Chap. I. BEAMS AND PILLARS.

447
1632. WoEKixG Strength or Matkui.als.
S''fe
loads in lbs. per square inch.
Wrought-iron bars - - - -
Teinion. Pressure. Shearing.
10 400 10,400 7,800

plates . - - - 10,000 10,000 7,500

Drawn iron wire _ - _ - 13.2(10

Cast iron
------
3,690 10,000 2.700
Solt steel, iinhardencd _ - - 17,700 17.700 13,200
.,
hardened and tempered 3O.400
3;"), 4 00 26,600
Stppl wire
------
27,300

.

Timber, Ash a - - - - - 1,700 940

b - - - - -

510

Oak - l,t,60 940 100

b . - - - -

510

Beech a - - - - - 1,700 940 85

b
- - - - -

510

Pine a - - - - - 1,000 620 55

b - - - . -

310

Good brickwork
-----
140

Ordinary

- - _ - _

86

Stone
.-.---
200

a, Stress parallel to the fibres; f>, ditto perpendicular to the fibres.
The above vaLies of the safe load may be taken for structures subject to travelling loads.
When subject to dead ioads, these values may, in the case of iron and steel, be
multiplied by |.
G. S. Clarke, Graphic Strains,''ito,
188il,
p.
138.
1632a. Table of Strength of vakious Timbers.
The primitive horizontal or transverse strength of oak is taken at 1000; its supporting
or primitive vertical strength at 807 ;
ami its cohesive cr absolute strength at 1821
;
being deduced from pieces 19'188 lines Euglish square. The relative strengths of
other woods are given :

Primitive Primitive Abso'ute

Sprcies of
Wood.
Primitive Primitive Absolute
Species of Wood. horzontal vertical cohesive horizontal vertical cohesive
Strength. Strength. Strength. Strength. Strength. Strength.
Acacia (yellow) 780 1228 1560 Fir 918 851 1250
Ash 1072 1112 1800 O^k 1000 807 1821
Beech - 1032 986 2480 Pine-tree
-
882 804 1141
Birch - 853 861 1980 Poplar - 586 680 940
Cedar - 627 720 1740 Service-tree 965 981 1642
Cherry-tree - 961 986 1912 Sycamore
-
900 968 1564
Chestnut 957 950 1044 Yew-tree
-
1037 1375 2287
Elm - 1077 1075 1980 Walnut - 900 753 1120
STEEL.
1633. Steel is now largely superseding wrouuht iron in all uses to which tho latter
material was usually applied. Nearly every section of
L, "Y,
and
C.
as well as rolled
joists
I.
are now made in steel to specification. Railway metals or rails have been made
of steel for some years. Plates, sheets, and bars for every purpose of bridge girder,
roof, and boiler making, are now commonly in use, as also for cyliudrical and octan ular
columns which have 'to carry great weights; also for ship armour and gun mounts.
Steel is most useful wlien bulk and weight is a consideration
; the constructional cost,
as a rule, can be brought down almost to that of iron
;
the price per ton is m ire, but less
weight is required. The kind mostly used is called mild steel, containing about 018 per
cent, of carbon, bearing a tensile stress 30 to 35 tons per square inch with the fibre, and
28 to 30 acrO'S the fibre. Much higher results can be obtained for special purposes, but
the manufacture for ordinary structural purposes cannot be fully relied upon beyond
30 tons tensile. The Commifee of the Bririsli Asiociaiion advised a maximum of