Kaluza-Klein and Coset Spaces

Kaluza-Klein and Coset Spaces
Alexander Bols
June 17, 2014
Alexander Bols Kaluza-Klein and Coset Spaces June 17, 2014 1 / 16
Overview
Compactication on Tori.
T
2
reduction of supergravity : the resulting scalars and their
symmetries
Extension to T
n
.
Summary of symmetry groups and their isotropy groups.
Overview
T
2
symmetries
Extension to T
n
.
Overview
T
2
symmetries
Extension to T
n
.
Overview
T
2
symmetries
Extension to T
n
.
Compactication on tori
Consider gravity in D dimensions. The metric has D
2
components
g
ij
= g
ij
(x
1
, , x
D
). (1)
We can obtain a eld theory on a D 1 dimensional space by
compactifying one coordinate on T
1
.
x
D
x
D
+ 2LZ (2)
with L the radius of the torus.
Now the elds can be written as a Fourier series
g
ij
(x
1
, , x
D
) =
n
g
(n)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
)e
inx
D
/L
(3)
with L the circumference of the torus.
2
components
g
ij
= g
ij
(x
1
, , x
D
). (1)
1
.
x
D
x
D
+ 2LZ (2)
g
ij
(x
1
, , x
D
) =
n
g
(n)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
)e
inx
D
/L
(3)
2
components
g
ij
= g
ij
(x
1
, , x
D
). (1)
1
.
x
D
x
D
+ 2LZ (2)
g
ij
(x
1
, , x
D
) =
n
g
(n)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
)e
inx
D
/L
(3)
The terms with n = 0 correspond to massive elds with
M n/L. (4)
We assume L to be tiny, so the n = 0 modes can be ignored.
We end up with D
2
elds
g
(0)
ij
= g
(0)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
) (5)
in D 1 dimensions.
The elds g
(0)
i ,D
form a vector eld.
The eld g
(0)
D,D
is a scalar eld.
The remaining (D 1)
2
components form a metric tensor for the
D 1 dimensional space.
M n/L. (4)
We end up with D
2
elds
g
(0)
ij
= g
(0)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
) (5)
in D 1 dimensions.
The elds g
(0)
i ,D
form a vector eld.
The eld g
(0)
D,D
is a scalar eld.
The remaining (D 1)
2
M n/L. (4)
We end up with D
2
elds
g
(0)
ij
= g
(0)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
) (5)
in D 1 dimensions.
The elds g
(0)
i ,D
form a vector eld.
The eld g
(0)
D,D
is a scalar eld.
The remaining (D 1)
2
M n/L. (4)
We end up with D
2
elds
g
(0)
ij
= g
(0)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
) (5)
in D 1 dimensions.
The elds g
(0)
i ,D
form a vector eld.
The eld g
(0)
D,D
is a scalar eld.
The remaining (D 1)
2
M n/L. (4)
We end up with D
2
elds
g
(0)
ij
= g
(0)
ij
(x
1
, , x
D1
) (5)
in D 1 dimensions.
The elds g
(0)
i ,D
form a vector eld.
The eld g
(0)
D,D
is a scalar eld.
The remaining (D 1)
2
T
2
scalar sector
The same procedure can be repeated to obtain ever lower dimensional
theories of gravity couples to more and more matter elds.
We look at supergravity in 11 dimensions.
Some of those matter elds are scalars. The scalar sector resulting
from compactication on T
2
is
L =
1
2
()
2
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
. (6)
The eld only appears in the rst term. It is decoupled from the
others and has a shift symmetry R.
T
2
scalar sector
2
is
L =
1
2
()
2
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
. (6)
T
2
scalar sector
2
is
L =
1
2
()
2
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
. (6)
T
2
scalar sector
2
is
L =
1
2
()
2
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
. (6)
SL(2, R) symmetry
The other two elds are described by
L =
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
=
2()
2
(7)
where = + ie
.
It can be checked that this Lagrangian is invariant under

a + b
c + d
(8)
with ad bc = 1.
These transformations from a group isomorphic to SL(2, R).
SL(2, R) symmetry
L =
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
=
2()
2
(7)
where = + ie
.

