This PowerPoint presentation uses information current as of J une 21, 2011.
You will note that some of the key slides in the economics area are marked Preliminary. Please visit the following to obtain the most up-to-date version of this and other presentations: www.aec.org/exapps/CustomerOutreach.html Introduction The Aluminum Association (AA), Aluminum Extruders Council (AEC), the authors and contributors of this overview provide information and resources about aluminum products and aluminum-related technology as a service to interested parties. Information provided by them is generally intended for users with a technical background and may be inappropriate for use by lay persons. While the AA, AEC, authors and contributors make every effort to disseminate the most reliable and current information available, they do not warrant that the use of such information as appropriate for any particular purpose. In all cases, users should not rely on this information without consulting original source material and/or undertaking a thorough scientific analysis. Introduction Economic Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Advantages of Aluminum Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Overview of the Extrusion Process Corrosion Resistance Finishing / Fabricating Aluminum Extrusions Additional Information, Education and Training Table of Contents Courtesy of Light Metal Age magazine Introduction Introduction The aluminum extrusion process is incredibly versatile and capable of converting ideas to reality quickly, accurately and inexpensively Designers can utilize a near-net shape process to close tolerances, coupled with a list of superior physical characteristics to optimize their designs This presentation provides both a conceptual and a practical understanding of how best to design with aluminum extrusions Extrusion: often the most cost effective and quickest path between concept and product Introduction Example of Aluminum Extrusions used in the Nevada Solar One Concentrated Solar Power Plant Aluminum extrusions are strong and efficient for creating long lasting structures, critical to our future Photos courtesy of Hydro Aluminum Introduction Introduction Aluminum extrusions offer a long list of advantages both those inherent in aluminum as well as those gained from the extrusion process Combining aluminum and the extrusion process yields results which are second-to-none regarding form, fit, function, appearance and cost, producing amazing, attractive parts and advantages Aluminum extrusions are green, providing strong, lightweight designs which are fully recyclable Extrusion: often the most cost effective and quickest path between concept and product Photo courtesy of Hydro Aluminum Introduction Ideas taking shape An idea takes shape in the designers mind and then takes shape as a final product Through the flexibility of the aluminum extrusion process, profiles can be creatively fine-tuned to specifically fit the design requirements or to be specifically branded with your details All thanks to the amazing versatility of aluminum extrusion Introduction The Shape is the Idea Almost any shape can be produced through aluminum extrusion The highly workable material can create a shape that can then be enhanced and perfected through additional machining, finishing and fabrication 2008 Transportation Category Winner Electric motorcycle frame Introduction The Shape becomes more than an end in itself The Shape can be designed and extruded to be more than the base for a useful product It can be formed to: Reduce piece count / provide complex integral features Facilitate manufacturing and assembly Reduce costs and lead times for materials and production Increase product reliability and durability Photo courtesy of Light Metal Age magazine Simplify maintenance and repairs for the final user of the product Build in an attractive appearance that can make the product easier to sell Consider the Advantages: Photo courtesy of NASA From simple household appliances to exotic space and electronics applications, products made from aluminum extrusions are superior in: Design Flexibility Performance Efficiency Reliability Cost Introduction Aluminum extrusions remain the best choice for many applications The aluminum extrusion process is flexible and has both extremely low tooling costs and short lead times, enabling efficient production of near net shape, complex integral parts allowing exceptional reductions to part counts and subsequent fabrication and assembly Advancing techniques in manufacturing and assembly can extend aluminums use to even more applications, including those in which other materials have long been employed The combination of the basic properties of aluminum and its alloys, plus the infinite variety of shapes possible in the extrusion process give aluminum extrusion its many advantages over other materials and methods of forming Introduction Indepth IBIS Associates CSP Frame Structure Analysis ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS Using information available in the public domain, IBIS Associates performed an independent detailed analysis of various existing parabolic trough CSP (Concentrated Solar Power) frame designs from steel and aluminum used for utility scale solar power applications. The following excerpts from the IBIS analysis are extremely useful