Color Models

CMSC161
Monica K. Castro
The YIQ model is used in U.S. commercial color
television broadcasting and is a recoding of RGB for
transmission efficiency and for downward
compatibility with black-and-white television.

This compatibility is that black-and-white televisions
only pay attention to the Y-component of the
transmission, which contains relative illuminance
information.
This component gets the majority of the bandwidth in
television broadcasting, and is thus more precise,
such that black-and-white television pictures usually
appear sharper than color television pictures in the
U.S.

Note that it (the Y parameter) gets more of the
bandwidth because the human visual system is more
sensitive to changes in luminance than to changes in
hue or saturation.
Description
This model was designed to separate chrominance
from luminance. This was a requirement in the early
days of color television when black-and-white sets
still were expected to pick up and display what were
originally color pictures.
YIQ
The Y-channel contains luminance information
(sufficient for black-and-white television sets) while
the I and Q channels carried the color (chrominance)
information.

A color television set would take these three
channels, Y, I, and Q, and map the information back
to R, G, and B levels for display on a screen.

YIQ
Is derived from the YUV color space

The Y-component is defined to be the same as the
CIE Y-component. (also in YUV)

This is the color model used by the U.S. Commercial
Color Television Broadcasting.

It is transmitted using the NTSC (National Television
System Committee) system.
An image along with its Y, I, and Q components.
YIQ
The I stands for inphase and the Q for quadrature,
which is the modulation method used to transmit the
color information.
YIQ
The Y component corresponds to brightness.
The I component corresponds to a roughly orange
color.
The Q component is at right angles (quadrature) to
the I component, and corresponds to a bluish
magenta color.
The I hue was chosen to reflect human spacial
resolution as a function of color.
YIQ
The monochrome luminance (Y) signal is derived
from gamma-corrected red, green, and blue (RGB)
signals:

Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
YIQ
I is the orange-blue axis, Q is the purple-green axis.
I and Q axes are scaled and rotated R Y and B Y (by 33
degrees clockwise).

I = 0.877(R Y) cos 33 - 0.492(B Y) sin 33
Q = 0.877(R Y) sin 33 + 0.492(B Y) cos 33

Namely,
I = 0.736(R Y) - 0.268(B Y)
= 0.596R - 0.275G - 0.321B

Q = 0.478(R Y) + 0.413(B Y)
= 0.212R - 0.523G + 0.311B
UV and IQ Vector Diagram for 75% Color Bars.
YIQ vs YUV
I-Q channels are rotated from the U-V channels
in YUV

I = 0.596R 0.275G 0.321B
= Vcos 33 Usin 33
= 0.736(R Y) 0.268(B Y)
Q = 0.212R 0.523G + 0.311B
= Vsin 33 + Ucos 33
= 0.478(R Y) + 0.413(B Y)
RGB to YIQ
Transformation Matrix:

B
G
R
Q
I
Y
31 . 0 52 . 0 21 . 0
32 . 0 28 . 0 6 . 0
11 . 0 59 . 0 3 . 0
Example: YIQ to RGB
YIQ
For digital RGB values with a range of 0255, Y
has a range of 0255, I has a range of 0 to 152,
and Q has a range of 0 to 134.
YIQ
(Y=luminance, I=R-Y, Q=B-Y)

Eye is most sensitive to Y, next to I, next to Q.

Bandwidth allocation:
In NTSC broadcast TV, 4.2 MHz is allocated to Y, 1.5
MHz to I and 0.55 MHz to Q.
For VCR, Y is cut down to 3.2 MHz and I to 0.63 MHz.

References:
http://read.pudn.com/downloads40/doc/comm/140675/video%
20demystified%203rd%20edition.pdf
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/PDF/08_CM0340_Gra
phics_Reps
http://www4.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~csyliu/course/comp319/Lectu
re/Lecture02.pdf
http://academic.mu.edu/phys/matthysd/web226/L0221.htm
http://dcssrv1.oit.uci.edu/~wiedeman/cspace/me/infoyiq.html
http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/convert/
http://disp.ee.ntu.edu.tw/meeting/%E6%94%BF%E9%8C%A6/
Color%20and%20Color%20Space/Color%20and%20Color%2
0Space.ppt
http://www-
prima.imag.fr/perso/Hall/Courses/FAI05/Session3.ppt