a + b
c + d
(8)
with ad bc = 1.
SL(2, R) symmetry
L =
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
=
2()
2
(7)
where = + ie
.

a + b
c + d
(8)
with ad bc = 1.
Lagrangian emerges from the symmetry group
The generators of sl(2, R) have 2 2 representation
H =
1 0
0 1
; E
+
=
0 1
0 0
; E
0 0
1 0
. (9)
Consider the matrix
V = e
H
e
E
+
=
e
/2
e
/2
0 e
/2
. (10)
The Lagrangian can then be written as
L =
1
4
Tr M
1
M=
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
(11)
were
M= V
T
V. (12)
H =
1 0
0 1
; E
+
=
0 1
0 0
; E
0 0
1 0
. (9)
Consider the matrix
V = e
H
e
E
+
=
e
/2
e
/2
0 e
/2
. (10)
L =
1
4
Tr M
1
M=
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
(11)
were
M= V
T
V. (12)
H =
1 0
0 1
; E
+
=
0 1
0 0
; E
0 0
1 0
. (9)
Consider the matrix
V = e
H
e
E
+
=
e
/2
e
/2
0 e
/2
. (10)
L =
1
4
Tr M
1
M=
1
2
()
2
1
2
e
2
()
2
(11)
were
M= V
T
V. (12)
SL(2, R) symmetry is manifest
This Lagrangian is manifestly invariant under
V V
= V (13)
with SL(2, R).
The new matrix V
should encode transformed scalar elds. To see

what the new scalars are, we put V
back in upper triangular form by

multiplying with a unique orthogonal matrix
V
= OV
= OV. (14)
Again, the Lagrangian is manifestly invariant under this
transformation.
V V
= V (13)
with SL(2, R).
The new matrix V


V
= OV
= OV. (14)
transformation.
V V
= V (13)
with SL(2, R).
The new matrix V


V
= OV
= OV. (14)
transformation.
Scalar moduli space is coset
The group SL(2, R) represented by acts transitively on the scalar
manifold at a xed point in spacetime
But there are many that lead to the same transformed elds. We
have to compensate with a Orthogonal matrix to get a unique
transformation connecting any two points on the scalar manifold.
Therefore, each point on the scalar manifold can be identied with
the unique transformation that maps this point to the origin.
scalar manifold SL(2, R)/O(2). (15)
Note that O(2) is the maximally compact subgroup of SL(2, R)
Generalization to T
n
For compactication on T
n
we get a scalar sector of the form
L =
1
2
d
1
2
i <j <k
e
a
ijk
F
(1)ijk
F
(1)ijk
1
2
i <j
e
b
ij
F
i
(1)j
F
i
(1)j
(16)
As before, the scalar manifold can be written as a coset G/K with G
a global symmetry group and K the maximally compact subgroup of
G
Iwasawa says g = g
K
g
H
g
N
for all g G with g
K
K, g
H
in the
exponential of the Cartan subalgebra and g
N
in the exponential of the
positive root generators.
Generalization to T
n
n
L =
1
2
d
1
2
i <j <k
e
a
ijk
F
(1)ijk
F
(1)ijk
1
2
i <j
e
b
ij
F
i
(1)j
F
i
(1)j
(16)
G
Iwasawa says g = g
K
g
H
g
N
for all g G with g
K
K, g
H
in the
N
Generalization to T
n
n
L =
1
2
d
1
2
i <j <k
e
a
ijk
F
(1)ijk
F
(1)ijk
1
2
i <j
e
b
ij
F
i
(1)j
F
i
(1)j
(16)
G
Iwasawa says g = g
K
g
H
g
N
for all g G with g
K
K, g
H
in the
N
Dilaton vectors are positive roots
In the Iwasawa decomposition, g
H
g
N
generalizes our V and g
K
generalizes the orthogonal transformation.
V is a representative of the coset G/K
As in the case of T
2
, we nd that the scalar Lagrangian can be
written in terms of V
L =
1
4
Tr (V
#
V)
1
(V
#
V). (17)
The dilaton vectors b
ij
and a
ijk
arise from the commutators of
elements the Cartan subalgebra and positive root generators. They
are precisely the positive roots of G!
H
g
N
K
As in the case of T
2
L =
1
4
Tr (V
#
V)
1
(V
#
V). (17)
ij
and a
ijk
H
g
N
K
As in the case of T
2
L =
1
4
Tr (V
#
V)
1
(V
#
V). (17)
ij
and a
ijk
H
g
N
K
As in the case of T
2
L =
1
4
Tr (V
#
V)
1
(V
#
V). (17)
ij
and a
ijk
From Lagrangian to symmetry group
We now proceed as follows
Find a set of dilaton vectors that can serve as simple roots of G.
Construct the corresponding Dynkin diagram.
G is the normal real form corresponding to the diagram.
K is the maximally compact subgroup of G.
The simple roots
The dilaton vectors have a very simple structure.
The simple roots are