in understanding why aluminum extrusions represent such exceptional competitive advantages in both cost and performance to steel alternatives. The IBIS slides are marked Proprietary and Confidential Do Not Distribute; AEC has permission to utilize these for this presentation. IBIS: Workplan 1.) Establish baseline designs for comparison 1a.) Eurotrough, Skal-ET 150 & HelioTrough as steel baselines 1b.) Generized Aluminum based on public data of Acciona/FPL designs 2.) Collect component, material, process 3.) Build component list and process flow diagrams 4.) Construct cost models for component production and assembly 5.) Use cost model establish cost comparisons and sensitivity analyses 6.) Validate results via external expert reviewers Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute IBIS: Steel Baseline - Eurotrough Consortium composed of industry partners and supported by European commission Collector Length: 12 meters Aperture Width: 5.7 meters Skal ET is a scaled up design of the Eurotrough by Flagsol which replaced square tube sections with angles The solar collector assembly in this design is 150m long vs. the 100m Eurotrough Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Eurotrough & Skal ET Subassemblies Sides A & C Sides B & D A B C D Cantilevers (28) Torque Box Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Collector Length: 12 meters Aperture Width: 5.77 meters Total Aperture Area = 69.2 m 2 HelioTrough Collector Design Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute HelioTrough Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Collector Length: 19.1 meters Aperture Width: 6.77 meters Total Aperture Area = 129.3 m 2 Generic Aluminum Frame 12m Baseline Based on Acciona /Nevada Solar One Also installed by Florida Power & Light, but heavy duty, hurricane strength version Baseline distilled from patent data and known component sizes, estimated for 8m and 12m frames 8m scaled-up to 12m length and wider 5.77m aperture area Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Collector Length: 12 meters Aperture Width: 5.77 meters Total Aperture Area = 69.2 m 2 Summary of Steel and Aluminum Designs ~ 18kg/m 2 of aperture ~ 18kg/m 2 of aperture ~ 21kg/m 2 of aperture ~ 11 kg/m 2 of aperture Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Assembly Transportation Fabrication Kit & Package Shipping (Truck) Cut & Machine Extrusion Chords Struts Angles Nodes Comparative Mfg & Assy Process Flows Additional Components Torque Plates Mirrors Receivers Motors Hydraulics On-site Assembly Cut Tubes Mech Assy Box Mech Assy Arms Transport Flatbed On-site Assembly Shipping (Truck) Cut Tubes Weld Box Sides Weld Arms Zn Galv. Kit & Package Zn Galv. Additional Components Torque Plates Mirrors Receivers Motors Hydraulics Aluminum Steel Pipe Mill Hammer- forge & weld mounts Zn Galv. Torque Tube (Heliotrough) Torque Box (Eurotrough, Skal-ET) Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute The following cost estimates are built from the bottom up, and consider all variable and fixed elements of each of the operations required to fabricate, assemble and install Solar Thermal Parabolic Collectors. These are the direct manufacturing costs that would be incurred by a company that is completely integrated from raw material acquisition through to final field installation. There are no SG&A costs nor profit added to these estimates. Cost Modeling Methodology Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Material Market Price History Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute OEM purchase price includes: + $0.10/lb steel long product premium + $0.20/lb alloy & midwest billet surcharge Material Market Price History Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Collector Cost Comparison in $/frame Scenario Comparison Aluminum Eurotrough Skal ET HelioTrough 12m 12m 12 m 19m Material $1,727 $1,430 $1,439 $1,446 Fabrication $654 $258 $289 $2,225 Sub-Assembly $517 $622 $324 Galvanizing $54 $1,390 $1,082 $2,394 Shipping $47 $94 $95 $281 Field Assembly $246 $323 $323 $237 Total $2,728 $4,012 $3,850 $6,907 Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute NOTE: Material costs based on long term average material market prices ($1.10/lb for aluminum billet and $0.45/lb for steel based on long term average prices (for midwest extrusion billet and cold rolled tube stock)). A later chart shows how the frame costs in aluminum and steel vary over the past 20 years. The $s represented are not Prices charged to customers but are estimated Costs from direct manufacturing only (they do not include overheads and profit from suppliers and contractors). Collector Cost Summary (per sq meter) Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute Collector Cost Summary (per sq meter) Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute $0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00 $70.00 $ / s q
