Lecture # 1

INTRODUCTION TO PLANT
ANATOMY







Introduction
Definition
Plant anatomy the study of the internal
structure of various parts of the plant

Applications of plant anatomy
Taxonomic application
e.g. problem plants
Proper authentication of crude drug material
For safety and quality to be maintained
Morphology and anatomy of drug source is
published in British and English pharmacopoeias
Introduction
Applications of plant anatomy
Avoids food adulterants and contaminants
Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L)
Mango (Mangifera indica L)
FORENSIC APPLICATIONS
Forensic botany refers to the use of plant materials to help solve
crimes or resolve other legal problems.

The first botanical testimony to be heard in a
North American court concerned the
analysis of the wood grain of the ladder used
in the kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr.,
and led to the conviction of Bruno
Hauptmann for the crime in 1935.
Xylotomist Arthur Koehler of the United States
Forest Service undertook a meticulous examination
of the ladder and when the case finally came to trial
four years later, offered the first botanical testimony
ever to be heard and accepted in American courts.
LIVING ORGANISMS
Prokaryotes
Kingdom
Monera
Eukaryotes
Unicell/simple
multicellular
organisms
Kingdom
Protista
Multicellular
organisms
Autotroph
Kingdom
Plantae
Heterotroph
Saprophytes
Kingdom
Fungi
Ingestion of
other
organisms
Kingdom
Animalia
The five-kingdom
system prevailed in
biology for over 20
years.

LIVING ORGANISMS
During the last three
decades, systematists
applying cladistic
analysis, including the
construction of
cladograms based on
molecular data, have
been identifying
problems with the five-
kingdom system.

WHAT IS A PLANT?

A multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
autrotroph.
With cell walls made mostly of cellulose
Stored food in the form of starch
Chlorophyll a directly involved in the
conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplasts contain chl b as accessory
pigment

Embryophytes
Kingdom Plantae
Vascular
Non-Vascular
Bryophyta- Mosses
Hepatophyta-Liverworts
Anthocerophyta-Hornworts
With seeds
(Phanerogams)
Without seeds
(Cryptogams)
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta
Naked seeds
Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Covered seeds
Anthophyta
Monocots
Eudicots
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophytes (Mosses and allies)

Small plants that lack true roots,
stems and leaves

They lack vascular tissue

Water is necessary for the transfer
of sperm prior to fertilization

Gametophyte is dominant and
nutritionally independent

Kingdom Plantae
Bryophytes (Mosses and allies)

Sporophyte is permanently attached to
the gametophyte and dependent upon it
for water and minerals

Sex organs and sporangia are
multicellular and have an outer layer of
sterile cells

Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids are
present in the plastids

The first true land plants, a cuticle is
present

Influential in soil development by their
participation in plant succession, assists
in preventing soil erosion

Kingdom Plantae
Bryophytes (Mosses and allies)


Kingdom Plantae
Vascular
Non-Vascular
Bryophyta- Mosses
Hepatophyta-Liverworts
Anthocerophyta-Hornworts
With seeds
(Phanerogams)
Without seeds
(Cryptogams)
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta
Naked seeds
Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Covered seeds
Anthophyta
Monocots
Eudicots
Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)

Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)

Sporophyte have scalelike leaves
(enations)

No roots

Dichotomously branched

Terminal sporangia (synangium, plural
synangia)

Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)

Homosporous with only one type of
meiospore

Water is necessary for transfer of
sperm previous to fertilization

Both sporophyte and gametophyte are
nutritionally independent

Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)

Sex organs and sporangia are
multicellular and have an outer layer of
sterile cells

Genera: Psilotum, Tmesipteris

Division Lycophyta (club
mosses)

Division Lycophyta (club mosses)

Sporophytes may be homosporous or
heterosporous (two kinds of meiospores)

Have roots, stems and small leaves

Single sporangia are borne on the upper
surface of leaves (sporophylls) which are
arranged in the form of a cone or
strobilus

Water is necessary for fertilization to
occur

The sporophyte is dominant over
gametophyte

Both sporophyte and gametophyte are
nutritionally independent


Division Lycophyta (club mosses)

Sex organs and sporangia are multicellular
and have an outer layer of sterile cells

Genera: Lycopodium, Selaginella

Division Lycophyta (club mosses)

Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails)

Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails)

