Chap. I.

BEAMS AND PILLARS. 435

equal, and the girder parallel, or equal depth througliout,
^q-
=defltction. II. ^Vlleu the
flanges are not equal, and tlie girdiT is not parallel, r^ = deflection. III. When the beam
P
has no top flange, and the depth varies, g^-
^deflection (Gregory).
163CA. The tbrmulic given by Hurst, Handho.k. -c. for finding deflection, which occur
under Siiff^ess of
be tws, are, I. When supported at the ends and loaded in the middle,
/l et-t^ Wiwts. C
_j(i . . Ti
For rvlinders
l^JL^
= deflection inches.
4(1 inch, sri'inclus"'-'^'''"^
uicties.
11.
ror c) iinuers,
24^4 g,.
j.^^, inches
1 1 1. If the beam be fixed at one end and loaded at the other, the deflection = 16 times tha
product. IV. If fixed at one end and uniformly loaded, 6 times. V. If supported at both
ends and uniformly load d, ?ths. VI. If fixed at both ends and loaded in the middle, ^th.
VII. If fixed at both ends and uniformly loaded, ^-'^jths. He gives the following :

Taei.e of the Relative Stkenc.th of Bodies to Resist Deflection = C.

Wrought iron - 067 Baltic oak
- 1-120 Ash
1
- 1-176.
Cast iron
- 112 Yellow fir - l-l'.O Beech
- 1-434
Teak
8.5
1 Me 11 el fir
. 1 -008 Elm
-
1
-904
English oak
1-3-14 Red pine
- - 1-232 Mahogany
- 1
-300
Canadian oak - 1-008 Yellow pine - 1 -254
VIII. The deflection of a rectangular beam is to a cylindrical one, as 1 to 1-7. IX. When
the deflection is taken as ^'gth of an incli ])er foot in Itngth (which is consider* d to be safe
under a proof of
^
of the breaking weight) then for a beam supported at both ends and
loaded in the middle, -^j-
= 6
;
y/f_pi= d; -^ =W; ^''^^ =
/; ^--^,
=C; but
-
for ,'g or 2C for
gl,.
XI. For cylinders, 4/i-7/.'WC = diameter. XI. For an uniform load
take jths, as before.
1630/. Tlie vioihihis of
elasticiti/, or resistance of materials to stretching, is the term
given to the ratio of the force of restitution to the force of compression. It is the measure
of the elastic force of any sub.stance. By means of it, tlie comparative stijfhess of bodies
may be ascertained. Tiius from the following tal)le it will be perceived that a piece of cast
iron is 10-7 times as stiff as a piece of oak of equal dimensions and bearing. Rrsi/ie-ce,
or toughness 0/
bcdies, is strength and flexibility combined
;
hence any material or body
which l)ears the greatest load, and bends the most at the time of fracture, is ihe toughest.
Tlie modulus is estimated by supposing the material to present a square unit of surface,
and by any weight or force to lie extended to double, or compressed into one-half the
original length
;
such a weight will represent the modidus.
Table of the Modulus of Elasticitv; with the portion or it (limiting the Cohesion
OF THE JMaTEUIAL, OK) WHICH WOULD TeAR THEJI AsUNDER LeNGTHWISE.
LEbLIE. Bevan.
Feet. Part. Feet.
Teak
-
6,040,000 or 168 th Fir, bottom, 25
"1
7,400,000
Oak
- -
4,150 000
144th years old -
J
Beech
-
4,180,000 107th Petersburgb Deal
-
6,000,000
Elm
- .
5,680,00.) 146th Y'ew
-
2,220,000
Memel Fir
.
8,292.C00
20,-;th Stonis, Sfc.
Christ iania Deal
-
8,118,000
146tii Dlnton -
2,400,000
Larch
.
5,096,000 121st Ketton -
-
1,600,000
Jetternoe
Reigate
-
-
635.000
6 2.,000
Bevan.
"Yorkshire paving
Portland stone
: :
1.3'iO.OOO
1,570,000
Ket't.
Yellow Pine
.
9,150,000
11,840.000
Slate, Leicester
-
7,800,000
Finland Deal
.
6 000,000
(i lass-tubes
-
4.440,000
Teak
.
4,780.000
Ice -
-
6,000.000
Mahogany
.
7.500,000
White marble
- -
2,150,000
Dry Oak -
5.100,000 M^t.,ls.
Oak
-
4,350,000 Steel .
-
9,300,030
Lincolns. Bog OA 1,710,000 Bar iron
-
9.000,000
I.ance-wood
-
5,100,000
M ..
-
-
8,450,000