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a p e r t u r e Projected Collector Cost over Market History Generic Aluminum 12m Eurotrough 12m Skal ET 12m HelioTrough 19m Material Market Price History Proprietary & Confidential Please Do Not Distribute AEC Conclusion: at no time from 1991 through 2011 would the comparative prices of steel, zinc and aluminum extrusions have resulted in a case where the cost of the modeled extruded aluminum frame would have been greater than the galvanized steel frames which were modeled. AEC: Based on published operating results at Nevada Solar One, NREL, the SEGS fields and others, the optical efficiency and energy performance of aluminum frames is equal to or better than tested steel designs. NOTE: The $s represented are not Prices charged to customers but are estimated Costs from direct manufacturing only (they do not include overheads and profit from suppliers and contractors). Lightweight Strong High Strength-to-Weight Ratio Resilient Corrosion-Resistant Heat Conductive Reflective Electrically Conducive Non-Magnetic Non-Sparking and Non-Combustible Cold Strength Fully Recyclable Important for solar applications! Advantages of Aluminum Advantages of Aluminum Aluminum Extrusions can be produced in different alloys and processed to different tempers to achieve desired mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, machinability, formability and other attributes Photo courtesy of Hydro Aluminum Advantages of Aluminum Advantages of Aluminum Lightweight Only about one-third as heavy as iron, steel, copper or brass; thus, in applications where volume remains the same regardless of metal used, aluminum goes about three times as far as the other metals Photo courtesy of Classic Trailers, Inc. Advantages of Aluminum Strong Appropriately alloyed and treated, aluminum can be stronger than some steels, with ultimate tensile strengths as high as 80,000 psi to 90,000 psi or more. Photo courtesy of Werner Co. Material Modulus (E) (10 6 psi) Mild Steel 29.0 Aluminum 10.0 Brass 13.0 Zinc 13.0 Plastics: PS 0.51 PET 0.29 Nylon 0.42 Peek 0.56 The modulus of elasticity (E) is the relationship of how the material deforms compared to the stress that it is under. Advantages of Aluminum High strength plus low weight permits substantial reductions in the weight of both parts and final products Rendering and photo courtesy of Tesla Motors, Inc. High Strength-to-Weight Ratio Photo courtesy of Werner Co. Advantages of Aluminum Rendering and photo courtesy of Audi USA High Strength-to-Weight Ratio High strength plus low weight permits substantial reductions in the weight of both parts and final products Advantages of Aluminum Excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of environments and contact with a myriad of substances; it develops its own inert aluminum oxide film, which is self-protective, blocking further oxidation Photo courtesy of Light Metal Age magazine Corrosion Resistant Advantages of Aluminum Reflective Photo courtesy of Alcoa Highly reflective (more than 80%) of both visible light and the invisible radiation beyond both ends of the visible spectrum Advantages of Aluminum Cold Strength Aluminums many advantages are not impaired by exposure to cold. In fact, aluminum gains strength and ductility as temperatures are reduced, making it a preferred metal for cryogenic (low- temperature) applications. Steel and plastics get brittle when the temperature drops Aluminum gets stronger and tougher! Photo courtesy of NASA Advantages of Aluminum Fully Recyclable Aluminum is fully, and repeatedly, recyclable, able to be recycled over and over without degradation or loss of its innate characteristics For products with a limited life (such as consumer durables and transportation products), aluminums recyclability coupled with its other outstanding attributes make it a superior material choice Aluminum has significant scrap value and is particularly environmentally friendly because recycling requires only 5% of the energy necessary to produce virgin aluminum Photo courtesy of Light Metal Age magazine Advantages of Aluminum Aluminum is fully, and repeatedly, recyclable, able to be recycled over and over without degradation or loss of its innate characteristics. For products with a limited life (such as consumer durables and transportation products), aluminums recyclability coupled with its other outstanding attributes make it a superior material choice. Aluminum has significant scrap value and is particularly environmentally friendly because recycling requires only 5% of the energy necessary to produce virgin aluminum. Fully Recyclable Photo courtesy of Light Metal Age magazine Lightweight Strong High Strength-to-Weight Ratio Resilient Corrosion-Resistant Thermal Conductivity Reflective Electrically Conducive Non-Magnetic Non-Sparking Non-Combustible Cold Strength Fully Recyclable Advantages of Aluminum Photo courtesy of Light Metal Age magazine Attractive Suitable for a Wide Range of Finishes Virtually Seamless Easy to Fabricate Joinable by Various Methods Suitable for Easy-assembly Designs Suitable for Complex, Integral Shapes Produced to Close Tolerances Produced with Uniform Quality Cost-effective Short Production Lead Times Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Photo courtesy of Werner Extruded Solutions LLC Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Easy to Fabricate Often, designing with aluminum extrusions can eliminate many fabrication and assembly steps Aluminum extrusions can be made with almost any cross-sectional shape. Parts can be easily cut, machined, finished, fabricated and assembled. Photo courtesy of Alexandria Extrusion Joinable by Various Methods Aluminum extrusions can be joined to other aluminum products or to different materials by all major methods, including welding, soldering, brazing, screws, pins, bolts, rivets, chips, adhesives, clinching and slide-on, snap-together or interlocking joints 2004 Structural Category Winner Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Suitable for Complex, Integral Shapes Shapes can combine functions that would otherwise require the production and joining of several different parts. 