Sporophytes have roots, stems, and
small leaves

The leaves and branches are whorled

The stem is hollow, jointed and contains
silica

Groups of sporangia are borne on
stalked, umbrella-like structures, which
are grouped to form strobili

Sporophyte is the dominant phase


The gametophyte is small and both are
nutritionally independent

Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails)


Water is necessary for sperm
transfer

Sex organs and sporangia are
multicellular and have an outer
layer of sterile cells

Genus : Equisetum


Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails)

Division Pterophyta (Ferns)

The dominant sporophyte usually have
roots, stems and large leaves

Leaves are typically compound and
uncoil as they develop (circinate
vernation)

Roots are typically adventitious from a
horizontal rhizome

Most are homosporous

Division Pterophyta (Ferns)

The gametophyte is nutritionally
independent, like the larger sporophyte

Water is necessary for fertilization by
swimming sperm

Sex organs and sporangia are
multicellular and have an outer layer of
sterile cells

Division Pterophyta (Ferns)




Sporangia are borne on the lower
surface of leaves or sporophyll



Genera: Polypodium, Pteris, Adiantum


Division Pterophyta (Ferns)

Kingdom Plantae
Vascular
Non-Vascular
Bryophyta- Mosses
Hepatophyta-Liverworts
Anthocerophyta-Hornworts
With seeds
(Phanerogams)
Without seeds
(Cryptogams)
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta
Naked seeds
Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Covered seeds
Anthophyta
Monocots
Eudicots

has fanlike leaves that turn gold
before they fall off in the autumn.

Phylum Ginkgophyta

consists of only a single extant species, Ginkgo
biloba.

Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
superficially resemble palms.
plants are heterosporous
Genus: Cycas, Zamia

Phylum Gnetophyta

Traits are intermediate between
gymnosperms and angiosperms

With vessels in xylem

The ovules are surrounded by 2
integuments


Pollen-producing structures superficially
resemble stamens

Seeds naked; fruits absent

Consists of three very different genera.


Phylum Gnetophyta

Weltwitschia, from deserts in southwestern
Africa, have straplike leaves.

Phylum Gnetophyta

Gnetum species are tropical trees or vines
(mainly climbing lianas), the leaves very
much like dicots
Phylum Gnetophyta

Ephedra (Mormon tea), shrub of the American
deserts with whorls of small deciduous leaves)
.

Phylum Gnetophyta

Division Coniferophyta

Division Coniferophyta

Have roots, stems and large leaves

Leaves are usually evergreen needles or
scales

Heterosporous (produce 2 kinds of
meiospores)

Gametophytes are nutritionally dependent
on the sporophyte

Wind pollinated; pollen tubes are
formed

Genera: Pinus, Abies (Firs), Tsuga

Division Coniferophyta

Conifer sporophyte

All species of pines are trees

Conifer wood has no vessels

Typically with resin ducts

With sieve cells and albuminous cells in
the phloem


Division Coniferophyta

Staminate cones
Borne in groups usually on the lower
branches of trees

Two microsporangia develop on the
under surface of each scale

Pollen grains are light weight and bear 2
wings that facilitate dispersal by wind

Division Coniferophyta

Ovulate (Seed) Cones
Develop at tips of young branches

Two ovules, each enclosing a single
megasporangium, develops on the upper
surface of an ovuliferous scales

An ovule consists of : outer integument,
nucellar tissue and the female gametophyte;
at one end are several archegonia

Division Coniferophyta

Division Coniferophyta
Fertilization is achieved by union of sperm
with an egg; normally only one embryo
survive

The mature embryo consists of several
cotyledons, radicle, epicotyl and hypocotyls

Division Anthophyta (Flowering
plants)

Dominant sporophytes have roots, stems
and leaves

Sporangia borne on stamens and carpels

Seeds develop from ovules which are
enclosed by carpels

The gametophytes are very reduced and
dependent upon the sporophyte

Female gametophyte retained within the
sporangium

Wind or insect pollinated

Double fertilization occurs

Division Anthophyta
(Flowering plants)

Eudicots- With 2 cotyledons, flower
parts in multiples of 4s or 5s, leaves
are net-veined, cambium is usually
present



Monocots- With one cotyledon, flower parts
in multiples of 3s; the leaves are parallel-
veined, a cambium is usually lacking
While most angiosperms belong to either
the monocots (65,000 species) or eudicots
(165,000 species) several other clades
branched off before these.