b
i ,i +1
and a
123
.
All simple roots have length 2.
The

b
ij
form a chain
b
i ,i +1
b
i +1,i +2
= 2 (18)
and a
123
connects to

b
34
only
a
123
b
i ,i +1
= 2
i ,3
(19)
i.e. for n = 3, the root a
123
is disconnected from the diagram,
otherwise it connects to

b
34
.
The simple roots

b
i ,i +1
and a
123
.
The

b
ij
form a chain
b
i ,i +1
b
i +1,i +2
= 2 (18)
and a
123
connects to

b
34
only
a
123
b
i ,i +1
= 2
i ,3
(19)
123

b
34
.
The simple roots

b
i ,i +1
and a
123
.
The

b
ij
form a chain
b
i ,i +1
b
i +1,i +2
= 2 (18)
and a
123
connects to

b
34
only
a
123
b
i ,i +1
= 2
i ,3
(19)
123

b
34
.
The simple roots

b
i ,i +1
and a
123
.
The

b
ij
form a chain
b
i ,i +1
b
i +1,i +2
= 2 (18)
and a
123
connects to

b
34
only
a
123
b
i ,i +1
= 2
i ,3
(19)
123

b
34
.
The Dynkin diagrams
n Dynkin diagram algebra
2
r
b
12
E
1
= A
1
= sl(2, R)
3
r r r
b
12

b
23
a
123 E
3
= A
1
A
2
= sl(2, R) sl(3, R)
4
r r r r
b
12

b
23

b
34
a
123 E
4
= A
4
= sl(5, R)
5
r r r r
b
12

b
23

b
34

b
45
r
a
123
E
5
= D
5
6
r r r r r
b
12

b
23

b
34

b
45

b
56
r
a
123
E
6
7
r r r r r r
b
12

b
23

b
34

b
45

b
56

b
67
r
a
123
E
7
8
r r r r r r r
b
12

b
23

b
34

b
45

b
56

b
67

b
78
r
a
123
E
8
The corresponding groups
(see course notes, Table 3)
n algebra G K
2 A
1
GL(2) O(2)
3 A
1
A
2
SL(3) SL(2) SO(3) SO(2)
4 A
4
SL(5) SO(5)
5 D
5
O(5, 5) O(5) O(5)
6 E
6
E
6(+6)
USp(8)
7 E
7
E
7(+7)
SU(8)
8 E
8
E
8(+8)
SO(16)
These are the global symmetry groups (G) and their isotropy groups (K)
of the scalar sectors resulting from compactication on tori T
n
.
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should encode transformed scalar elds. To see

back in upper triangular form by

should encode transformed scalar elds. To see

back in upper triangular form by

should encode transformed scalar elds. To see

back in upper triangular form by

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