2005 Commercial/Industrial/Consumer Winner Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Reduce the number of operations required Reduce the corner stress from bending Cosmetically more attractive Aluminum sheet stock = 3 operations Extrusion = 1 operation Photos courtesy of Alexandria Extrusion Company Using the Extrusion Process for Net Shape Suitable for Complex, Integral Shapes Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Photo courtesy of Alexandria Extrusion Company Significantly lower tooling cost Improved strength Improved ductility Improved weldability No porosity Cosmetically more attractive Shorter lead time Aluminum Extrusions Replace Castings Suitable for Complex, Integral Shapes Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Suitable for Complex, Integral Shapes Shapes can combine functions that would otherwise require the production and joining of several different parts Photo courtesy of Light Metal Age magazine Produced to Close Tolerances Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Tight tolerances are routine and the ability of aluminum extruders to meet even more critical dimensions is keeping pace with advances in technology. Photo courtesy of Almag Produced with Uniform Quality Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions This reliability reduces customer costs by minimizing rejections rate, corrective fabrication and production slowdown particularly important to the manufacturer who depends upon just-in-time (JIT) delivery Photo courtesy of Werner Extruded Solutions LLC Cost-effective Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions The boundless diversity of shapes permitted by the extrusion process cuts down or eliminates many machining as well as joining operations. Also, the tools required for aluminum extruding, such as dies and related items are relatively inexpensive. Process Typical Tooling Cost ($) Vinyl Extrusion $1,500 and up Injection Molding $25,000 and up Die Castings $25,000 and up Roll Forming $30,000 and up Stampings $5,000 and up Aluminum Extrusions $500 to $5,000 Short production lead times Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions 0 5 10 15 20 A l u m i n u m
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M o l d Lead Time in Weeks Examples of Value Added Operations Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Finishing Painting (wet and powder) Polish, bright dip & anodize Mechanical finishes Silk screening Fabrication Sawing Punching / piercing / drilling Machining Bending Welding Milling Tumbling Photo courtesy of Werner Co. The Possibilities are Boundless, Limited only by the Imagination Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions The extrusion pictured is a theoretical shape created to illustrate some of the range of possibilities provided by aluminum extrusions Photo courtesy of Werner Co. How can YOU use this flexibility to: Spark your imagination? Create new product concepts? Develop improved manufacturing efficiencies? Advantages of Aluminum Extrusions Photo courtesy of Werner Co. Overview of the Extrusion Process The Aluminum Extrusion Profile Photo courtesy of SAPA Extruded Product Flow Overview of the Extrusion Process Photo courtesy of Hydro Aluminum Overview of the Extrusion Process The Extrusion Process Overview of the Extrusion Process Overview of the Extrusion Process Photo courtesy of Nancy Molenda/AEC Overview of the Extrusion Process How are Hollow Shapes Extruded? Tooling Overview of the Extrusion Process Photo courtesy of Werner Extrusion Solutions LLC Hollow Dies Solid Dies Multiple Hole Dies Some Limitations Overview of the Extrusion Process Photo courtesy of Werner Extrusion Solutions LLC Circle Size The circumscribing circle that the profile could fit through - Larger circle sized shapes need larger tooling and equipment (less available and more expensive) Wt / ft - Too heavy? Too light? Shape Constraints - High tongue ratios - Somewhat balanced wall thicknesses - Other Overview of the Extrusion Process Some Limitations Circumscribed Circle Size in inches Corresponding Profile weight (lbs/ft) Cross Section Area in sq inches <1 1 to 7 7 to 10 10 to 14 >14 Min Max <0.050 L x x x x - 0.06 0.050 to 0.100 G G L x x 0.06 0.12 0.100 to 1.0 W W L x x 0.12 1.18 1.0 to 2.5 x W W L x 1.18 2.94 2.5 to 10 x W W G L 2.94 11.76 >10 x x W G L 11.76 - x Not available L Limited Availability G Generally Available W Widely Available NOTE: There are many presses available with up to 7" diameter containers There are fewer presses available with 7" to 10" diameter containers There are even fewer presses available with 10" to 14" diameter containers There are very few presses available with greater than 14" diameter containers Difficult Tongue Ratio Overview of the Extrusion Process Photo courtesy of Hydro Aluminum and Werner Extrusion Solutions LLC Examples of Aluminum Extrusions Overview of the Extrusion Process Photos courtesy of Hydro Aluminum and Werner Extrusion Solutions LLC Aluminum