-
plied at the other end. it will bear only one fourth of tlie
weight carried by beam No. I, of the same length
CjuP
I
= W
t^"-=^\\
Beam.
Sh(P
w
7Shd-
= w
'=w
l-SSArf-'
=w
u\v
w
VIII. If a beam be fixed at one end only, and the weight be ap})lied in the middle, it will
bear half as much again as at the end.
IX. If a !)eam be fixed at one end, and the weight be applied uniformly along its length,
it will bear double the load at tiie end.
X. If a beam be fixed at one end only, it is as strong as one of equal breadtli and
depth, and twice the length which is fixed at both ends.
XI. If a l>eam be sujiported in the middle and Ifiaded at e:icli end, it will bear the same
weight as when loose at both ends and loaded in the middle (as I.)
XII. If a beam be continued over three or four points and the load be uniformly dis-
tributed, it will suffice to take the part between any two points of support as a
beam fixed at l)oth ends.
XIII. If some of the parts have a greater load than the others, it will be near enough in
jiractice to take the parts so loaded as supported at tlie ends only.
XIV. If a lieam be inclined and xupported at both ends, it has its breaking weight tcpial
to that of the same beam when horizontal, multiplied by the length of the inclined
beam and divided liy the horizontal distance.
Note.In calculating for the strength of a beam or of a girder, it is usual to reckon
on the ends being loose, from the difficulty of fixing the ends in a sufKcient manner
to warrant the rule in that case being followed: and when the ends a'e solidly em-
bedded, they should penetrate the wall for a distance equal to at least three times the
depth of the beam or girder (par. 1630na.)
;
but this precaution is seldom carried out
in practice.
1628!/. For the effect of running loads over bars, we must refer to Professor WilKs's
experiments at Cambridge, given at the end of Barlow's Strength
of
Materials,
&c.,
1851.
16'28v. Two geometrical metliods of finding the lest proportion of a beam to be cut out
of a given cylinder have been propounded. The stijfest beam, says Tredgold, that can be
cut out of a round tree, is that of which the depth is to the breadth as V^
to
1,
or nearly
as 1'7320508 to 1
;
this is in general a good proportion for beams that have to sustain
a considerable load. Tlie required propor-
tions are obtained by dividing a diameter
as lib
mfiq.
G\Sf., into two equal parts, ac
and ch, tlien drawing with a and b as cen-
tres two arcs through c to cut the circle
in e andT; the points (tehf hcmg joined, the
figure is that of the
st'ffcU
beam that can
he cut out of a cylinder, to resist a perpendi-
cular strain. It is aliO observed by Tredgold
that the strongest beam which can be cut out of a round tree is that of wliitli the depth
Fig. 6 1
33.