components are often utilized due to the inherent corrosion resistance of the material. Although aluminum is a chemically-active metal, its behavior is stabilized by the formation of a protective oxide film on the surface. Generally, this film is stable in aqueous solutions with pH 4.5-8.5. Further considerations need to be made if the pH exceeds these limits or if the environment contains chloride. Corrosion Prevention Strategies for Aluminum Solar Frames The following variables should be addressed in the project design stage to prevent and/or minimize corrosion: Fastener material choice Method of isolating aluminum from concrete when anchoring Alloy choice General design recommendations While aluminum does not rust , it is subject to corrosion, although corrosion is insignificant in fresh, unpolluted air. Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance Galvanic corrosion occurs when two metallic materials are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte forming a galvanic cell. Most types of aluminum corrosion are the result of some kind of galvanic coupling with a dissimilar material. The least noble material (the anode) preferentially corrodes while the more noble material (cathode) is protected. Since aluminum is more anodic than most commonly used construction materials, with the exception of zinc, magnesium and cadmium, this can be a serious form of corrosion with aluminum. Understanding the types of corrosion which affect aluminum Coupling aluminum with a more noble material can seriously deteriorate the protective effect from the oxide layer. This is especially dangerous in atmospheres or water with high concentrations of chlorides or other aggressive corrosives. Courtesy of Hydro Aluminum Corrosion Resistance Galvanic corrosion can be avoided or minimized by taking the following actions: Avoid using materials with large galvanic potential differences in a particular environment (stainless steel not included). If that is not practical, different materials have to be properly electrically insulated. It is very important to use insulation material of proper electrical resistance and to avoid metallic contact in the entire construction. This can be checked with resistance measurement instruments such as a multimeter. Understanding the types of corrosion which affect aluminum Aluminum may also be protected by means of sacrificial anodes. The most cathodic material can be surface treated with a metallic coating (Al/Zn), organic coating (lacquer, paint, plastic, rubber) or a special coating for screws and bolts. Surface treatment has to be carried out correctly and not done only on the anodic material. As a consequence, a defect in the surface coating may generate a very unfavorable cathode/anode ratio (a big cathode area in relation to a small anode area gives considerable corrosion). Corrosion Resistance Galvanic corrosion in combination with crevice corrosion may be especially damaging. Avoid entrapment of liquids in crevices between materials of various galvanic potentials. Understanding the types of corrosion which affect aluminum Also avoid the transfer of ions of galvanic materials on aluminum surfaces. For instance, droplets from a copper tube on an aluminum surface will generate precipitation of copper metal. The result is corrosion of aluminum (deposition corrosion). The next step will be microgalvanic corrosion between aluminum and the copper particles in the aluminum surface. Severe pitting may occur within a few weeks. Corrosion Resistance Courtesy of Hydro Aluminum Corrosion resistance in different environments The atmosphere Corrosion is insignificant in fresh, unpolluted air. Aluminum does not corrode where there are high levels of sulphur dioxide but can, under certain circumstances, become dark or matte in appearance. Water Pitting can occur in stagnant water. The composition of the water is the important factor as the presence of copper, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate ions increase the risk significantly. This can be prevented by regular cleaning and drying. Seawater Alloys containing silicon, magnesium and manganese show good resistance to corrosion in seawater. Copper alloys, on the other hand, should be avoided. Corrosion Resistance Corrosion resistance in different environments Soil The resistance to corrosion is, to a great degree, dependent on the moisture in the soil and its pH level. Aluminum surfaces which may come into contact with soil are best treated with a thick layer of bitumen or a powder coating. Acids The majority of inorganic acids have a very corrosive effect on aluminum, except nitric acid. High temperature, high acid concentrations and high levels of impurities in the aluminum increase the rate of corrosion significantly. . Alkalis Strong alkalis are very corrosive. Sodium hydroxide reacts violently with aluminum. The rate of corrosion can be reduced in environments where the pH is between 9 and 11 by using silicates. Wet cement has a high pH and therefore corrodes aluminum alloys. Organic compounds Aluminum is highly resistant to the majority of organic compounds. Corrosion can occur, however, with certain anhydrous liquids. Other materials In practice, the corrosion problem caused by contact with other materials is, for the most part, small. The natural oxide layer usually provides sufficient protection. For More Information This PowerPoint presentation uses information current as of J une 21, 2011. You will note that some of the key slides in the economics area are marked Preliminary. Please visit the following to obtain the most up-to-date version of this and other presentations: www.aec.org/exapps/CustomerOutreach.html Purchase the Aluminum Design Manual 2010 edition from the Aluminum Association (aluminum.org) Utilize ASCE Aluminum Design Manual training A 9.75 hour seminar on designing aluminum structures is offered in these formats: An On-line version: go to www.asce.org/distancelearning; click on View a complete list of ASCE courses , scroll down alphabetically to Designing Aluminum Structures A live version at various times and locations: go to www.asce.org/continuingeducation; click on Structural , scroll down to Aluminum Structural Design with the 2010 Aluminum Design Manual Or, to arrange to have the seminar conducted at your site, contact John Wyrick at ASCE at 800-548-2723 or jwyrick@asce.org Utilize other resources from our contributors, other qualified extruders and structural engineers Utilize the Aluminum Extruders Council website and other resources (aec.org) for webinars or other key information For More Information and Training Aluminum Extruders Council Aluminum Extruders Council Overview The Aluminum Extruders Council (AEC), based in suburban Chicago, is an association dedicated to helping manufacturers, engineers, architects, and others to discover why aluminum extrusion is the preferred metal-forming process for optimal product solutions. Aluminum extrusions touch lives in so many ways-from office chairs and cubical partitions to bicycles and scooters, from the latest in aluminum space-frame technology in todays lighter cars and trucks to frames and components for green technology such as solar power and LED lighting. The majority of North American extruders are members representing hundreds of plants and countless extrusion presses producing the highest quality products and value-added services. Specialized conferences, seminars, workshops, and meetings throughout the year provide an outlet where members can confront and solve todays challenges and network with peers and suppliers. As an advocate representing the aluminum extrusion industry, AEC also provides expertise in outreach and advocacy to appropriate governmental agencies and industry code bodies. Aluminum Extruders Council Mission Provide opportunities to network with peers and suppliers, address common internal and external issues, share data, train and sponsor research Work together to enable members to function more efficiently, cost effectively, and knowledgeably Enhance the growth of the industry by promoting the advantages of aluminum extrusion processes and product applications Aluminum Association Aluminum Association Overview The Aluminum Association, based in Arlington, Virginia, works globally to aggressively promote aluminum as the most sustainable and recyclable automotive, packaging and construction material in todays market. The Association represents U.S. and foreign-based primary producers of aluminum, aluminum recyclers and producers of fabricated products, as well as industry suppliers. The Association provides leadership to the industry through its programs and services and assists in achieving the industry's environmental, societal, and economic objectives. Member companies operate more than 200 plants in the United States, with many conducting business worldwide. Aluminum Association Mission The Aluminum Association will provide value to its membership through its leadership and services in aggressively promoting the growth of the aluminum industry globally by: Continuously strengthening aluminum's position versus competitive materials Developing, maintaining and promoting global standards that achieve customer requirements for aluminum product applications Representing the interests of its membership to the U.S. and international governments Providing research and education to actively address community and employee environmental, health and safety issues Gathering and presenting data, statistics, and other information about the aluminum industry in an accurate and timely manner And by...leveraging industry strength by establishing stronger domestic and global alliances Thanks to All of Our Contributors Thanks to All of Our Contributors SAPA Aluminum Jeff Henderson 9600 West Bryn Mawr Ave.,Suite 250 Rosemont, IL 60018 318-303-2661 (Office) Jeffrey.Henderson@sapagroup.com Hydro Aluminum Lynn Brown 999 Corporate Blvd Linthcium, MD 21090 410-487-8057 (Office) Lynn.Brown@hydro.com Kaiser Aluminum Doug Richman 24255 Thirteen Mile Rd. Suite 290 Bingham Farms, MI 48025 248-430-0107 Doug.richman@kaiseraluminum.com The Aluminum Association Mike Skillingberg 1525 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22209 703-358-2988 (Office) mhskilli@aluminum.org Light Metal Age Ann Marie Fellom 170 S. Spruce St. Suite 120 S. San Francisco, CA 94080 650-588-8832 (Office) lma@LIGHTMETALAGE.com Aluminum Extruders Council Rand Baldwin 1000 N. Rand Rd. Suite 214 Wauconda, IL 60084 847-526-2010 (Office)) rbaldwin@tso.net Werner Extrusion Solutions LLC Craig Werner 100 N. Field Dr. Suite 145 Lake Forest, IL 60045 847-582-1160 (Office) 847-910-0607 (Cell) Craig.Werner@WernerExtrusion.com